Transcript 6B.4 Lecture on Imperialism and Nationalism

The Age of Imperialism and
Nationalism
1850-1914
Imperialism: The takeover of a
country or territory by a stronger
nation with the intent of dominating
the economic, political and social life
of the people of that nation
Forms of Imperialism
FORMS OF
IMPERIALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Colony
A country or region governed
internally by a foreign power
Protectorate
A country with its own internal
government but under the control of an
outside power
Sphere of Influence
An area in which an outside power
claims exclusive trading privileges
Economic Imperialism
Independent but less developed nations
controlled by private business interests
rather than by other government
The Rise of Nationalism
Rise of Nationalism
A. Nationalism
1. A feeling of strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and culture.
a. These bonds tie people together.
B. Extreme Nationalism
1. Belief that one's culture or country is better than another.
II. Effects of Nationalism
A. Nation-States struggle for unification and independence.
1. Each nation-state had its own government and was loosely connected to
other nation-states of similar culture.
a. Examples: Germany and Italy during 19th century.
III. Ethnic groups
1. Ethnic groups banded together and became more nationalistic, each
demanding its own independent nation.
2. They wanted freedom and the right to set up their own freely elected
government.
Italian Unification (1858-1870)
I. Unification of Italy
A. Congress of Vienna had broken Italy into many
small kingdoms after
Napoleon (French Emperor) was defeated.
1. Papal States
a. Some kingdoms in Italy were ruled by
the Catholic Church.
2. Austrian domination
a. Most kingdoms in Italy were controlled
by Austria.
1a. These kingdoms often had
conflicting interests and fought each
other.
B. Italians united to fight the foreign domination of their
country.
1. Secret patriotic and nationalistic societies spread throughout
Italy.
2. Austria and France often sent troops to
crush rebellions.
I. Unification of Germany
A. Prior to unification, Germany was a loose confederation of
states controlled by Austria.
B. German states entered into a union with Prussia in 1844
1. Ruled by the Zollverein.
1a. This upset Austria.
2a. Promoted free trade with Prussia and other
German states without paying heavy tariffs (taxes
on imported goods) to Austria.
Unification of Germany: Prussia
II. Prussia
A. Powerful independent country in northern Europe ruled by
William I.
B. Otto Von Bismarck, Prime Minister or Chancellor of
Prussia
1. Very powerful person, "The Iron Chancellor"
2. United the German states against Austrian rule.
C. Events leading to the Unification of Germany:
1. In 1866, Prussia and Austria fought a war for
control of northern Germany.
a. 1867, Prussia won and formed the North German
Confederation.
1a. Austria still controlled southern Germany.
2. Otto Von Bismarck desired to unite all of Germany.
a. Problems?
1a. Northern Germany was mostly Lutherans. (Protestants)
2a. Southern Germany was mostly Catholics.
b. Solution?
1a. War with France.
King
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
I. Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
A. Prussia defeated France in six months.
1. KingWilliam I, named emperor of Germany.
a. Germany acquired the Rhineland
(Alsace-Lorraine) from France.
B. Germany became one of the world's strongest
countries.
2. Well-disciplined army and healthy economy.
The Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine) acquired by Germany as a
result of the Franco-Prussian War
1870 will be a disputed topic for both World War I & World
War II.
Imperialism
or
Nationalism?
In pairs, decide
whether the picture
depicts imperialism
or nationalism and
tell why you chose
as you did.
Which country is the best in the
world?
Why do you think
this?
 Could another be
better?
 What does this
country have that
others don’t that
make it so great?


Should we help other
countries have what
we have?

Is it our place to get
involved in another
country to help if we
can?
Causes of Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution caused a need
for resources to fuel industrial production
in Europe and the United States
 Where would these resources come from?

– Africa
– Asia
– Latin America
Causes of Imperialism



Economic competition between European
nations; new markets to sell their goods
The need of European nations to add colonies
to their empires as a measure of national
greatness
Growing racism, or the belief that one race was
superior to another
– Because they were more technologically advanced,
many Europeans and Americans felt they had the
right to dominate the peoples of Asia, Africa and
Latin America
Causes of Imperialism

Social Darwinism: the idea that those
who were fittest for survival and
success were superior to others
– Because of Social Darwinism, Europeans
felt they had the right and duty to bring
progress to other nations
Need to Christianize the people of Asia
and Africa
 Need to civilize and “westernize”
others

Why Imperialism?






