Transcript Unit 6

Imperialism
& World War I
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Alaska
Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Cuba
Hawaii
Japan
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Midway Island
Pacific Ocean
Panama Canal Zone
Philippines
Puerto Rico
South America
1.
2.
3.
Why does the United States become
involved in imperialist activity?
Where does the United States become
involved in imperialist activity?
What impact does imperialism have on the
United States?
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Imperialism
Sphere of influence
Yellow journalism
Protectorate
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Central Powers
Allied Powers
Propaganda
Reparations
Communism
Anarchists
Causes
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Economic –
Desire for new
markets and raw
materials
Military – Desire
for naval bases
and coaling
stations
Ideological –
Desire to spread
American
culture
(Christianity,
democracy, capitalism,
etc.)
Consequences
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U.S.
Expansion
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Acquired Alaska
and Midway (1867)
Annexed Hawaii
(1898)
Spanish-American
War
Annexed Puerto
Rico and the
Philippines
Exerted influence in
China and Japan
Intervened in
Mexico, Caribbean,
and Latin America
American imperialism had 3 goals
Need to improve military strength
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Wanted to establish new foreign military bases
Need for new economic markets and
resources
2.
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Large businesses needed raw materials to
manufacture goods, and needed new markets to
sale those goods
Desire for cultural expansion
3.
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Americans felt a responsibility to spread
American culture
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By the 1890s, the once vast Spanish Empire had been
reduced to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
For decades, some Cubans had been fighting for
independence
Jose Marti, a Cuban revolutionary, was exiled in 1878
◦ He moved to New York City, where he continued to promote
independence through newspaper articles and poetry
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In February 1895 another
rebellion began
◦ Jose Marti joined the rebellion in
April, but died in the fighting
◦ Marti instantly became a national
hero and a martyr for Cuban
independence
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The Spanish sent military forces to Cuba to
put down the rebellion
◦ The Spanish put thousands of Cubans into camps
where many died of disease and starvation
◦ Many Americans became outraged at the Spanish
◦ Supported Cubans struggle for independence
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Many American newspapers, which practiced
yellow journalism, created support for U.S.
involvement in Cuba
◦ New York Journal – published by William Randolph
Hearst
◦ New York World – published by Joseph Pulitzer
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These newspapers published sensationalized,
biased, and sometimes untrue stories about
the treatment of Cubans by the Spanish
Two events led to war between the U.S. and
Spain
1. The ‘de Lôme’ letter
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◦ Letter from Spanish minister (Enrique Dupuy de
Lôme) ridiculing President McKinley for being
‘weak’.
◦ The letter had been intercepted by a Cuban spy
and sold to William R. Hearst, who published it
The destruction of the USS Maine just off the
coast of Cuba
2.
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A battleship sent to protect American lives and property
New York World
New York Journal
Spanish-American War – 1898
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War lasted only 4 months
Fighting took place in the Philippines and the
Caribbean
Fighting in the Philippines
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The U.S. used its more
modern navy and
assistance from Filipino
rebels to defeat the
Spanish at Manila
There was not a single
American casualty at the
Battle for Manila Bay
Fighting in the Caribbean
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Led by Buffalo Soldiers and
the famous ‘Rough Riders’
(organized by Teddy
Roosevelt) Americans won
the ‘Battle of San Juan Hill’
Later they would sink the
Spanish fleet
Spanish forces in Cuba
surrendered a few weeks
later
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On the map, label:
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United States
Cuba
Puerto Rico
South America
In box 2 print:
◦ The “Yellow Press” stirs
American sympathies for
the Cuban people
In box 3 print:
◦ President William
McKinley orders the
battleship Maine to Cuba
◦ Explosion destroys the
Maine in Havana
In box 1 print:
◦ 1895: Cubans rebel
against Spanish rule
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Inside the U.S. print:
◦ “Remember the Maine!”
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In box 4 print:
◦ April 25, 1898: Congress
declares war on Spain
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Trace arrow 1 from
Hong Kong to the
Philippine Islands.
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◦ Rough Riders capture
San Juan Hill, Spanish
fleet destroyed.
◦ Print ‘Dewey’ next to
the arrow
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Next to Manila, print:
◦ Dewey destroys Spain’s
Pacific fleet
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Trace arrow 2 to
Santiago: Print U.S.
