Transcript Ancient River Valley Civilizations

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15 Possible Topics for the Social Studies
Gateway Exam
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Ancient Civilization
Greece
Rome
Byzantine Empire
The Mongols
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
The Age of Exploration & Discovery
The Reformation
English History
Absolute Monarchs
Enlightenment & Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Age of Imperialism
World War I
Gateway Topics for 2011-2012
(with possible subtopics)
Ancient Civilization and Renaissance
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River Valley Civilizations
Classical Greece and Rome
Renaissance
What did the Renaissance gain from Classical Civilizations?
Class structure
 Hindu Caste System
 Feudalism
 Latin America Revolutions
Religious conflicts
 Protestant Reformation
 Crusades
 Great Schism
Technological advances
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Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Printing Press
Exploration
Agricultural Revolution
A few things to remember…
1. Along with this information, be sure to
include something from your World History
class that you learned.
2. Focus your studying on only the areas that
you are unsure of.
3. Remember this is just a review, use the
documents in the exam to help you too.
Good luck!
The Ancient River
Valley Civilizations
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
1. Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
2. Egypt: Nile River
3. India: Indus and Ganges Rivers
4. China: Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
The Growth of Civilization
• Agricultural Revolution: farming created
settled communities
• The five traits of a civilization
– Cities
– Writing
– Specialized workers
– Complex institutions
– Technology
Mesopotamia /
Fertile Crescent
Located between Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
Some Contributions of
Ancient Civilizations
• Sumer: first civilization, plow, sailboat, wheel,
cuneiform, ziggurats, polytheism
• Babylon: Code of Hammurabi
• Phoenicians: the alphabet and improved
shipbuilding
• Jews: ethical monotheism, Judaism
• Persians: well-built empire based on
tolerance
Egypt = “Gift of the Nile”
History of pharaohs
• Around 3200 B.C., King Narmer of Upper
Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and united the
two kingdoms
• The Egyptian kings used the title of “pharaoh”
and were considered god/kings
Some contributions of
Egyptian civilization
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Hieroglyphics
Egyptian religion (polytheistic)
Pyramids
Mummification
Medicine
Indus Valley
• Located between Indus and
Ganges Rivers
Some of the many contributions of Indus
Valley civilizations include. . .
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Sanskrit
Hinduism
Buddhism
Reincarnation
Caste system
Complex Institutions
Religion in the Indus Valley
Hinduism
• Hinduism is a mixture of Aryan and ancient
Indian culture
• The sacred writings are the Vedas that
explain the basic philosophy of Hinduism.
• Beliefs include reincarnation, moksha, and
castes.
A second religion of the Indus Valley
is Buddhism
• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama
• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths,
Eightfold Path,
Nirvana
• No complex rituals, as in Hinduism, and it is
taught in the everyday language.
China’s River Valley
• Located between the Yellow (Huang-He) and
Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers
Chinese philosophies
• Confucianism: based on family, respect and
education
• Daoism: based on living simply and harmony
with nature
• Legalism: based on a strict and powerful
government
Some of China’s many
contributions include. . .
• Printing
• The Great Wall of China
• Dynastic cycle
Greece
The Birthplace of Democracy
Geography affected Greece
Geography
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¾ of land is covered by mountains
Many peninsulas, islands, coastlines and inlets
No navigable rivers
Made transportation and travel difficult
– People could not form one united government so
they created many city-states.
Three early civilizations
• Minoans
• Mycenaeans
• Dorians
Minoans
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Lived on the island of Crete
Equality for women
Advanced society
Seafaring
Mycenaeans
• Used bronzed weapons and tools
• Warriors
• Trojan War
Dorians
• Less advanced
• Illiterate (Dark Ages)
• Oral tradition
– Homer, The Odyssey
• Epic poems
Greek Religion
• Polytheistic
• Gods took human
form and emotions;
were immortal
• Myths taught to
understand
mysteries of
nature/life
Greek city-states
• City-state: a city and its surrounding areas
(polis)
• Citizens (free adult males) served the polis
• Citizen armies
• Public meetings held in the agora (market
place) and acropolis (fortified hilltop)
Contrasting two major city states:
Athens and Sparta
Athens
• Government
– Created democracy
• Values
– Life based on education
and culture
– Women had few rights
Sparta
• Government
– Dual monarchy / military
oligarchy
• Values
– Life based around
military
– Women enjoyed more
rights
Athenian democracy
• Direct democracy: laws voted on and
proposed directly by assembly of all citizens
• Citizens: male, 18 years of age, born of citizen
parents
• Executive branch: composed of council of 500
men
The Persian Wars
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490-479 B.C.
