Transcript Modern world history

1500 - present

Changes in Europe : 1500CE
to 1750
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Absolutism, Rise of States
Renaissance and Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
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Exploration & Colonization:
1500-1800
Muslim Empires: Ottomans,
Mughals, Safavids
 China: Ming Dynasty
 Africa?
 Early Portuguese Exploration &
Rest of Europe
 New World Colonies & Natives
 Columbian Exchange, Slave
Trade
World War I
 Nationalist Revolutions
 Great Depression, Rising
Totalitarianism
 World War II, Holocaust
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World Revolutions,
Nationalism & Napoleon:
1789 through 1800s
Industrialization, Reform
Movements, Inventions: 1850
-1914
Imperialism, China/Japan:
1850 - 1914
World at War: 1914-1945
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Cold War: 1945 - 1991
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China, Vietnam, Korea,
Afghanistan, other “hot spots”
Decolonization: 1945 - 1975
Struggles for Democracy &
Human Rights
Global Interdependence
 Divine
right of kings
 Height 1400-1800
 Louis XIV: "L'état, c'est moi“
 Catherine the Great of Russia, Elizabeth I of
England, Phillip II of Spain, many others
 Declined after French Revolution
 Renaissance:
rebirth of learning, culture,
art, etc., looked to “Classical” times, secular
 Europe: 1400-1700CE
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 Reformation:
Martin Luther, 95 Thesis,
1517CE: PROTESTants want to REFORM the
Catholic Church
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Branches of Protestantism
Europe, mid-1500s-1700s
 Using observation, scientific
method to find truth rather
than Bible or Greek/Roman
scholars
 Heliocentric theory of
Copernicus, Galileo’s moons of
Jupiter, Harvey’s heart, Boyle’s
Law, Newton’s Laws of Gravity
and Motion, Fahrenheit’s
thermometer, etc…
 Renaissance, Reformation +
Scientific Revolution=trouble
for the church

 Using
reason, scientific thinking, power of
individuals to solve problems
 Mid-1600s – 1789
 Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire,
Beccaria, Wollstonecraft
 Wide impact
 Belief in progress, secularism,
individualism
 Muslim
Empires past their Golden Age called
“Gunpowder Empires”: after Golden Age,
Muslims never united under Caliph again
 Ottomans (Middle East): 1299-1923CE
 Mughals (Persia): 1526-1764CE
 Safavids (India): 1501-1736CE
 Sulieman
the Lawgiver
 Janissaries & devshirme, conquered
Constantinople, tried to conquer Europe
 Theocracy, religious toleration, sultan as head
 Present-day Turkey, controlled trade
Shi’ia Muslims
 Iranian origin
 No religious
freedom
 Sunni
(Ottoman)Shi’ia conflict
 Arts:
collaboration
with China and
Europe
 Perisan carpets

