Transcript Absolutism - TeacherWeb

Absolutism
Essential Vocabulary
 Absolutism
 Czar
 Boyar
 Westernization
Essential Question
 Who were the absolute rulers of Europe?
– England
– France
– Germany
– Russia
– Spain
To find and list the Absolute rulers for each
country, go back to blog page and click on each
of the individual slides. “RESEARCH MORE”
Absolutism
Absolutism is a political theory and form of
government where unlimited, complete power is held
by a centralized sovereign individual, with no checks or
balances from the people or Government parties.
Essential Question
What were some of the
outcomes of the
sixteenth century
religious wars?
Research and answer the questions in your own
understanding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name the main cause of
religious wars during the
sixteenth century.
Who were the
Hugeuenots?
What issues besides
religion played a role in
the French civil wars?
What event brought the
French Wars of Religion
to an end?
How did Philip II
strengthen his control
over Spain?
6. How did Spain see itself,
based on its Catholic
heritage?
7. What happened when Philip
tried to crush Calvinism in the
Netherlands?
8. Why has the seventeenth
century been called the golden
age of the Dutch Republic?
9. What two notable things
happened during the reign of
Elizabeth Tudor?
10. What did Philip II believe
would happen if Spanish
forces invaded England?
Post-Reformation
 Once the Reformation officially split the
Catholic Church, things were never the
same.
 There was a lot of animosity on both
sides—Catholic and Protestant.
 France, in particular, was in religious
turmoil. These philosophical arguments
quickly turned violent.
French Religious Wars
 Between 1562 and 1598, the Catholics and
the Huguenots (French Protestants), fought
eight wars.
 In 1572, the St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre marked the six-week nationwide
slaughter of Huguenots. Henry of Navarre
was a Huguenot prince that survived the
riots.
Henry of Navarre
 Henry of Navarre was a descendant of
popular medieval king Louis IX, and he
became the first Bourbon king of France.
 Many Catholics opposed him, and for the
sake of his country, he converted to
Catholicism.
– “Paris is well worth a mass.”
The Edict of Nantes
 To solve the continuing religious problems,
Henry declared the Edict of Nantes.
– Recognized Catholicism as the official French
religion, but gave Protestants the right to
worship freely and enjoy all political
freedoms, as well as the right to hold office.
Henry IV
 Now called Henry IV, he restored the
French monarchy to a strong position.
 However, some people hated him for his
compromises and a fanatic stabbed him to
death in 1610.
 Louis XIII, Henry’s son, was king now.
But, in all reality, he wasn’t very good at
it.
Cardinal Richelieu
 Cardinal Richelieu was appointed by Louis XIII as a
minister in his cabinet.
 He took two steps to increase the power of the
monarchy:
– Moved against the Huguenots
– Weaken the nobles’ power
 Most importantly, he wanted France to be the
strongest country in Europe. To do this, he was
going to have to limit the powers of the Hapsburg
rulers, so France was involved in the Thirty Years War.
The Thirty Years War
 The Hapsburg family was a powerful
ruling family around the French border.
 This war was a conflict over religion and
territory and for power among the
European ruling families.
 Started in 1618, it lasted until 1648.
 The war can be divided into two parts:
– Hapsburg wins
– Hapsburg losses
Essential Vocabulary
 Absolute monarch
 Dynasty
 Divine right
 List three critical attributes
(characteristics) of absolutism.
– That means three things that you MUST HAVE
to be an absolute ruler.
Absolute or Not Absolute?
 King William and Queen Mary
 A Chinese Emperor
 King Abdullah of Saudia Arabia (just died)
 Benito Mussolini (Italian Facist)
Write down three things that the “not
absolute” rulers must change to become
absolute.
Name the main cause of religious wars during the sixteenth century.
Who were the Hugeuenots?
What issues besides religion played a role in the French civil wars?
What event brought the French Wars of Religion to an end?
How did Philip II strengthen his control over Spain?
How did Spain see itself, based on its Catholic heritage?
What happened when Philip tried to crush Calvinism in the
Netherlands?
8. Why has the seventeenth century been called the golden age of the
Dutch Republic?
9. What two notable things happened during the reign of Elizabeth
Tudor?
10. What did Philip II believe would happen if Spanish forces invaded
England?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Thirty Years War
Hapsburg Triumphs
Hapsburg Losses
The Peace of Westphalia
The Bourbon Dynasty
 Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
 Louis XIII 13th
– Chief minister Cardinal Richelieu ruled the country really.
• Devout Catholic
• Weakened nobility
• Involved France in The Thirty Years War
 Louis XIV 14th
– Cardinal Mazarin ruled for him since he came to the
throne at the age of four.
– Serious about being an absolute ruler, and he established
a strict routine to ensure this would happen.
Louis XIV
“The Sun King”
•Who is in the painting?
•What’s in the background of the
painting?
•What message does this portrait
convey?
•Did they call him the Spider king to?
The Sun King
 Established his royal court at Versailles.
– Personal household
– Chief offices of state
– Where people came to find favors and offices
 Removed high nobles and royal princes
that were threatening his power from
council, but kept them at court. Why?
 Complete power over foreign policy, the
Church, and taxes.
th
(16 )
Louis XVI
&
Marie Antoniette
 Find out what they looked like and
research their story
 Summarize the highlights
 What happened to their children?
 What happened at the Bastille?
 What happened to them both?
 How did Austria Respond when they died?
France’s Economy
 Jean-Baptiste Colbert was in charge of
France’s finances.
 Building Versailles, maintaining his court,
and fighting wars was expensive business!
 To pay for it, Colbert depended on
mercantilism—exporting more than importing.
 Developed a standing army (befitting of a Sun
King!)
Absolutism in Africa
 Mswati III, King of Swaziland.
 Look up the information about him
1. Is this a case of absolutism? Why or why
not?
2. What critical attributes are missing or
present?
3. Try to put yourself in the shoes of a citizen
of Swaziland. How would they be feeling?
Russia
 While European countries during the sixteenth and
seventeenth century were making great strides in art,
medicine, technology, and government, Russia was
still in the “Dark Ages”.
Ivan the Terrible
 Ivan IV took the throne at three
years old. The boyars, or
landowners, struggled to
influence and control him
throughout his formative years.
 At 16, he crowned himself czar,
meaning “ceasar”. He married
a beautiful woman named
Anastasia, from a old boyar
family.
 He won great military victories,
added lands to Russia, and gave
Russia a code of laws. He was
a just ruler.
 In 1560, that all changed….
Rule by Terror
 Anastasia died in 1560.
 Ivan was convinced that Anastasia had been
poisoned by boyars. He turned against them.
 He organized his own police force whose only job
was to hunt and kill people Ivan thought were
traitors.
 Ivan slaughtered thousands of people, and seized
lands and estates.
 In 1581, he killed his own son and heir to the
throne. He died three years later.
The Time of Troubles
 After Ivan’s death, Russia experienced a
time of turmoil. Boyars were fighting for
power, and heirs of the czars were dying
“mysteriously”.
 Finally, representatives of Russian cities
decided to choose the next czar.
 This was the beginning of the Romanov
dynasty.
Peter the Great
 The Romanovs slowly
restored order to Russia.
 In 1696, Peter I became
the czar, and became
one of Russia’s greatest
reformers
 Moved Capital of
Moscow to St.
Petersburg
His “window to the west”
Peter’s Trip West
 Peter knew that Russia was ‘behind in the
times’.
 In 1697, Peter decided to go on a “Grand
Embassy”—a long visit to Western
Europe.
 Peter’s goal was to learn about European
customs and manufacturing techniques and
bring them back to Russia.
Westernization Today
 Peter struggled to bring
Russia out of the Dark Ages
and into a more modern
existence.
 Today, many countries are
striving toward the same
goal.
 Are the obstacles faced by
such countries today the
same ones faced by 17th
century Russia? Analyze the
similarities and differences
you can identify in their
situations.
Essential Vocabulary
 Baroque
 Natural rights
 Enlightenment
Essential Question
What were the effects of
absolutism?
The Thirty Years War
Hapsburg Triumphs
Hapsburg Losses
The Peace of Westphalia
The Thirty Years War
•For the first 12 years,
Hapsburg forces from
Austria and Spain defeated
the Protestant forces.
•In 1630, Protestant troops
from Sweden drove the
Hapsburg armies from
Germany.
•Ferdinand II’s troops
destroyed everything in their
path.
•Cardinals from France
dominated the rest of the
war.
•Germany had been severely damaged by the war and didn’t unify again until the
1800s.
•Weakened Spain and Austria
•Strengthened France
•Ended religious wars
•New methods of peace negotiations
Legacy of Westphalia
 Abandoned the idea of a Catholic Empire
ruling Europe
 Recognized Europe as a group of equal,
independent states.
 This marked the beginning of the modern
state system and was the most important
result of the Thirty Years War.
The Hapsburgs
 The Hapsburg family had long ruled
Germany and been emperors in the Holy
Roman Empire.
 After the Thirty Years War, they gained a
new empire—but it was made up of many
different cultural groups. This made
keeping the peace and the power a delicate
situation.
Maria Theresa
 Devoted herself to her
children.
– Most famous child was Marie
Antoinette.
 Decreased the power of the
nobility, and limited the
amount of labor that nobles
could force peasants to do.
– “The peasantry must be able
to sustain itself.”
Frederick the Great
 His father became elector of
Prussia at the age of 20, and
built a large army to protect
their borders.
 He became king in 1701 and
followed his father’s lead
with military strength.
However, he encouraged
religious toleration and legal
reform.
– He believed a ruler should be
like a father to his people.