Persia versus Greece
Persia invaded Athens and the Athenians won
Athens emerged as the most powerful citystate
• Athens became the leader of the Delian
League
Golden Age of Greece
• Classical culture
flourished.
• Pericles, a hero from
the Persian Wars,
became leader of
Athens.
– Strengthened democracy
– Increased wealth and
power of Athens
– Beautified Athens
Contributions of the Golden Age
• Architecture: The
Parthenon
• Sculpture: figures
show grade, strength
and serenity / bodies
in motion / ideal
beauty (classical art)
• Greeks invent drama
(tragedy and comedy)
Peloponnesian Wars
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431-404, B.C.
Sparta versus Athens
Sparta won
Ends the Golden Age
Greek philosophers
• Socrates
– First great Western philosopher
– Questioned authority
– Socratic Method
• Plato
– Teacher at The Academy
– Taught through dialogues
• Aristotle
– Teacher at the Lyceum
– Taught by use of logic
Alexander the Great
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From Macedonia
Son of King Philip II
Became king at age 20
Student of Aristotle
Invaded Greece, Mesopotamia and India
Wanted to create single empire
Admired other cultures
Hellenism
• Mixture of Greek and Eastern cultures
• Koine = common language spoken in Hellenistic
cities, dialect of Greek
• Alexandria (in Egypt) became center of Hellenistic
culture
– Port city, good for trade
– Statues of Greek gods, a beautiful palace, and the famous
lighthouse
– Center for learning and education
– Many contributions in science, math, architecture, art and
philosophy
ROME
The Republic
The Empire
The Origins of Rome
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3 founding groups
Latin shepherds
Greek colonies
Etruscan settlements
Geography
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Excellent location
Built on the Tiber River
Mountainous
Mid-point of Italian
peninsula
• Center of
Mediterranean Sea
Roman Religion
• Polytheistic
• Blending of Greek and
Roman religions
Social Organization
Family
Classes
• Gravitas
• Patricians - upper
class, wealthy
(seriousness)
landowners
• Role of fathers was
• Plebeians - lower
important
class,
farmers,
• Role of women was
artisans
and
less important
merchants
Rome had a balanced government
*form of democracy called a republic
*written law code: the Twelve Tables
• Magistrateconsuls
• AristocracySenate
• DemocracyElection of
Senators
• Dictatorshipcrisis times
The plebeians made progress
toward equality
• Tribunes of the “Plebs’
– 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in
the Senate
– Were granted veto power
• Twelve tables - codified the laws
• Citizens’ Assemblies
– More democratic form of government
– All adult, Roman males could attend and vote
Punic Wars
• Carthage vs. Rome
• Control of trade in
Mediterranean
• Three separate wars
• Rome ultimately won
but was weakened
• Lead to rise of
proletariat
Julius Caesar
• Military/government leader, gained popularity
and power
• Tried to save the Republic
• Made many reforms
– Grants citizenship, expands senate, creates new jobs,
starts colonies, increased pay for soldiers,
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Became dictator for life, 44 B.C.E.