Navy next to it
Next to Santiago,
print:
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Trace arrow 3 to
Puerto Rico, print:
◦ Miles captures Puerto
Rico
In box 5 write:
Results of Spanish American War
 Spain gave Cuba its independence
 Spain ceded (gave up) Puerto Rico, Guam, and
Philippines to the U.S.
 U.S. gave aid and protection to Cuba
 U.S. became more involved in world affairs
 Army and Navy were strengthened, and the
U.S. became a military power
 The Panama Canal was built
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Consequences of the war
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Islands of Puerto Rico
and Guam were
handed over to the
United States
◦ The U.S. would appoint a
governor of Puerto Rico, and
manage all foreign affairs
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After a long struggle,
the Philippines were
annexed by the U.S.
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Cuba became
independent…kind of
Cuba was forced to
accept the ‘Platt
Amendment’ in their
new constitution
◦ Gave the U.S. the right to
intervene in Cuba’s foreign
affairs
◦ U.S. established a naval
base at Guantanamo Bay
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Cuba became an U.S.
protectorate
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In the 1880s the
French tried to build
a canal across
Panama, but failed
◦ Disease
◦ Cost
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U.S. had interest in
building the canal
◦ Columbia, which
controlled Panama,
would not allow it
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Panamanian revolutionaries
were wanting to break
away from Columbian rule
◦ The United States supported
this, but Columbia was a much
stronger nation
◦ When Panama declared
independence, U.S. battleships
and marines were there to
support them
◦ Shortly after the revolution,
Panama gave the U.S.
permission to build the
Panama canal
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Building the canal was a
massive project, with
many obstacles
◦ Built from 1904 – 1914
◦ Approx. 44,000 people
working at one time
◦ Construction included a dam,
man-made lake, water
chambers called ‘locks’, and
tunneling the earth
◦ Approximately 50 miles long
◦ Workers faced malaria, yellow
fever, extreme heat
◦ Estimated 30,000 deaths
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When completed,
the Panama canal
cut 5-7 thousand
miles of traveling
Crossing the canal
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United States was too
late to acquire a sphere
of influence in China
◦ European powers
claimed them all
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United States suggested
an ‘Open Door Policy’
◦ All nations would have
equal trading rights in
China
◦ When none of the other
nations declined this idea,
the United States claimed it
was accepted
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Led to the ‘Boxer
Rebellion’
◦ Led by a secret
organization called ‘The
Society of Righteous and
Harmonious Fists’
◦ Captured Beijing before
being put down
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The U.S. helped put
down the rebellion
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In 1854 Japan opened
trade with the United
States
◦ Russo-Japanese War in
1904
◦ Teddy Roosevelt negotiated
a peace treaty
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Roosevelt sent out the
‘Great White Fleet’ to
show Japan, and the
world, U.S. naval power
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Buying Alaska
Annexing Hawaii
Bayonet
Constitution
Spanish American
War
Rough Riders
US Navy
Maine explosion
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Taking over Puerto
Rico
Annexing the
Philippines
Building Panama
Canal
Open Door Policy
Great White Fleet
U.S. Expansion
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U.S.A.
Japan
China
Australia
South America
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Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
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Cuba
Puerto Rico
Alaska
Hawaii
Midway Islands
Wake Islands
Philippines
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1867 – Purchased Alaska and the Midway
Islands
1898 – Annexed the islands of Hawaii
1898 – Received the islands of Puerto Rico
and Guam following Spanish-American War
1899 – Annexed the Philippines
1901 – Cuba became a protectorate of the
United States
1914 – Completed the Panama Canal
1914 – 1916 – intervened in Mexican Revolt.
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1793 – President
Washington urges
American neutrality – U.S.
practices isolationism
policy
1823 – President Monroe
adopts the ‘Monroe
Doctrine’ – warned
European nations to not
interfere in ‘American
affairs’ and the U.S.
would not interfere in
European affairs
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In 1904 President
Roosevelt issues the
‘Roosevelt Corollary’
◦ An addition to the
‘Monroe Doctrine’
◦ The U.S. will use military
force to keep European
nations out of American
affairs
◦ the U.S. had “the right to
exercise ‘an international
police power’ in the western
hemisphere”
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The U.S. used the
military to enforce this
policy in the
Dominican Republic,
Cuba, and Haiti
Roosevelt Corollary
kept other nations out
of Latin America, but
created tensions with
the U.S.
