Transcript Napoleon`s Domination of Europe

1795-1815
Corsica
Napoleon
Crossing the Alps
In 1796
- Jacques Louis David
Napoleon
Crossing the Alps
Today
- Unknown
The Consulate
1799-1804
• In 1799, Napoleon stages
a Coup d ‘etat and forms a
new government The
Consulate
•He is named First Consul
in a plebiscite
Napoleonic Reforms
• Kept many changes from the
revolution
• Supported laws that strengthened
central gvt.
• Set up an efficient tax collection
system
• Established a national banking
system
• Create lycees (public schools)
open to all male children
•Made peace with the church in
The Concordant of 1801.
•Developed the Napoleonic Code.
The Napoleonic Code
•Gave country a uniform set of
laws.
•Limited individual liberty
and promoted authority over
individual rights.
•Restored slavery in the
French colonies of the
Caribbean.
The French Empire
•In 1804 he holds a
second plebiscite
creating the
French Empire
and becomes
Emperor of
France
Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I (1804)
Crowning of Empress Josephine
Napoleon’s Domination of Europe
• After becoming emperor,
Napoleon began preparing an
invasion of Great Britain
• In 1805, the British declared
war on France and formed the
Third Coalition
• Two major battles decided the
fate of this Coalition. They
were:
• The Battle of Cape Trafalgar
• The Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Cape Trafalgar
October 21, 1805
Admiral Horatio Nelson
 Napoleon planned to destroy the
British navy and invade England
 A combined French and Spanish
fleet lured the British into a battle
off the southern coast of Spain
 The British under Admiral
Horatio Nelson destroyed the fleet.
However, Nelson was killed in the
battle
 The defeat caused Napoleon to
abandon plans to invade Britain
Battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805)
 The Russians were forced
to flee back to Poland
 The Austrians signed a
treaty making them an
ally of France.
 Napoleon broke up The
Napoleon crushed a
Holy Roman Empire and
combined Austrian and
formed the Confederation
Russian Army at the small of the Rhine. He added it
Austrian town of
to his empire.
Austerlitz, by luring them
into a trap
Napoleon’s Defeat of Prussia
1806-1807
Arc de Triomphe, Paris
Built in 1807 to commemorate
Napoleon’s victories
• After Napoleon created the
Confederation of the Rhine, the
Prussians began to fear his plans
for the German territory
• The Prussians decided to attack
the French unaided. Big Mistake!
• French and Prussian forces met in
two major battles which gave
Napoleon control of Western
Europe. They were:
• The Battle of Jena
• The Battle of Friedland
The Continental System 1806-1812
• In an attempt to crush the British economy,
Napoleon ordered all European countries
to stop trading with England. This was
known as the Continental System.
• Britain responded with Orders in Council,
blockading European ports.
• The navies of both sides seized neutral
ships, especially American ship.
• In the long run, France was hurt more by
the Continental System than was England
The Peninsular Campaign (1808-1814)
 Portugal refused to join the Continental System. In 1808,
Napoleon decided to invade and force them to join
 After defeating Portugal, Napoleon tried to conquer Spain
and place his brother Joseph on the throne.
 Intense Spanish nationalism led to savage guerilla warfare
between the Spanish people and French troops
 The campaign dragged on for 6 years.
 More than 300,000 French soldiers died. These men would
be needed later.
 The Spanish success aroused Nationalism throughout
Europe, and inspired subjected countries to fight back
The Russian Campaign 1812
•Invade Russia to force them back into the
Continental System
•Started with 600,000 men. Largest in
history
•Russians retreated slowly as winter set in
•Napoleon’s troops got caught in Moscow
during winter and were forced to retreat
•Most disastrous retreat in military history
•By the end of the campaign only 10,000 men
remained.
•Biggest mistake in Napoleon’s reign.
Defeat at the Battle of Nations
Leipzig Oct 16-19, 1814
• After the disastrous Russian
campaign Napoleon returned to
Paris and organized a new army.
• The Fourth Coalition was formed to
crush him while he was weakened.
• From Oct. 16-19, 1814 the “Battle of
Nations” raged in Leipzig. (Prussia)
• Napoleon was defeated and forced
to abdicate.
• He was allowed to retain his title but
was exiled to the island of Elba on
the condition that he remain there.
Napoleon’s Downfall
• After Leipzig Louis XVIII was restored as king of
France.
•While European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna
to address the problems of the revolution and wars,
Napoleon escaped and returned to France
•This was known as the “Hundred Days” in which he
regained control. Louis XVIII was forced into exile.
•Napoleon began building a new army.
•
Napoleon’s Final Downfall
•The Fourth Coalition was reformed and set out
to face Napoleon again.
•These armies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of
Waterloo on June 18, 1815.
•This time he was sent into exile on a desolate
island St. Helena in the South Atlantic.
•He died in 1821 from stomach cancer. He body
was later returned to Paris and lies in honor.
•
•Napoleon’s body was later returned to
Paris where it today lies in an honored
position in the chapel of the Les
Invalides in Paris near the Eiffel Tower.
His body lies inside of six coffins
including the outer Mahogany
sarcophagus shown above. His tomb is
visited by millions annually and he is
still revered in France as one of its
greatest heroes.