People fear his growing power
Assassinated by group of senators
Republic collapses at his death
The Roman Empire
• 1st emperor, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)
- Ruled as Emperor Augustus for 41 years
- Created a strong government
• Civil service
- Many problems after his death
• Succession crisis
• religion
Contributions of the Roman Empire
• Pax Romana: 207 years of peaceful rule
• Engineering
– Aqueducts
– Complex sewer system
– Thermal baths
– Series of highways
– Coliseum
The Rise of Christianity
• Based on the teachings of Jesus
• Spread rapidly through empire
• Christians persecuted
Fall of the Roman Empire
• Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity
ended (trade, plunder, farms)
• Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers
fought for money not patriotism
• Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to
Rome
• Social Decay - loss of loyalty for government
• Weakened empire falls after Barbarian attacks (the
Huns)
The Byzantine Empire
(The Eastern Roman Empire)
Byzantine Empire
• Barbarian tribes overran Italy
• Emperor Constantine moved Rome to
Constantinople
• Excellent location for trade
• Located between Asia and Europe
Politics in Constantinople
• Empire Justinian tried to
rebuild Roman glory
• Code of Laws
• Hagia Sophia
The Church Splits
• Differences developed between Eastern and
Western Church
• Christian Church splits
• West = Rome = Pope = icons = Roman Catholic
Church
• East = Constantinople = Patriarch = no icons =
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Islamic Faith
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Created by the prophet Mohammed
Monotheistic = Allah
Holy city = Mecca
Religious text = Koran (Qur’ an)
Based on the Five Pillars of Islam
The Spread of Islam
• Spread through jihad, trade and empire
expansion
• Divided into two sects
– Shi’ites (minority)
– Sunni (majority)
Contributions of the Arabic World
• Translated Greek books into Arabic
• First chemical laboratories
• Treatment of disease (diagnosed smallpox and
wrote an encyclopedia of medicine)
• Created algebra
• Arabic numerals
• Wrote the Arabian Nights
The Mongols
Nomadic, Fierce Warriors, and Expert
Horsemen
The Mongols
• From the steppe in Asia (dry,
grassy region)
• Lived in kinship groups called
clans
• Around 1200, leader named
Temujin (Genghis Khan)
united Mongols under his
leadership.
• Campaign of terror across
Central Asia, destroying
cities and slaughtering
people
Genghis Khan
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Title means “universal ruler”
Brilliant organizer and warrior
Used cruelty and fear as weapons
Died in 1227, but his successors continued to
expand empire
The Mongol Empire
4 regions or khanates
– Mongolia and China
– Central Asia
– Persia
– Russia
Mongol rulers
• Tolerant rulers in times of peace
• Imposed stability, law and order across Eurasia
(Pax Mongolica)
• Provided safety for trade between Europe and
Asia
• Mongol rulers relied on foreigners to help rule
the government
Kublai Khan
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Grandson of Genghis Khan, took power in 1260
Founded the Yuan Dynasty
United China for first time in 300 years
Opened China to foreign contacts and trade
Tolerated Chinese culture and government
Lived luxurious life of Chinese emperor
Failed to conquer Japan
Restored the Grand Canal, built paved highway
Encouraged trade
The End of Mongol rule
• Succession crisis after
death of Kublai Khan
• Many rebellions in
1300’s
• Chinese overthrew
Mongols in 1368
• Other Khanates declined,
except for Russia
The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages
Invasion of Barbarian tribes caused end of
Roman Empire
• Changed way of life in Europe
Disruption of trade
Downfall of cities
Decline in learning
The Rise of Feudalism
• Feudalism = political
system
– Based on loyalty and the
exchange of land for
services
• Hierarchy of power
– King>lord>vassal>
knight>serf
• Fief = land
Manor System
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Manor = small estate
Lord = owner
Serf = worker; tied to the land
Peasants = freemen; could leave the land
All inhabitants had duties to perform
The Church in the Middle Ages
• Center for education and organization
• Christendom = idea of one kingdom under
God
• Centered around the holy city of
Jerusalem
The Crusades
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The “Holy Land” was invaded by Muslims
The Church called for military aide
Crusades: “journeys to recapture the “Holy Land”
Overall, not successful
Results of the Crusades
• The Pope and the feudal nobility both suffered
a loss of power.
• Religious tolerance decreased.
• Hatred between Muslims and Christians
remained high.
• An increase in trade sparked European
expansion.
The plague hit Europe in 1496
• Expanded trade and
increase in population
caused diseases
• Bubonic plague: carried
to Europe by fleas via
trading ships
• 2/3 of European
population died
The Renaissance
Rebirth of classical culture and
learning
The Renaissance Begins
• Where?
– In Florence, Italy (later spread north)
• When?
– Around 1300
• Why?
– Urban centers, power of the merchants and
influence of the de Medici family
• What?