From “Mongols”
 Guptas collapse,
Mongols invade,
Indians 2nd class
citizens
 Cultural blending,
fair taxes, equal
opportunity
 100+ million people
 Gender, social reform
 Taj Majal
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 Wanted
to get in to silk and spices trade
 Impossible to bypass Muslim Empires, cannot
obtain any control over Silk Roads
 New technology from Mongol conquest and
from Portuguese development permits the
beginning of the European seafaring era
 Portuguese, followed by Dutch, followed by
everyone
 Ming
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Voyages of Zheng He, then isolation
 Qing
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Dynasty: 1368-1644
Dynasty: 1644-1912
Continued isolation, lucrative trade
Trade along Silk Routes, restricted Europeans to
trading only at special ports and paying tribute
Dutch kowtowed, so accepted as trading partners
British asked for better trade arrangements in
1793, denied
 Colonies:
Christopher
Columbus, 1492CE
 By 1750, map established
 Columbian Exchange
 Slave Trade
 Silver answer for Spice Trade
Washington, George(1789-1797) Rebecca
Harrison, Benjamin(1889-1893) Jackie
Adams, John(1797-1801) Chloe
Cleveland, Grover(1893-1897) Rachel
Jefferson, Thomas(1801-1809) Jackie
McKinley, William(1897-1901) Elliana
Madison, James(1809-1817) Rachel
Roosevelt, Theodore(1901-1909) Sophia
Monroe, James(1817-1825) Elliana
Taft, William Howard(1909-1913) Ben
Adams, John Quincy(1825-1829) Sophia
Wilson, Woodrow(1913-1921) Lucas
Jackson, Andrew(1829-1837) Ben
Harding, Warren Gamaliel(1921-1923) Aaron
Van Buren, Martin(1837-1841) Lucas
Coolidge, Calvin(1923-1929) Zur
Harrison, William Henry(1841) Aaron
Hoover, Herbert Clark(1929-1933) Harrison
Tyler, John(1841-1845) Zur
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano(1933-1945) Harrison
Polk, James Knox(1845-1849) Rebecca
Truman, Harry(1945-1953) Rebecca
Taylor, Zachary(1849-1850) Chloe
Eisenhower, Dwight David(1953-1961) Chloe
Fillmore, Millard(1850-1853) Jackie
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald(1961-1963) Jackie
Pierce, Franklin(1853-1857) Rachel
Johnson, Lyndon Baines(1963-1969) Rachel
Buchanan, James(1857-1861) Elliana
Nixon, Richard Milhous(1969-1974) Elliana
Lincoln, Abraham(1861-1865) Sophia
Ford, Gerald Rudolph(1974-1977) Sophia
Johnson, Andrew(1865-1869) Ben
Carter, James Earl Jr.(1977-1981) Harrison
Grant, Ulysses S.(1869-1877) Lucas
Reagan, Ronald Wilson(1981-1989) Ben
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard(1877-1881) Aaron
Bush, George Herbert Walker(1989-1993) Zur
Garfield, James Abram(1881) Zur
Clinton, William Jefferson(1993-2001) Lucas
Arthur, Chester Alan(1881-1885) Rebecca
Bush, George Walker(2001-2009) Aaron
Cleveland, Grover(1885-1889) Chloe
Obama, Barack Hussein(2009-present)
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Wiped out Native Americans from Incas to
Mohawks
Competition among European nations for
colonies, wars among Natives Americans on
behalf of Europeans
Big early players: England, Spanish, Portuguese,
French
Religious, economic reasons for immigrating,
some forced immigrations (slaves, indentured
servitude)
 Economic
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changes for Europe:
Rise of capitalism
Joint-stock companies
Mercantilism
Growth of towns in Europe
Rise of merchant class
 World
trade greatly increased as West
began to rival East Europe finally
had something of value to trade to
China: GOLD and SILVER
 About
1500 in Europe: Absolutism +
absolute power of church
 Then you add:
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Renaissance (focus on individual, secular things)
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
 And
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you get REVOLUTION!
American: 1775
French: 1789
Haiti: 1791 (first successful slave rebellion)