Effects of U.S. imperialism
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The United States became a world power
The United States began moving away from
isolationism
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3.
What is imperialism? Describe the goals of United
States imperialism in the late 1800s and early
1900s
Describe three places where the U.S. states
imperialized, how they intervened, and which
goal(s) of U.S. imperialism they accomplished
Throughout our history, the United States has
claimed to be a ‘Champion of Democracy,’ that is
to say we promote and support democracy
around the world. Explain one example of when
the United States did not champion democracy
around the world during the Era of Imperialism.
Try to be specific in your answer.
4.
5.
6.
Why does the United States get involved in
World War I?
What impact did the United States have on
the outcome of World War I?
How did Americans react to the rise of
communism following World War I?
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The causes for World War I had begun in the
late 1800s
There are 4 causes
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Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliance System
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Nationalism is an
extreme pride or
devotion to one’s
country or culture
◦ Nationalism led to ethnic
groups struggling for
freedom
◦ Also led to a competition
for power between
countries
 Led to increased
imperialism
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Imperialism also
created conflict as
nations competed over
limited land and
resources
A strong military was
required to create and
maintain oversea
colonies
◦ Led to militarism
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To compete with the
French and British empire,
Germany began to build
up their military
◦ Used new technology
◦ Made plans for war
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European countries began
building up militaries to
counter Germany
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European countries formed alliances for
protection
◦ Created to maintain peace
◦ Actually made the war larger than it may have
been otherwise
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Central Powers (Triple alliance) = Germany,
(Italy), Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers (Triple entente) = Britain,
France, Russia
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France
Russia
Great Britain
Serbia
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Turkey
Bulgaria
Romania
Albania
Italy
Belgium
Allied Powers
Central Powers
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June 28th, 1914 –
The Arch-Duke of
Austria-Hungary
was assassinated by
a Serbian
nationalist, Gavrilo
Princip
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Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
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Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary
Germany declared war on Russia and France
Great Britain declares war on Germany
Italy breaks alliance with Germany, declares war on
Austria-Hungary
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During the fighting,
‘trench warfare’
quickly developed and
the war became a
stalemate
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When the war in Europe
began (1914), President
Wilson issued a Proclamation
of Neutrality
◦ Following the long held policy of
isolationism
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However, President Wilson
and most Americans
supported the Allies
◦ Americans blamed Germany and
Austria-Hungary for starting the
war
◦ Most news of the war came from
Britain
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In 1915, Germany began
practicing ‘unrestricted
submarine warfare’
◦ Tried to block goods going to
Britain
◦ In May 1915 the British
luxury ship, Lusitania,
was sunk
 1,200 dead; 128 Americans
◦ In March 1916 the
French ship, Sussex, was
attacked, killing 80
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Germany then issued the ‘Sussex Pledge’
◦ Promise to not sink merchant/passenger ships
without warning
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President Wilson won re-election, promising
he would keep the U.S. out of war
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In 1917 Germany
sent the ‘Zimmerman
Note’ to Mexico
◦ A secret telegram
decoded by Britain
◦ Proposed an alliance
with Mexico and asked
them to attack the U.S.