– New styles in art, writing and thought
Influence of the Crusades
• Brought back learning and new ideas from the
Middle East
• New values:
– Artists and writers were eager to be known as
individuals
– Love of classical learning flourished
– Enjoyment of worldly pleasures
– Idea of the ideal man changed
– Idea of the ideal women changed
Renaissance Art
• Artists began painting and sculpting lifelike
images
• Often art would glorify the human body
• Discovered techniques to use perspective
Renaissance Artists
•
Michelangelo
– David, the Sistine Chapel
•
Da Vinci
– Mona Lisa, the Last Supper,
– scientific experiments and inventions
•
Rembrandt
– the Flemish School of Art
Writers and the printing press helped
spread the Renaissance spirit
to the rest of Europe.
The Age of Exploration
and Discovery
God, Gold and Glory!
The Age of Exploration and
Discovery
•Spread Christianity
•Find riches
•Fame
Renaissance thirst for knowledge
Portuguese Exploration
• Portuguese explorers
– Prince Henry the
Navigator*
– Dias
– da Gama
– Cabral
• Portuguese colonies
– Brazil
– Parts of Africa
Spanish Exploration
• Spanish Explorers
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Christopher Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
Magellan
Balboa
Cortez
Pizarro
De Soto
• Spanish colonies
– South America (except
for Brazil)
– Mexico
– Southwestern United
States
– Florida
Land Disputes between
Portugal and Spain
• 1493: Pope Alexander
IV Line of Demarcation
• 1494: Treaty of
Tordesillas
English Exploration
• English explorers
– Sir Walter Raleigh
– John Cabot
– Francis Drake
• English colonies
– Jamestown
– New England
French Exploration
• French explorers
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Verrazano
Cartier
Champlain
LaSalle
Marquette and Joliet
• French colonies
– Louisiana
– Canada
– Parts of Northern
America
Dutch Exploration
• Dutch explorers
– Henry Hudson
• Dutch colonies
– New York
The Reformation
Changes in the Catholic church
The Reformation
• Conflicts in the Catholic Church
• Abuses in the Church
Worldliness of Renaissance popes
Poorly educated lower clergy—some illiterate
Lower clergy having semi-official wives
Selling of indulgences (pardons for sin)
Conflict in the Catholic Church
Reasons for Reform:
* The printing press allows the printing of the
Bible and other literature that allowed
people to read and interpret for
themselves.
* The people began to see abuses and
wanted higher standards for clergy. Reform
was demanded.
Martin Luther
• Luther is angered over the sale of
indulgences.
• In anger he writes the 95 Theses:
* Salvation by faith alone
* The Bible is the only authority for
Christian life not the church
* The priesthood of all believers;
meaning that all people can
communicate with God as the priests
do
More on Luther…
• Someone took Luther’s ideas and printed them with the printing
press. The document was spread across Germany.
• The church was not happy with Luther’s ideas and he was asked
to recant his beliefs.
• Luther refused and was excommunicated.
• Charles V tried Luther at the Diet of Worms. The result was the
Edict of Worms which declared him a heretic and an outlaw.
• In spite of this, Luther’s ideas took hold and began to spread
across Germany.
John Calvin-- Switzerland
Beliefs:
– Everyone is sinful, but God can save you
– Predestination - God knows when you are
born whether you will be saved or not-those who are saved are called “The Elect”
– Wanted a theocracy - government ruled by
the Church
– Followers are known as Calvinists
John Knox-- Scotland
Knox put Calvin’s ideas into
practice. His followers overthrew
their Catholic Queen (Mary
Stuart) and set up a working
theocracy.
– Followers were known as
Presbyterians
Henry VIII
• Henry broke from the church when
the Pope refused to give him a
divorce from his wife, Catherine of
Aragon. Catherine could not
produce a male heir and Henry
wanted to remarry.
• Henry created the Church of England
and named himself head of the new
church.
Counter-Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
• Catholics were concerned about Protestants leaving
the church so they began their own reforms. These
reforms are called the “counter” reforms because
they come in response to the Protestants.
• Pope Paul III called a meeting in Trent.
• The Council of Trent decided. . .