Empire Building
Economics
Political and Military
Interests
Power and Authority
Nineteenth Century – 1800s
British Dominance - called
the Victorian Era after
Queen Victoria who ruled
for 64 years
The Sun Never Sets on the British
Empire
Examine the map below and then decide
what the title means.
Imperialism in China
15
China Resists Foreign Influence
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
 Chinese had little interest in trading with
western nations
 Europeans wanted silk, porcelain, tea,
spices
 Chinese did not need to trade (culturally
they wanted to stay isolated)

16
•British trade with China centered around opium.
•The British imported opium from India to China in exchange
for silk.
• Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the Chinese
government was fearful of a trade imbalance.
•China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not
comply. This led to the Opium Wars.
Opium dens, 1850
Chinese receiving opium from
Patna, British India
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WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN
17
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
worked with her
government officials to
fight against the British
in the First Opium War,
from 1839-1842.
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WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN
19
Opium War
Chinese emperor asks Queen
Victoria to stop the opium trade…
it goes unanswered
 China destroys millions of dollars
of opium
 China no match for modern
weaponry and equipment.
 1842 Sign the Treaty of Nanjing

20
Treaty of Nanjing
China paid Britain’s war costs
 Opened 5 ports to trade
 Extraterritoriality
 Britain received the island of Hong Kong
 Sometimes called the 1st of the Unequal
treaties
 Western powers carved out spheres of
influence (exclusive trading privileges)

21
Asia was carved up after the Opium Wars
England annexed Hong Kong and Kowloon
France took over Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and
Laos)
Russia moved into Chinese Turkistan and Manchuria
Japan grabbed Taiwan and won dominance over Korea
This cartoon depicts England, Germany, Russia, France, and
Japan at the table, ready to cut up China after the Opium
Wars.
22
The Opium Wars brought an end to the
isolation of the ancient Chinese civilization
and introduced far-reaching social, economic
and cultural ideas to the Chinese.
Multimedia Learning, LLC COPYRIGHT 2006
WRITTEN BY HERSCHEL SARNOFF & DANA BAGDASARIAN
23
STOP
What Enabled
Imperialism?
Europeans’ technological superiority
(including the machine gun)
 Improvements in transportation to and
within Asian and African colonies
 Medical advances, such as Quinine,
which protected Europeans from
foreign diseases (malaria)
 Disunity among ethnic groups in Africa

Imperialism in Africa

Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
– European nations met to lay down rules for
the division of Africa
•Any European nation could claim land
in Africa by telling the others and
showing they could control the area
•Europeans paid no attention to the
ethnic and linguistic divisions in Africa
when dividing it amongst themselves
•No African leaders attended this
meeting… Why might that be unfair??
Impact of Imperialism in Africa

POSITIVE
– Local warfare reduced
– Improved sanitation
 NEGATIVE
– Hospitals led to
– Loss of land and
increased lifespan
independence
– Men forced to work in
– Schools led to increased
European owned mines and
literacy
on European owned farms
– Economic growth
– Contempt for traditional
culture and admiration of
European culture = identity
problems
– Dividing up of Africa =
artificial boundaries divided
kinship groups and united
rivals
Imperialism in 1914
Imperialism and Empire – British in
India



The Sepoy Rebellion
allowed British soldiers to
invade and control all of
India
The British established
control of India and its
neighbors by 1914.
The British controlled
Australia, New Zealand
and much of the far east.
The worlds’ biggest
empire!
Forms of Imperialism
Types of Management
INDIRECT CONTROL
Local
government
officials were used
Limited self-rule
GOAL: to develop future
leaders
Government institutions
are based on European
styles but may have local
rules
DIRECT CONTROL
Foreign
officials brought in to rule
No self-rule
GOAL: assimilation (the process in
which a minority group adopts the
customs of the prevailing culture)
Government institutions based only
on European styles
Paternalism: people governed in a
fatherly way where their needs are
provided for but they’re not given
rights
The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
Causes
Nationalism
To gain power, European
nations compete for colonies
and trade.
Economic Competition
Demand for raw materials
and new markets spurs a
search for colonies.
Missionary Spirit
Europeans believe they must
spread their Christian
teachings to the world.
Europeans
exerted influence over the
economic, political, and
social lives of people
they colonized.
The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
Effects
Colonization
Europeans control land and
people in areas of Africa,
Asia, and Latin America.
Europeans
exerted influence over the
economic, political, and
social lives of people
they colonized.
Colonial Economics
Europeans control trade in
the colonies and set up
dependent cash-crop
economies.
Christianization
Christianity is spread to
Africa, India, and Asia.