Transcript Chapter 16

Chapter 16
Spread of Imperialism
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire
had once had a
kingdom that covered
parts of 3 continents
• Political corruption
and an outdated army
led nearby states to
take Ottoman land
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Loss of Territory
• One area that the Ottoman began to lose
land in was the Balkans, a large
mountainous area in southeastern Europe
that was named after the Balkan Mountains
• Russia began to influence states like Serbia,
Montegro and Romania gain their freedom
Loss of Territory
• The Black Sea area had been in Ottoman
control for hundreds of years
• They began to lose control of this area when
states achieved independence and Russia
took over others on the eastern shore of the
Black Sea
External and Internal Pressures
• The Ottoman Empire was also having land
taken by France and Russia
• Weak rulers caused attempts to overthrow
the government
French Invasion of Egypt
• France conquered Egypt which had been an
Ottoman territory
• Britain then attacked the French navy and
destroyed their ships which greatly limited
the French
• The Ottomans responded by attacking the
French and driving them from Egypt
Mahmud II
• During a time of decline and instability, Mahmud
II became ruler
• His half brother, Mustafa IV, took the throne by
force and killed their cousin, Selim III.
• Mahmud became ruler after a palace rebellion
• Mahmud ruled during the loss of much land but
also prepared Turkey to become a part of Europe
Changes in Russia
• Russia was in the midst of becoming a
world power and expanding outward
• Much of Russia’s population was made up
of serfs who were just a step above slavery
• Uprisings became common as these serfs
became unhappy with their situation
Russian Expansion
• Catherine the Great-German princess who
married the heir to the Russian throne. Her
husband died and she became ruler of
Russia. Catherine focused on the spread of
imperialism
Opposition Movements
• Nicholas I-leader of Russia in the middle of a
revolt. Some Russian officers had learned of
representative government and led a rebellion
called the Decembrist Revolt
• Michael Bakunin became one of the radicals of
this time. Bakunin supported anarchy (society
without government)
• Russian authors like Dostoevsky and Tolstoy gave
a view of Russian society
Imperial Reforms
• Alexander II-sensed the need for reform and
abolished serfdom. This freed 23 million
people.
• This did little to improve the lives of poor
as they were still given the lowest paying
jobs
Domination of India by Britain
• Britain had begun trade in India with the
East India Company. They soon took
control of India but were threatened by
France
• This ended at the Battle of Plassey where
Robert Clive led British forces to a decisive
victory that ended French influence in India
Conquest of India
• Over time, the British government began to
control the activities of the East India
Company more
• The Charter Act in 1814 gave the British
crown control over everything the company
possessed
Sepoy Mutiny
• The British government took complete control
when Indian soldiers called sepoys revolted
• The Sepoy Mutiny began after the soldiers were
told that the cartridges had been greased with pork
or beef fat. The soldiers had to open them by
biting them which would be offensive to Hindus
and Muslims
• After Britain ended the rebellion, India became
part of Britain’s empire
Trade in India and China
• Britain began trade between India and China
which made the British merchants rich
• Cotton cloth and raw cotton were made in India
and brought to China
• Rhubarb, tea and silk went from China to India
• The Chinese products were worth more so the
British began to produce opium from poppy plants
and send it to China
• This caused many Chinese to become addicted and
ruin their lives
Domination of Asia
• Imperialism began to spread to Asia also
• China began to be subject to imperialism
due to the Manchu or Qing dynasty
becoming weaker
• China had isolated itself from the rest of the
world and was resistant to change and
improvement
Opium Wars
• After seeing the destruction caused by
opium, Chinese officials tried to stop the
import of it
• The British objected because they were
more concerned about money than people’s
lives
• The Opium Wars began and the British
forced the Chinese to open more ports
Rebellions
• The Chinese people were becoming upset
with the government and were experiencing
famine also
• A Chinese student, Hong Renkun, led a
rebellion. He changed his name to Hong
Xiugquan (Heavenly King).
• The Taiping Rebellion resulted in 20-30
million people dying
Boxer Rebellion
• Despite this loss of life, people still protested
• The Boxer Rebellion began next. The leaders were
members of a secret society that hated foreign
influence in China
• They executed missionaries and Chinese
Christians
• It took an alliance of 8 countries to end the
rebellion
Continued Opposition
• A 4 year old child named Zaitian became
the 10th emperor of the Qing Dynasty and
took the name Guangxu
• Empress Dowager Cixi adopted him and
ruled for him for 14 years
• When he took power, he issued the Hundred
Days Reform which would create political,
legal and social changes
Continued Opposition
• Empress Dowager was upset and overthrew
Guangxu.
• She said he wasn’t able to lead China and
put him on house arrest where he stayed
until he died at 37
Foreign Intervention
• As the Qing dynasty is weakening, foreign
countries look to take advantage
• Japan had Korea sign a treaty declaring
independence from China
• This caused the Sino-Japanese War between
China and Japan over Korea
• Japan won and took control of Korea
• European nations were worried that Japan would
control more of China and looked to establish their
own spheres of influence in China