– 1. To end the sale of illegal indulgences
– 2. To clarify church rules, practices, and beliefs
– 3. To set up more education for priests and clergy
St. Ignatius of Loyola
• Founded the Society of
Jesus
– Members were known
as Jesuits.
– The society was run like
an army.
– Their mission was to win
Protestants back to the
Catholic Church.
English History
1588-1689
The Royalties
The Stuarts
The Tudors
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Henry VIII (P)
Edward VI (P)
Mary I “Bloody Mary” (C)
Elizabeth I (P)
** C = CATHOLIC
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Mary “Queen of Scots” (C)
James I (C)
Charles I (C)
<Oliver Cromwell> (P)
<Richard Cromwell> (P)
Charles II (C/P)
James II (C)
William III and Mary II (P)
** P = PROTESTANT
**<>= NON ROYAL
The Tudors
• Henry VIII dies, 1547
• Edward VI – young, sickly, Protestant, rules
with help of advisors
• Mary I – succeeds at Edward’s death, cruel,
“Bloody Mary”, Catholic
Elizabeth I: The “Virgin Queen”
• Faces many problems
– Religious conflicts (Protestant vs.
Catholic)
– A rival queen (Mary Stuart)
– Competition from Spain (Philip II)
– Money problems
– Issues with Parliament
• Known as the most powerful English
monarch
Solutions to Religious Problems
• Declared the Act of Uniformity
– This act created one legal church in England.
• People must attend or pay a fine.
• Services were held in English.
• Some rituals of the Catholic Church were kept
to make the Catholics happy.
Stopping the Rival Queen
• Elizabeth’s cousin (Mary Stuart)
challenged the throne
• Because Elizabeth had no heirs, Mary
was her successor
• Mary and Philip II of Spain planned to
overthrow her
• The plot failed and Elizabeth ordered
Mary’s execution
The Spanish Threat
• Philip attacked England with the Spanish
Armada
– Angered at rejected marriage proposal and raiding
of “Sea Dogs”
• England was victorious
• Spain’s power declined
Financial and Religious problems
with Parliament
• Financial:
– Elizabeth started to build an empire in the Americas with
money from investors
– These investors were part of joint-stock companies
• Religious:
– Towards the end of her reign, Puritan members of
Parliament began asking for religious changes
– Puritans were a strong group in Parliament but Elizabeth
refused to change
James I of England
• James VI (of Scotland) (son of
Mary Stuart) inherits English
throne from Elizabeth and
becomes James I of England
• Clashes with Parliament over
money and the Church
• Believes strongly in idea of divine
right
Charles I of England
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Son of James I
Was strong believer in divine right
Spent excess of money on wars
Dissolved Parliament for 11 years
Problems lead to English civil war
Civil War!
• Charles I began to persecute the Puritans.
Many left for the Americas.
• Charles I also tried to make the Scots worship
in the Church of England.
• The Scots began to form an army. War was
coming.
• Charles I has to recall Parliament to get money
for war.
More on Charles I…
• Charles I tried to have key leaders arrested.
• War began!
• The Cavaliers (loyal to the King) vs. the Roundheads
(Puritans).
• Oliver Crowell led the Roundheads.
• The Roundheads won.
• Charles I was executed!
Oliver Cromwell: “Lord Protector”
• Cromwell declared himself “Lord
Protector”.
• He sent Parliament home and created a
republic.
• The republic was really a dictatorship.
• People lost many freedoms.
• When Cromwell died his son took over.
This gave England a chance to bring
back the monarchy.
The Restoration
<Charles II
James II>
• Tired of Puritan rule, England
“restores” the monarchy by
inviting Charles (son of Charles
I) to be King Charles II
• Charles II (the “Merry
Monarch”) did not rule by
divine right
• Allowed “habeas corpus”
• Charles II died and left no heir
• Catholic brother, James
succeeded as King James II
• Ruled under belief of divine
right
• Forced to abdicate
William and Mary:
The Glorious Revolution
• The British people were desperate for change.
• They asked the Protestant daughter of James II’s first wife and her
husband to come take over the throne.
• William and Mary were able to take over without a war.
• They allowed many positive changes to protect the rights of the
people.
• These changes included:
– The end of the “divine right of kings.”
– The people had more power and representation
– Most importantly…..They signed the Bill of Rights!
