Transcript The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism

13
The High Renaissance and Early
Mannerism, 1494–1564
The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
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Between 1494 and 1564, two cultural styles flourished in Italy,
making this one of the West’s most brilliantly creative periods.
In the High Renaissance, 1494-1520 classical principles
reached a state of near perfection.
After 1520, however the Renaissance veered away from the
humanistic values of classicism toward an anti-humanistic
vision of the world labeled “mannerism,” because of the selfconscious or “mannered” style adopted by its nonconformist
artists and intellectuals.
Mannerism continued to evolve until 1600, but its first phase
ended in 1564 with the death of Michelangelo.
This two-stage cultural development occurred as Western life
was undergoing massive and rapid change
13-2
Michelangelo's
Dying Slave
(1513-16)
This work embodies
many of the trends of
the period. The idealized
traits, restrained facial
Expression, the gentle
S-curve of the body,
overall sleekness, and
dramatic arm movements
all were portents of early
mannerism.
13-3
The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
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The most important political development during this period
was the emergence of powerful sovereign Nation-states in
France, England, and Spain.
Spain saw its two largest houses (Castile and Leon) join
together under King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella in 1474
and the Moors were driven from Spain in 1492.
In 1510 King Charles I of Spain was elected Holy Roman
Emperor and became Charles V, thus joining the interests of
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire in the Hapsburg Empire.
Charles V was born to a German father and a Spanish mother
and the grandson of both the Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I and the Spanish king Ferdinand V. As such he
held lands in present day Spain, France, Italy, Germany,
Austria, and much of the New World.
13-4
Titian, “Charles V
with a Dog”
(1533)
Oil on Canvas
13-5
Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
By 1519 Charles V (simultaneously Charles I of Spain)
ruled the largest empire the world had ever known. He
envisioned a united Christian empire and for most of his
life traveled from one of his possessions to another
fighting battles, arranging peace treaties, and attempting
to unify his empire.
The Hapsburg Empire would come into major conflict
with the Valois dynasty in France.
Charles V found himself caught between two powerful
foes, the French in the West and the Ottoman Turks in
the East. This combined with unruly German princes
who took advantage of his prolonged absences to gain
political power.
13-6
European
Empire of
Charles V,
ca. 1556
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The Struggle for Italy, 1494–1529
The Peace of Lodi was shattered in Italy with the invasion of
Italy by the French in 1494. As a result of this the HapsburgValois Wars began. The first Hapsburg-Valois War (1522-29)
was the only one fought in Italy.
In 1527 the troops of Charles V ran riot in Rome, raping,
looting, and killing. This notorious sack of Rome had two
major consequences, it cast doubt on the papacy’s ability to
control Italy and showed that the secular leaders no longer
respected the temporal power of the papacy and it ended papal
patronage of the arts for more than a decade, weakening
Rome’s role as a cultural leader.
The Treaty of Cambrai ended the first Hapsburg-Valois War,
but some of the cities had suffered irreparable harm. Florence
fared the worst. The Medici family resumed control of
Florence, but were now little more than puppets of foreign
rulers.
13-8
Jean Clouet,
Francis I
(1525)
One of the Valois
Kings of France,
He sought to
conquer the
Italian
Peninsula and
was in constant
conflict with
Charles V of the
Holy Roman
Empire
13-9
Hapsburg v. Valois
By 1530 the struggle between the Valois and Hapsburgs had
shifted to central Europe. The French felt hemmed in by the
Spanish to the south, the Germans to the east, and the Dutch
to the North (all ruled by the Holy Roman Empire).
Charles V viewed the French king as an land-hungry upstart
who stood between him and a united Christian Europe.
After a number of exhausting wars and a series of French
victories, the belligerents signed the Treaty of CateauCambresis which ushered in a brief period of peace
Exhausted and disillusioned Charles V would abdicate in
1556 and his brother Ferdinand became Holy Roman
Emperor and his son Philip II became king of Spain,
Netherlands, and the New World Territory.
13-10
The West and Islam: The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
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As the High Renaissance began in 1494, Islam’s presence in
Western Europe had just ended with the surrender of Granada,
the last Muslim state in Spain. However southeastern Europe
was facing the threat of a surging Ottoman Empire.