Napoleon, 1799-1814
“He was as great as
a man can be without
virtue.”
–Alexis de Tocqueville
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Congress of Vienna, 1815
restores monarchies
Balances power b/t Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain
& France
 Lasting peace, nationalism spreads: Italy & Germany
unify
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 Revolutions
sweep the Americas after
Enlightenment and successes of French and
American revolutions, nationalism increases
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Haiti: 1791
Venezuela: 1810
Argentina: 1816
Chile: 1817
Peru, Mexico: 1821
Brazil: 1822
Ecuador, Panama, Columbia: 1824
Brazil: 1822*
Europe: Greece 1827, other failed uprisings
 Tears
apart:
Austrian Empire of the
Hapsburgs (Slovenes,
Hungarians, Germans,
Czechs, Slovaks, Croats,
Poles, Serbs, Italians)
 Russian Empire of the
Romanovs (Russians,
Ukrainians, Poles, others)
 Ottoman Empire of the
Turks (Greeks, Slavs,
Arabs, Bulgarians,
Armenians)
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 Brings
together:
Italy: Papal States,
Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies, Sardinia,
Venetia, Lombardy,
Piedmont
 Germany: Prussia,
Westphalia, Saxony,
Hanover, Lorraine,
Alsace, others
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 1750
– 1914
 Began in England
 Starts with textiles, then transportation
 Assembly lines, factories
 Urbanization
 Some
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Working conditions
Living conditions
Class tensions
Global inequality
Pollution
 Some
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Negatives:
Positives:
Increased wealth
Raised standard of living, health
Technological progress
Innovation
Industrialized in 1800s=First World today
 Reform
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Reaction to Industrialization to reform society’s
ills
Progressivism: late 1800s
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movements
Temperance, Anti-Slavery, Unions, Women’s Rights
Socialism offshoots: 1800s
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John Stuart Mill & Utilitarianism
Utopian ideas
Socialism, Marxism
1850: Mendel experiments with genetics
1859: Darwin’s Origin of Species
1860: Medical advances of Lister (antiseptics)
1869: Transcontinental RR completed in U.S.;
Mendeleev’s Periodic of Elements
1876: Bell patents telephone
Edison develops light bulb:1879
1880s: Internal combustion engine
perfected
Marconi sends first radio signals:1895
First modern Olympic games: 1896
First airplane flight by Wright brothers: 1903
Ford introduces Model T: 1908
 Imperialism:
seizure of a country/territory by
a stronger entity
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Imperialism in 15th/16th centuries: Economic
Imperialism
Imperialism in 18th/19th centuries: Total
Imperialism (political, cultural, economic
control)
 1850s
– 1914, all over the world
 Some countries modernize to avoid

Japan, Thailand, Ethiopia
 Other
revolts
 Great
Britain, France and Russia (Allies) fight
against Germany & Austria-Hungary (Central
Powers)
 2-front war:
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Eastern Front b/t France & Germany
Western Front b/t Germany/A-H & Russia
 Trench
warfare: stalemate
 Mechanized warfare
 Whole world involved
 U.S. joins 1917
 Treaty of Versailles 1919
Europe 1918
Europe 1914
 Rebuilding
after WWI: economically,
physically, socially
 Some countries struggled through
democracy: France, Great Britain, Austria
 Some turned to totalitarianism: Germany,
Italy, Spain, Japan, Russia, China
 Great Depression 1929 - 1939
 Scientific
advances: Einstein, Freud
 Artistic revolution: existentialism,
surrealism, jazz
 Innovations: radio, movies, auto, air travel
 Women get the vote
 Chinese
Revolution & Civil War: 1912-49, Mao
makes China communist 1949
 Russian Revolution: 1917, Lenin then Stalin in
1929 communist Soviet Union
 India: Gandhi’s civil disobedience campaign
1920-47
 Modernization in Middle East
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Ottoman EmpireTurkey 1922
PersiaIran 1925
Kingdoms of Hejaz&NejdSaudi Arabia: 1932
 1939
– 1945
 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan make acts
of aggression in mid-late-1930s
 Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia oppose
 U.S. joins Allies 1941 after Pearl Harbor
2
theaters: Europe & Pacific Ocean
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Europe: Western and Eastern fronts
Pacific Ocean: sea war, island hopping
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 Holocaust:
genocide of Jews and others, 11
million killed by Nazis
 U.S. drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan Aug, 1945
1945 – 1991
 Soviet Union and its allies
competing with United States and
its allies
 Soviet Union: China, Cuba, North
Korea, Warsaw Pact: Communists
 United States: Western Europe,
NATO: non-Communist
 Space Race: 1969
 Arms Race
 First World, Second World, Third
World
 Brinkmanship, no direct wars:
fought through “hot spots” like
Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan
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 1989:
Berlin Wall falls
 1991: Soviet Union collapses
 1945
– present
 Nations that were imperialized gaining
independence
 Struggles began before WII
 India from Britain 1947

become India & Pakistan
 Ghana
from Britain
 Indonesia from Holland 1949
 Israel: 1947
 Many, many others: some violently, some
peacefully
 Globalization
 Human
Rights
 Struggles for Democracy
 Rising Nations of India, China & Brazil
 Environment
 Global Terrorism
 Global Inequality & Poverty
 Technology & Innovation