Milestones of Democracy:
England 1689
• Limited power of the monarchy.
• The monarchy could not act above the law or
collect taxes without permission.
• Only male property owners could vote.
• Individual rights were protected by the law.
• Some limitations on freedom still existed for
non-Protestants.
Absolute Monarchs
a king of queen who has
unlimited power and seeks to
control all aspects of history
Absolute Monarchs
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Spain: Philip II (Hapsburg)
France: Louis XIV (Bourbon)
Russia: Peter the Great (Romanov)
Prussia: Frederick the Great (Hohenzollern)
Philip II
• Defender of Catholicism
• Spanish wealth used to annihilate
Protestants and Muslims
• Launched Spanish armada against
England, defeated by Elizabeth I,
weakened Spanish power
Louis XIV, the “Sun King”
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French Catholic king
Most powerful ruler in French history
Weakened power of the nobles
Helped France attain economic, political and
cultural brilliance
• Patron of the arts
• Attempted to expand France’s boundaries
• His many wars brought ruin to France
Peter the Great
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Russian genius
Wanted to Westernize Russia
Established St. Petersburg
Many successes in
governmental and cultural
reforms
• Russia becomes a major
European power
Frederick the Great
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Loved music, philosophy and poetry
An aggressor in foreign affairs
Pushed to extend Prussian territory
Encouraged religious tolerance
Supported legal reform
Earned the title “the Great” by
achieving his goals for Russia
Enlightenment and Revolutions:
Europe and the Americas
A Time of Change
The Enlightenment
• Europe
• 1720-1790
• Changes in thinking led to reforms in
government
Enlightenment Thinkers
• Thomas Hobbes
– Ideas of a social contract
– Leviathan
– Man is evil, must have a strong government
• John Locke
– Ideas regarding natural rights
– Two Treatises on Government
– Man has rights to life, liberty, property
The Philosophers advocate reason
• Voltaire
– Used satire
– Wrote many essays
– Defended tolerance, reason, freedom of speech and religion
• Montesquieu
– Political liberty
– Admired Britain’s balanced government
– Separation of powers
• Rousseau
– Committed to individual freedom
– Social contract
– Government by consent of the governed
Impact of the Enlightenment
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Salons
Secular outlook on life
Importance of the individual
Ideas of freedom and rights
Enlightened despots
Democracy
The Road to Revolution
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People were dissatisfied with governments.
Citizens often did not have a voice in government.
People decided to fight for their freedom.
Wars for freedom were called revolutions.
Most of the revolutions occurred between
1775 and 1826.
• 1775 - 1781 = American Revolution
• 1789 - 1799 = French Revolution
(1799 – 1815) = Napoleon’s rule
• 1810 - 1826 = Latin American Revolution
The American Revolution
1775-1781
• Great Britain’s King George III
ruled the American colonies
• The 13 colonies paid taxes to
England but had no
representation in Parliament
• Colonists were angry
• Wrote the Declaration of
Independence
• Broke ties with Great Britain
• George Washington led the
American troops to victory!
The French Revolution
1789-1799
• French people were angry
over high taxes, unfair class
systems (3 estates), and
poor standard of living
• Influenced by ideas of
Enlightenment and
American independence,
the French people revolt!
Revolution!
• The Third Estate creates a series of new, unsuccessful
governments
• Many innocent people died in the bloody violence
• Both King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
were guillotined during the reign of terror
• “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity!” was the slogan of
the revolution
Napoleon’s new government
1799-1815
• Napoleon Bonaparte, a national hero, leads
the new government and appoints himself
Emperor of France.
• Napoleon wants to conquer the world.
• Becomes very powerful and makes his
brother king of Spain.
• After a series of wars with Europe,
Napoleon is defeated and exiled.
Congress of Vienna:
1814-1815
• European countries needed to restore stability and
restructure pre-Napoleonic boundaries
• Austria’s conservative foreign minister Metternich,
led a meeting in Vienna
• His goals were to:
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–
Restore legitimacy of the monarchs
Restore the balance of power
Weaken France
Compensate severely damaged countries (reparations)
More on the Congress of Vienna…
• The Congress of Vienna was successful;
however, democratic ideas could not be
erased
• New political philosophies were born
– Conservatism: keep the old ways
– Radicalism: violent changes
– Liberalism: small reforms, no violence
– Nationalism: love of one’s country
Latin American Revolutions
1810-1826
• Spain had colonies in Latin America.