The empire was founded in Anatolia in 1399. The Sultan
Mehmet II conquered Constantinople in 1453 and relocated his
capital there.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, in particular, at the height
of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the
Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual
empire.
The Ottomans controlled much of Southeastern Europe and
conquered Greece, Macedonia, and what are now the modern
states of Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. Additionally, they
ruled Western Asia, the Middle East, the Caucuses, North
Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
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The West and Islam: The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
13-12
Suleiman
the Magnificent,
(1494-1566)
13-13
The West and Islam: The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans conquered much of Southeastern Europe.
They gained control of Greece, Macedonia, and what are now
the modern states of Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.
Additionally, they ruled Western Asia, the Middle East, the
Caucuses, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
The Ottomans continued their march across Eastern Europe,
and into conflict with the Holy Roman Empire. They laid
siege to Vienna in 1529, but were unable to take the city.
This was the high-water mark of Ottoman conquest into
eastern Europe. Although unable to take Vienna they still
controlled the eastern half of Hungary and made
Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia into tributary
principalities of the Ottoman Empire
At this point the Ottomans turned their attention to the
Mediterranean.
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Siege of Vienna, 1529
13-15
Siege of Vienna, 1529
13-16
The West and Islam: The Mediterranean
After the loss of the Holy Land, the Knights Hospitallers had
relocated to the island of Rhodes where they reinvented
themselves as corsairs, using their lean, heavily-armed, and
fast moving galleys to attack Muslim shipping.
The Knights had repulsed a siege in 1480, but in 1520 a
second siege by Suleiman the Magnificent successfully drove
the Hospitallers from the island and gained control of the
eastern Mediterranean.
In 1530, Charles V, gave the Knights Hospitallers the rocky
island of Malta where they continued to wage war against the
Ottomans.
In 1538 the forces of Suleiman defeated the Christian Alliance
(Spain, Genoa, Venice, the Papal States, and the Knights
Hospitallers) at the navel battle of Preveza.
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Janissaries
battling
the Knight
Hospitallers
during
the Siege of
Rhodes in
1522
13-18
Knights Hospitallers
During the Crusades
(13th Century)
13-19
Knights Hospitallers,
when they
were located in
Malta, 1565
13-20
Knights Hospitallers,
when they
were located in
Malta, 1565
13-21
The West and Islam: The Mediterranean
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The Knights Hospitaller continued to attack Ottoman
shipping and in 1565 Suleiman was determined to drive the
Hospitallers from Malta and use it as a base to attack the
soft underbelly of Europe.
He sent a fleet of nearly 200 vessels and 48,000 men
(including 7,000 Siphais and 6,000 Janissaries). They were
opposed by about 500 Knight Hospitallers and less than
6,000 soldiers defending the three forts of St. Elmo, St.
Michael, and St. Angelo.
Queen Elizabeth I of England is quoted as having said, “If
the Turks should prevail against the Isle of Malta, it is
uncertain what further peril might follow to the rest of
Christendom.”
13-22
Fort St. Angelo, Fort St. Michael, & Fort St. Elmo
13-23
Janissaries at the
Siege of Malta,
1565
The Janissaries (“New
Soldiers”) were initially
boys taken from Christian
families and forcibly
converted to Islam. They
were the most-feared
soldiers of the age for
their fanaticism and
ferocity.
13-24
Janissaries at the
Siege of Malta,
1565
13-25
Sipahis, Ottoman Cavalry
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The Siege at Malta
The siege lasted for four months. The Ottomans focused first
on St. Elmo. Their cannon blasted the walls of the fort day
and night.
Tiny Fort St. Elmo held out for months despite overwhelming
odds. They were resupplied each night from Fort St. Michael.
Eventually the Ottomans successfully broke through the
battered walls and Fort St. Elmo fell in a bloody battle and all
of the garrison were massacred.
The Turks nailed the bodies of the dead Hospitallers to wooden
beams and floated them in front of Fort St. Michael and Fort
St. Angelo. In response the Grand Master of the Hospitallers
had all the Turkish prisoners he held beheaded and fired their
severed heads from the forts cannon.