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U.S. declared war 2
months later, April 6
1917
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In May, 1917, Congress
passed the ‘Selective
Service Act’ – military draft
◦ Men between 21-30
(increased to 18-45)
◦ 2 million volunteered
◦ 2.8 million drafted
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The U.S. government used propaganda to
build public support for the war
◦ Propaganda is not impartial, it is biased
◦ Selectively uses facts, omits info that is not
supportive
◦ Able to influence an audience’s emotions
◦ Posters, speeches, newspapers, pamphlets
◦ Encouraged Americans to contribute in many ways:
Volunteer
Conserve food
Buy war bonds
Oppose Germany
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Russia was performing
very poorly in the war
◦ Poor military leaders
◦ Shortage of
weapons/ammunition
◦ Outdated military
equipment
◦ Poor transportation
system
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Russian citizens
became very upset
with the war
◦ Food and other
goods were scarce
◦ Millions of soldiers
were killed or
wounded
◦ Government was
corrupt
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March 1917 citizens
overthrew Czar Nicholas
◦ Russian soldiers also
rebelled against their officers
◦ A ‘provisional’ government
took control, which decided
to stay in the war
◦ This was very unpopular
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A new group, the
Bolsheviks, gained
popularity
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While the United States
was preparing for war, the
situation for the Allies was
worsening
◦ November, 1917, Russia
experienced a communist
revolution
◦ Led by Vladimir Lenin and
the ‘Bolsheviks’
◦ The new government
withdrew from the war and
signed peace with the Central
Powers
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With Russia out of the
war, Germany could focus
on France
◦ March 1918, Germany
launched a massive
offensive on the Allies
◦ Just 70 miles from Paris
in May 1918
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The U.S. had a major
impact on the
outcome of WWI
◦ Quickly learned trench
warfare
◦ American troops were
fresh and dedicated
◦ U.S. had no shortage of
bombs or bullets
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Within weeks, American forces were forcing
Germans to retreat
◦ By late 1918 Central-Powers were surrendering
◦ An armistice, cease fire, was signed in November
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President Wilson had a plan
for World Peace
Called for:
◦ Diplomacy
◦ Free trade
◦ Self-determination (or selfgovernment)
◦ A League of Nations
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Wilson’s plan is called the
‘Fourteen Points’
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The Treaty that
ended the war is
called the ‘Treaty of
Versailles’
◦ Some of Wilson’s
Fourteen Points were
included in the treaty
◦ Many were left out
The Treaty of Versailles
 Restricted German military
◦ Army: 100,000 men, no tanks/artillery
◦ Navy: 15,000 men
◦ Not allowed to have an air force
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Forced Germany to give up land and colonies
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Forced Germany to pay heavy reparations
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Created a League of Nations
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Created 9 new nations
◦ Created Poland, and other nations from Austria-Hungary
and Russia
◦ Damages resulting in $269 billion dollars
◦ But, the United States would not join, and it would fail
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Russia – 9,300,000
Germany – 7,200,000
France – 6,200,000
Austria-Hungary – 4,600,000
Great Britain – 3,400,000
United States – 325,000
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Political
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◦ Helped ratify 19th
Amendment
◦ African-Americans
migrated to northern
cities
◦ Monarchies overthrown
◦ Russian revolution
◦ Colonial revolutions
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Economic
◦ European economies in
shambles
◦ U.S. emerge as world
economic leader
Social
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In Europe
◦ Entire generation mostly
killed
◦ France in ruins, G.B. and
Germany in debt
◦ Many issues left
unresolved
Imperialism
Nationalism
Alliances
Militarism
Land and businesses
owned by individuals
 Production determined by
opportunities for profit
 Social classes exist
(some are rich, many poor)
 People have opportunity
to improve themselves
 Competition sets prices
and wages
Land and businesses
owned by government
 Production determined by
the government
 Social classes do not exist
(to each according to need)
 Everyone should remain
equal
 The government sets
prices and wages
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Capitalism
Communism
According to Karl Marx and ‘Bolshevism’ , a ‘worldwide’
revolution was necessary for communism to be truly
successful.
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Following WWI the
American economy faced
setbacks
◦ Demand declined
◦ Returning soldiers couldn’t
find work
◦ Labor union members went
on strikes in great numbers
◦ 1919 – 3,000 strikes
involving 4 million workers
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Communist parties
did form in the U.S.
after WWI
◦ Some promoted
violent revolution
◦ Anarchist bombings
targeted politicians,
judges, and business
leaders
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Communists wear black shoes.
Communists wear long sleeves.
Communists have straight hair.
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As a result, a widespread
fear and paranoia of
communism swept
through the U.S.
◦ Known as a ‘Red Scare’
◦ Based on real and imagined
threats
Consequences of the Red Scare:
 Limits on free speech and press
◦ Gitlow vs. New York
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Deportation of aliens (foreigners)
The ‘Palmer Raids’
◦ Attacks on suspected radicals
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Decline of labor unions
Decline of the ‘Socialist Party of America’
Anti-immigration feelings and laws
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Unit 6 vocab.
Taking Control of Hawaii Q&A
Wilson and the Mexican Revolt. Q&A
The Home Front Q&A