• Latin America includes the countries south of
the United States.
• The people of Latin America wanted their
freedom from Spain.
• 1813 - Napoleon lost power in Europe.
• The people of Latin America chose this time
to revolt.
Latin American colonies win
independence
• Haiti was the first colony to win
independence in 1804
• Father Miguel Hidalgo helped Mexico win
its freedom from Spain
• Simon Bolivar fought for the freedom of
Venezuela and many other colonies
• Jose de San Martin fought for Argentina’s
freedom
• Peru was the last colony to gain
independence in 1826
The Industrial
Revolution
1700-1850
The Industrial Revolution:
Factors aiding industrial growth
• Changes in farming
• Rise in population
• Geographic advances
• New inventions
• Effective banking system
• Politically stable
Great Britain, birthplace of industry
• Great Britain, having all the necessary factors
was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
• Textiles, the major industry, had been
produced in the homes (cottage industry)
One invention leads to another. . .
• Six Major Inventions Change the Textile
Industry
– John Kay - Flying Shuttle
– James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny
– Richard Arkwright - Water Frame
– Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule
– Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom
– Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin
Transportation Improves
• To help transport goods faster from place to
place engineers built:
• Better roads (John Mc Adams)
• Canals (human-made waterway)
• Railroads (The Rocket)
Industrial Revolution Changed Lives
•
•
•
The Industrial Revolution spread to other countries.
The growth of factories brought people to the cities.
The working conditions in factories began to
improve.
• The middle class social structure grew.
• Social tensions began to build between the different
classes.
New political systems evolve
• Socialism:
– Robert Owens
– Wealth of country to be
shared equally
– Share ownership of
certain properties such
as factories and the
railroad
• Communism
– Karl Marx
– Communist Manifesto
– Wealth and power to be
shared by all
– In reality, state controls
everything
The Age of
Imperialism
1875-1914
The Age of Imperialism
• Imperialism: the act of
extending one’s rule over
others
• European countries needed
raw materials to supply
their industries.
• Prestige was associated
with owning many or large
territories.
• Missionaries wanted to
spread Christianity.
• New markets were needed
for European products.
Britain’s Lead is Challenged
• Up until the late 1800’s Britain was the most
powerful nation in the world.
• Germany and the United States begin to challenge
Britain for economic power.
• Countries begin to tax imported British goods to
protect their own industries.
• Britain has few sources of raw materials and
desperately needs them for production.
Rivalries
• Competition among the European
nations for territories was strong.
• Just as Britain saw the advantages
of colonies, so did other European
countries.
• Almost every European country
competed for colonies as did
Japan and the US.
European Superiority
• Europeans believed that the new technology
developed during the Industrial Revolution proved
their superiority.
• They would be able to successfully manage colonies
from far away by railroads, telegraph cables, and
steamers.
• Europeans also believed that their religion and
morals were the right way to live and felt a strong
sense of duty to show others “the right way.”
Imperialism in Africa
• Competition for colonies in Africa was so fierce that
European countries feared war.
• A meeting in Berlin in 1884 was called to settle land
disputes. (No African rulers were invited)
• European countries agreed that any European
country could claim land by sending in troops to
occupy that area.
• Border lines were drawn without regard to the native
cultures.
European Countries in Africa
The following countries all had colonies in Africa
during the 1900’s.
• Britain
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Portugal
• Belgium
• Spain
Africa became a continent of colonies
By the 1900s only two countries remained free
from colonial rule; the rest of Africa had been
carved into colonial territories.
1. Liberia – A country set up by former U.S. slaves with
American support.
2. Ethiopia – Benefited from its mountainous geography,
strategic position between three major colonial
powers and its own strong leader.