13-27
Siege of Malta, 1565
13-28
Siege of Malta, The Capture of Ft. St. Elmo,1565
13-29
Closing a Breech at Fort St. Elmo
Attack on Fort St. Michael, 1565
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The Siege at Malta
Ft. Saint Michael and Fort Saint Angelo continued to hold out
despite horrendous casualties and repeated breaches in the wall
that were furiously driven back.
The battle was a tremendous mixture of medieval and modern
warfare. Cannons battered attacker and defender alike. The
defenders used “fire rings” that they rolled at their attackers
and musketeers and janissaries poured tremendous fire on
each other from their matchlock muskets.
At the same time armored knights and men-at-arms furiously
hacked at their enemies with broadswords, battle-axes, and
maces, while pikemen stabbed at each other at the each other in
the breaches
At one point wounded knights had themselves placed in chairs
in the breaches where they continued to fight with two-handed
broadswords unto death.
13-32
Knight
Hospitallers
Holding the
Breach at
Fort St
Michael
13-33
The West and Islam: The Mediterranean
Finally, fearing suffering from severe casualties, disease,
exhaustion, and fear that assistance for the Knights was
forthcoming from Spain, the Ottoman’s lifted the siege and
left in defeat.
Malta had survived the Turkish assault, and throughout
Europe people celebrated what would turn out to be the last
epic battle involving Crusader Knights.
All over Europe church bells sounded the victory over the
mighty Ottoman Empire. Voltaire would state, “Nothing is
better known than the siege of Malta.“
Later in 1571, the Ottomans were defeated by the Christian
alliance at the Battle of Lepanto. There two huge naval fleets
battled.
This time the Christian alliance won and Ottoman expansion
into the western Mediterranean was ended.
13-34
Lifting of the Siege of Malta
13-35
Battle of Lepanto, 1570
13-36
Battle of Lepanto, 1570
13-37
Battle of Lepanto, 1570
13-38
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
By 1500 Europe had nearly recovered from the Black Death and
the 16th century saw a time of growing population and increasing
prosperity.
With the discovery of the New world the center of trade shifted
from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast. Cities like London
and Antwerp became financial and mercantile capitals.
The population of Europe rose from 45 million in 1400 to about
70 million in 1500 and almost 90 million by 1600.
Economic expansion and raw materials from the New World
allowed for economic expansion by the urban and merchant
middle class, although this was not necessarily shared by the
peasants or agrarian nobles.
The accumulation of capital allowed for wealthy bankers to loan
huge sums of money in organized money markets and the private
financing of wars became commonplace (i.e. kings would borrow
money from bankers to pay for their wars).
13-39
Exploration, Conquest, and the New World
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The first wave of explorers were from Portugal, largely due to
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) and his school of
navigation. By 1487 Portuguese ships had rounded the Cape
of Good Hope and conquered towns along the east coast of
Africa, establishing trading posts.
In 1498 Vasco da Gama sailed around the horn of Africa to
open trade with the East. They monopolized the spice and
pepper trade, controlled the African routes to the east, and
extended their holdings to Brazil in the New World.
Portugal would be eclipsed by Spain who began a savage
conquest of the New World that was triggered by Columbus’
voyages to the Americas.
13-40
Did Columbus Look Like This?
13-41
Columbus’ Impact
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When Columbus landed in the “New World” it began the
conquest of the America’s by Western Europe. In 1492
Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola, which was
populated by some 3 million peaceful Arawak Indians.
Columbus’s first voyage discovered no gold but reported
a people ripe for conquest.
His second voyage was outfitted with 17 ships, 1,200
men-at-arms, cannons, crossbows, guns, cavalry & attack
dogs.
When he returned to Haiti in 1493 he demanded gold,
spun cotton & sex with the Indian women. For minor
offenses the Spanish cut off the nose & ears of the
natives.
13-42
Columbus’s Voyages
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In 1495 the Arawaks resisted and their rebellion
was viciously wiped out. That same year having
found no gold they rounded up 1,500 Arawaks for
sale as slaves.
Spaniards hunted Indians for sport & for dog
food. Indian women & girls (as young as 9-10)
were made into sex slaves for the Spaniards.
When gold was discovered each Indian over 14
was required to pay a gold tribute every 3 months
or have his hands chopped off.
Of the 3 million in Haiti in 1592, by 1542 fewer
than 200 survived. The rest had been murdered
or sold into slavery
13-43
Spanish Atrocities
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“They made gallows just high enough for the feet to nearly touch the ground ... and they
burned the Indians alive.” Illustration by Theodor de Bry in “A Short Account of the
destruction of the Indies” by Bartolome de las Casas
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Spanish Conquest of the New World
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Spanish domination of the New World
quickly followed:
Ponce de Leon explored Florida in 1513
looking for (and finding) slaves,
Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire between
1519-1521,
In 1532 Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire
in Peru
13-46
Exploration of the New World
13-47
Conquistadors
and Aztecs
13-48
The Papal Bull “Inter Caetera”
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The Papal Bull “Inter Caetera,” issued by Pope
Alexander VI in1493, played a central role in the
Spanish conquest of the New World.
The Bull stated that any land not inhabited by
Christians was available to be “discovered,” claimed,
and exploited by Christian rulers.
This authorized the Christian nations of Europe to
conquer and enslave the brown and black-skinned
people of the Americas and Africa.
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The Columbian Exchange
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It is estimated that 90-100 million Native lived in North
& South America in 1492. 75% of the Native American
population would die of Western diseases, from which
they had no natural immunity.
Between 1500-1650 181 tons of gold and 16,000 tons of
silver were taken from the New World to Spain.
Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, donkeys, black rats,
honeybees and cockroaches, along with wheat, rice,
coffee and sugar were introduced to the Americas from
Europe.
Turkeys, corn, beans, potatoes, pumpkins, plums,
tomatoes, squash, peanuts, pecans, tobacco & cocoa
were introduced to Europe.
13-50
Technology
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Europe began to explore and conquer much of the world.
The pretext was to spread the Christian faith, but the real
motivation was gold and riches.
Europe was able to begin the Age of Exploration largely
due to the technological innovations of the time.
In sailing there were historic developments in navigation
and seamanship. The magnetic compass allowed sailors to
determine direction. The astrolabe allowed seafarers to
determine latitude. There was also an increased
understanding of the path of prevailing winds and currents
in the ocean.
All combined to make long ocean voyages attainable.
13-51
Technology
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The dramatic innovations in sailing ship technology
included; the “galley,” a long warship powered by oars and
loaded with armed boarding parties.
After 1450 these galleys were modified with square-rigged
sails and deck cannons. These were the dominant naval
ships in the Mediterranean and were the type of ship used at
battles like Lepanto.
The “caravel” was a three-masted, cargo carrying ship with
a rounded hull and a high stern and bow. These were the
types of ship used by Columbus and his contemporaries and
they were capable of crossing the ocean.
The caravel was eventually replaced with the “galleon,” a
larger, multi-decked ship, with greater maneuverability and
firepower. The galleon greatly increased the military power
of European nations.
13-52
Spanish Caravels
13-53
Galleons
13-54
Gunpowder Weapons
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The development of new and effective gunpowder weapons also
played a major role. The cannon was originally used as early as
the 1300’s in Europe as siege weapons to batter down the walls
of castles and towns.
Now new lightweight, rust-free bronze cannons were developed.
These cannon could be used on ships and allowed the projection
of immense military power wherever the ship sailed.
One of the largest and most famous of Portuguese galleons was
the São João Baptista (nicknamed the “spitfire”). Built in 1534
it weighed 1,000-tons and carried 366 guns.
Effective matchlock muskets gave individual soldiers effective
gunpowder weapons for use in warfare.
Many arsenals and foundries manufactured guns, powder, and
shot to support the European militaries.
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Matchlock Musket
13-56
Early
Matchlock
Musketeer
(16th Century
13-57
Various 16th-century Artillery Pieces,
Including Culverin, Falconet, and Mortar
13-58
Examples of Early Ship-borne Cannon
13-59
Weapons
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As these advances unfolded, Europe’s first arms race
began. Spain initially held the lead from about 1500,
but the English and the Dutch moved ahead after
1600.
Amassing weapons became a central need for each
sovereign state and new strategies and tactics
reshaped the nature of warfare.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) designed cannons,
giant crossbows, catapults, and even an early version
of a tank, and had ideas for underwater craft, and
flying machines. He calculated the trajectories of
missiles and cannons and speculated on how these
destructive devices brutalized humans and destroyed
nature.
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Leonardo da
Vinci, Men
Struggling to
Move
a Large
Cannon
13-61
Da Vinci’s Design for a Tank
13-62
Leonardo da Vinci
Self-portrait
Science and Medicine
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Da Vinci also lead the way in the natural sciences, studying
nature and the human body. He dissected human bodies and
took meticulous notes on organs, bones, and muscles.
Between 1400 and 1600 Italy’s schools of medicine were
among the best in Europe. In Italy the concept of “civic
humanism” was an outgrowth of the Renaissance. Italy’s
civic administration set up citywide health boards composed
of physicians and medical personnel to deal with public
health problems, like the plague and infectious diseases.
The new city health boards kept records of death and its
causes, regulated health conditions, supervised burials,
cemeteries, and hospitals; inspected food markets, and even
oversaw beggars and prostitutes.
13-64
Leonardo da Vinci's
Anatomical Drawings
13-65
Italian Cultural Styles between 1494 and 1564
13-66
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
The visual arts dominated the High Renaissance, but
literary figures also contributed to the era. The High
Renaissance authors borrowed the concepts of secularism
and idealism. Historians showed that contemporary events
arose from human cause rather than divine action.
The High Renaissance, despite its brilliance, existed for
only a short time, from about 1494 (the French invasion of
Italy) to the deaths of Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
(1519-20).
During this time the Renaissance popes spared no expense
in their patronage of the arts and letters and the papacy
seemed to have regained its vitality. However, the popes
presided over a very shaky ecclesiastical foundation and the
religious crisis of the upcoming Reformation was brewing.
13-67
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
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This religious dissension and the sack of Rome in
1527contributed to the development of “mannerism” and
its eventual spread across Italy and Western Europe.
The High Renaissance was associated with classical
ideas, with harmonious and rational approaches.
Mannerist painters, sculptors, and architects largely
abandoned the imitation of nature and many classical
ideas.
In contrast to the High Renaissance, the mannerists
artists often deliberately chose odd perspectives that
called attention to the artists technical effects and the
individual’s point of view. While High Renaissance
explored harmonious ideals, Mannerism wanted to go a
step further.
13-68
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
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By the end of the High Renaissance, young artists experienced
a crisis: it seemed that everything that could be achieved was
already achieved. No more difficulties, technical or otherwise,
remained to be solved. The young artists needed to find a new
goal, and they sought new approaches, at this point
mannerism emerged.
Mannerist artists rejected idealism and twisted the human
form into bizarre poses to express their own notions of beauty.
Likewise mannerists architects toyed with the emotions and
expectations of their audiences by designing buildings that
were intended to surprise.
Beyond the mannerist aesthetic lay a questioning or even a
denial of the inherent worth of human beings and a negative
image of human nature, along with a sense of the growing
instability of the world.
13-69
Michelangelo,
“Pietà” (149899), St. Peter’s,
The Vatican
This work
encompasses
High
Renaissance
Style
13-70
Michelangelo’s
“Pietà”
(ca. 1555)
This work was
done shortly
before
Michelangelo’s
death and
shows the
effects of
mannerism
13-71
Literature
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Michelangelo (1475-1574), like Leonardo da Vinci was
a true Renaissance man, and in addition to his
remarkable achievements in architecture, sculpture,
and painting, was also a dedicated poet. He wrote more
than 300 short poems.
Castiglione (1478-1529) wrote “The Courtier,” one of
the most influential books of the High Renaissance.
“The Courtier” was translated into many languages and
became the bible of courteous behavior for Europe’s
upper classes.
Both Michelangelo and Castiglione wrote in classical
idealist style. Michelangelo poetry tells of how Platonic
love, while originating in physical beauty, ultimately
leads to the divine.
13-72
Machiavelli
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In sharp contrast to Michelangelo and Castiglione,
Niccolò Machiavelli held a more negative view of
human nature and made human weakness the central
message in his writings.
His most famous work, “The Prince” (1513) appears to
be a handbook for politicians on the use of ruthlessness,
self-serving duplicity, and cunning. It inspired the term
"Machiavellian" and establishing Machiavelli as the
"father of modern political theory."
One excerpt from the book reads: "Since love and fear
can hardly exist together, if we must choose between
them, it is far safer to be feared than loved.”
13-73
Niccolò
Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
13-74
Machiavelli
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Pope Clement VIII condemned ”The Prince” for its
endorsement of rule by deceit and fear and other religious
leaders denounced it as an handbook advocating power
through amoral actions.
However, many modern scholars recognize that
Machiavelli was a patriot, who believed in republicanism,
and considered himself a man of the people. They contend
that his work was more satire on the ruthlessness that
existed in politics, rather than an endorsement of it.
This becomes more apparent when you consider
Machiavelli’s other works, such as “The Art of War”
(1521), where he argues in favor of the “citizen-soldier”
and his importance to a free republic.
13-75
Painting
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The High Renaissance period was an age dominated by
painting, although there were also major works in
sculpture and architecture.
The classical values of idealism, balance, and restraint
were translated into harmonious colors, naturally posed
figures with serene faces, realistic space and perspectives,
and perfectly proportioned human bodies.
After 1520 mannerist tendencies became more and more
evident, reflected in abnormal subjects, contorted figures
with emotionally expressive faces, and more garish
colors.
13-76
Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” (1495-98) Oil-tempera on Wall
This highly idealized painting is seen as one of
the first great works of the High Renaissance
13-77
The Last Supper, ca. 1520, by Giampoetrino
This is an accurate, full-scale copy that was the main source
for the twenty-year restoration of the original (1978-1998). It
includes several lost details such as Christ's feet and the salt
cellar spilled by Judas.
13-78
Leonardo,
Mona Lisa
(1503)
Da Vinci creates a
new type of portrait
(half-length seated)
which has become
prevalent to this day.
13-79
Painting
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Leonardo da Vinci best epitomizes the High Renaissance painter,
with his highly idealized works such as “The Last Supper” and
the “Mona Lisa.”
Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor, rather than a
painter, but left some of the greatest works ever painted (as well
as great architectural achievements).
Unlike Leonardo, who was somewhat of a skeptic, Michelangelo
was a deeply pious man given to bouts of spiritual anxiety and
his art constituted a form of divine worship.
He viewed the human male form as a symbol of human dignity.
His early nudes were based on classical models, with robust
bodies and serene faces, but his later works show the onset of
mannerism with distorted body proportions and unusually
expressive faces.
13-80
The Sistine Chapel
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The painting stretches over 500 square meters of ceiling, and
contains over 300 figures. The center contains nine episodes
from the Book of Genesis, showing God's Creation of the
Earth; God's Creation of Humankind and their fall from
God's grace; and the state of Humanity as represented by
Noah and his family.
On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve
men and women who prophesied the coming of the Jesus;
seven prophets of Israel and five Sibyls, prophetic women of
the Classical world.
Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are The
Creation of Adam, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, the
Deluge, and the Prophet Jeremiah.
The paintings took over 4 years of very painful work to
complete.
13-81
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel
(1436-41)
13-82
Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam
(1511) Detail, Sistine Chapel Ceiling
13-84
13-86
13-87
Michelangelo,
The Last
Judgment
(1436-41)
Sistine Chapel
13-88
13-89
13-90
13-91
Michelangelo,
The Libyan Sibyl
(1511)
Notice the heavily
muscled, almost
masculine back of
the woman.
Michelangelo had a
tendency to paint his
female figures with
male muscularity
13-92
Painting
Raphael (1483-1520) lacked Leonardo’s scientific
spirit or Michelangelo’s brooding genius, but his
work had such grace and artistry that it expressed
the ideals of the High Renaissance perhaps better
than any other painter.
 Raphael had an amazing ability to blend the sacred
and the secular that is apparent in many of his
works.

13-93
Raphael, The School of Athens (1510-11)
Raphael
presents
an amazing
sense
of well-ordered
space and gives
an amazing
sense
of depth
through
the use of
Linear
perspective
13-94
Raphael,
The Alba
Madonna
(ca. 1510)
13-95
Images from
Raphael’s
Madonna
Series
(early 16th
Century)
13-96
Painting
The Venetian School included Giorgione (14771510), who reintroduced the female nude and the
landscape.
 Titian, (1488-1576) was also a member of the
Venetian school.
 Titian is generally the greatest Italian Renaissance
painter of the Venetian School, also loved to paint
female nudes and made them a focus of many of
his works.

13-97
Giorgione,
The Tempest
(1505)
This is probably
Giorgione’s
Best known work.
milestone in
Renaissance
landscape painting,
with its
dramatization
of a storm about
to break.
The landscape
actually becomes the
real subject of the
work
13-98
Giorgione's Sleeping Venus (1510)
13-99
Titian, The Martyrdom
of St. Lawrence
(1550’s)
13-100
Titian
Venus with
a Mirror,
(1555)
13-101
Titian
“Venus
of
Urbano,”
(1538)
13-102
Titian,
Adam and
Eve, oil on
panel ,
(1550)
13-103
Titian, “Danaë with Eros”, (1544)
13-104
Titian, “Venus and Organist and Little Dog”, (1550)
13-105
Painting

The School of Parma produced Parmigianino
(1503-40) one of the first artists to develop the
elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist
style that became a formative influence on the
post-High Renaissance generation.
13-106
Parmigianino,
“Madonna with the
Long Neck”
(1534-40)
A landmark work in the
Mannerist style.
Note the exaggerated
body proportions
of the
Madonna and
sleeping Jesus.
13-107
Parmigianino
“The Madonna
and Child with
Saints”
(1526)
13-108
Sculpture



The sculptures of Michelangelo helped to define High
Renaissance style. His original “Pietà,” as well as his
later work on the same subject illustrate the High
Renaissance and the later Mannerist styles (see
earlier slides).
Michelangelo considered sculpture the ultimate
artistic endeavor, as opposed to painting or
architecture, which he only did when pressured.
Michelangelo produced many masterworks. His
Pietà, David, and Moses are the most well known, but
he created many other classic sculptures.
13-109
Michelangelo,
David (1501-04)
Marble
Florence
13-110
Michelangelo,
Moses
(1513-15)
13-111
Some of Michelangelo’s
Other Sculptures
13-112
Architecture





Donato Bramante (1444-1514) was a major moving force in High
Renaissance Architecture. Bramante concentrated on space and
volume and created architecture that was unified in all its components
and that followed the rules of the classical orders.
Bramante was commissioned to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica, but was
not able to because of his death. The project eventually fell to
Michelangelo. In architecture Michelangelo avoided mannerism and
stayed faithful to the harmonious design of the High Renaissance.
Mannerist style in architecture is best exemplified by Palladio (150880) who used classic elements to build surprise.
This can be seen in his Villa Rotonda, which, although classical in
appearance, no Greek or Roman temple would have four such
identical porches, one on each side of the building.
The dome, which presents an axis, is set off by four wings opening to
the outdoors, each with Ionic columns, and set in stark contrast to the
pastoral setting of the landscape.
13-113
Bramante,
Tempietto
(ca.1502)
Rome
The earliest
surviving High
Renaissance
building
13-114
Michelangelo,
Dome of St. Peter's
(1546-64)
Rome
13-115
Palladio, Villa
Rotonda (Villa
Capra, 1550)
Mannerist style is shown
with the mixing of classical
and non-classical styles
and with the contrast in
nature and the building
13-116
The Legacy of the High Renaissance
and Early Mannerism





Development of the notion of nation-statehood.
Globalization that led to twenty-first-century world.
Rise of western individualism.
Dominance of Michelangelo, Raphael, and
da Vinci in the artistic world and popular culture.
Machiavelli’s contribution to political science.
13-117