Three types of imperialistic rule
• Colony = total rule
• Protectorate = military presence / self rule
• Sphere of influence = pay taxes to preserve
self-rule
The importance of South Africa
• Location of the Cape of Good Hope
• Discovery of diamonds
The reality of Imperialism in Africa
• African were expected to work and pay taxes
• Many were forced to work against their will
• Africans were treated as second class citizens and
faced discrimination
• Europeans found a wealth of mineral resources in
Africa
• Europeans also used the land for cash crops
• They also introduced Christianity to Africans
Imperialism in South Asia
•
•
•
•
•
Britain found in India what it did not in
Africa.
– A supplier of raw material for
European factories
– A large market for British goods
– A large workforce for factories built
in India
The British East India Company set up
trading posts in India in the 1600’s.
India became a sphere of influence
under the British East India Company.
Even though the company was under
the control of the British Crown, the
company was free to govern India as it
saw fit. It even had its own army.
The British Crown did not intervene
until it had to suppress an uprising
called the Sepoy Rebellion.
The Sepoy Rebellion
• Sepoy – Indian soldiers working for the
British East India Company
• Angered by deception of the British East
India Company, led a rebellion.
• The British East India Company could not
control the revolt, so the British troops set
up a colony
Britain controls India
• Britain built transportation and
communication systems
• Projects built and funded by Indians and their
taxes
• Indians were treated as second class citizens
and faced discrimination
Imperialism in China
• China was a self-sufficient
country which meant it did not
need to trade with other
countries. It had little interest in
European goods.
• English merchants smuggled
opium into China and created a
demand.
• The Opium War was fought to try
to end the British control of the
substance but China was
defeated.
• The Treaty of Nanking was signed
which allowed Britain to establish
spheres on influence in China.
Open Door Policy
• China was carved into spheres of influence
• Americans saw what was happening in China and
feared they would lose their trading opportunities in
China.
• The Open-Door Policy was established to enforce an
“open-door” or the freedom to trade and sell to
China for all merchants of all nations.
• This prevented China from being colonized but its
fate lay in hands of other nations.
Chinese Nationalism
• Many Chinese citizens also felt like second class
citizens in their own country.
• Most of their major cities were
controlled by outsiders.
• Nationalist groups such as
the Boxers begin to form
and protest foreign
occupancy.
Japan’s isolation
• Like China, Japan had practiced isolation for a long
time
• Fearing loss of independence, Japan conceded to
trade with the U.S. and agreed to demands of
Mathew Perry
• Japan began to industrialize and modernize its
country
• Japanese studied the ways of Westerners and
adopted the best ones
• Japan was smart with its finances and stayed out of
debt
Imperialism in the western
hemisphere
• A demand for Latin American goods began to grow.
Latin American countries borrowed money from
American and European banks to fund enterprises.
• Unable to repay their debts, many of the lending
nations began to take over the industries in Latin
America and influence the countries politically.
– Roosevelt Corollary
The Pacific Islands
• The Pacific Islands were rich in resources and
had military advantages.
• The U.S. was interested in Hawaii and made
it a territory in 1898.
• The U.S.
acquired the
Philippines
and Guam as a result
of the
Spanish- American War.
World War I
World War I
Underlying causes:
•Militarism
•Alliance system
•Imperialism
•Nationalism
Militarism
• The belief that the use of force is an
acceptable way to decide political problems
• Built large armies and stockpiled weapons
• Developed war plans
• War fought on two fronts
Alliance system
• Fear leads nations to seek out
friends
• Triple Alliance– Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente– Great Britain,
France, Russia
• Promise to assist if ally is
under attack
Imperialism
• Competition creates tension
between European nations
• Competing for: colonies, new
markets, sources of raw materials
• Imperialized areas: Africa, India,
parts of the Middle East, China
Nationalism
• Love of one’s country
• Influenced the Great Powers to make their nation
“the best”
• Power includes money, land and control of trade
markets
• Minor countries sought independence
WAR!
•
•
•
•
•
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was murdered
Austria declares war on Serbia
Both alliances mobilize for fighting
Battle zones include: Europe, Asia and Africa
New weapons include: machine guns, tank, poison
gas, flame throwers
The War Ends
• Both sides suffer from loss of life and
widespread destruction
• U.S. enters war in 1918 on the side of the
allies
• November 9th, 1918: Germany surrenders
• Armistice signed November 11– end of
fighting
• Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations