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Chapter Objectives • • • • • • • • • Identify the first main threat to the British colonies-French quest for empire-and the four wars that resulted Recall major leaders and battles of the French and Indian War Outline the causes, course, and consequences of the French and Indian War Discuss the British victory over the French at the Battle of Quebec and the battle’s role as a turning point in North American history Explain why military victory can bring disastrous consequences as when Britain won the French and Indian War but soon lost the American colonies Compare arguments on the traditional rights of English people and the legitimacy of asking the colonies to pay a fair share of the costs of empire Trace the events that led to America’s break from Britain, starting in 1760 Explain the social, economic, and political tensions that led to conflict between colonists and their governments. Discuss the factors that created a national consciousness among American colonials. “Skirmishes between France and England” Colonial Name 1. King William’s War European Name War of the League of Augsburg Treaty Ryswick Dates 1689-97 2. Queen Anne’s War War of the Spanish Succession Utrecht 1701-14 3. King George’s War War of the Austrian Succession Aachen 1739-48 4. French and Indian War Paris 1754-63 Seven Years War English policy towards colonies • Benign Neglect: English policy towards the colonies that left the American colonies to effectively run themselves. It was not in the best interest of the British to interfere in the day to day operations of colonial administration. • Some efforts at political control prior to 1700 failed. Mercantilism • Economic policy to regulate colonial economy • Reintegrate colonial economy into the British economic empire France was the first country to practice mercantilism France 1. Simplify complicated French tax structure so to know how much money is coming in Tax land, not merchants 2. Impose tariffs on imports of enemies (England and Holland) and subsidize French goods (make them cheaper so England and Holland will buy them) 3. Coordinate colonies to serve interests of French economy: Colonies were for the benefit of the mother country ENGLAND WILL COPY FRENCH MODEL Mercantilist beliefs • Finite amount of wealth in the world • For a nation to become wealthy, it must take from other countries • Trade=war. • Regulate trade so to make your country invulnerable to the economic aggression of others • Erect trade barriers against others England/Britain Navigation Acts • System of trade regulations 1651: Parliament only allowed shipping of colonial goods to England in English ships and majority of crews be English 1662: Goods imported to England in English made ships only, ¾ of crew English and certain goods shipped only to England or English colonies (tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, sugar) 1663: Staples Act: All things shipped from Europe to colonies had to stop in England, be landed, and duty paid on it before reshipment. Made England the staple or trade center for all goods sent to colonies. Mercantilism continued 1698: Wool Act: no export of cloth: raw wool only 1732: Hat Act: no export of Hats from colonies 1733: Molasses Act: import duty on rum 1750: Iron Act: ban iron finishing in colonies New France: France in North America Early French Exploration • Giovanni de Verrazzano (hired by French) mapped much of North America in 1524 • Jacques Cartier: explored St. Lawrence River towards headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1535. Jacques Cartier Giovanni da Verrazzano Verrazzano’s voyage of 1524 Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explore the Mississippi River in 1673: Looking for the Northwest Passage to China Robert de La Salle (Claims Mississippi River Basin For France (Louisiana) 1682 Company of the Indies: 1718 • Set up administrative capital for Louisiana at New Orleans on the Mississippi River Clash at Louisbourg in 1745 New France in 1750 Portion of Canada given to Britain as a result of Treaty of Utrecht in 1715. Louis XIV’s son was allowed to become Spanish king, but could not unite Spain with France. North America in 1750 Inevitability of a conflict with France • Several “skirmishes” or brush wars had taken place between France and England before 1750. • Something BIG was going to happen (Europe or North America). A spark was needed • 1748: British fur trappers and land developers moved west of the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio River Valley • French saw this as an intrusion: Their territory was Canada and the Mississippi River Valley: The Ohio River flows into the Mississippi. New France: Strengths • 1. Strong Indian Alliances, except with Iroquois • 2. American colonists were vulnerable to attack because of their isolated towns and villages on the frontier. (French could blend into frontier) • 3. No United Front for American Colonies (Divided) Weaknesses with New France • 1. not a strong settler colony 1660: 3,000 1700: 15,000 1750: 52,000 • 2. Extraction rather than settlement (Fur: beaver, fox, otter) • 3. Focused on religious conversion of Indians, rather than settling • 4. Minimal Financial Return to the crown on promotion of New France • 5. Difficulty with Iroquois Confederacy in New York: forced to move empire west instead of south Britain and the American Colonies • Strengths 1. Larger population than New France: 20 times by 1750 2.Could recruit colonial militias 3. American colonists were fighting for their homes 4. British navy: blockade waterways 3.French governmental authority was split: rivalry and division (military governor, civil governor, and Catholic bishop) • Weaknesses 1. British army: 18th century military style of fighting vs. French/Indian guerilla style 2. Not as good relations with Indians as French 3. Lack of unity Albany Plan of Union (1754) 4. 6,000 French Catholics living in Nova Scotia Forcefully relocated and moved to Louisiana: today’s Cajuns Albany Plan of Union (1754) Albany Plan of Union (colonies north of VA) • Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin at Albany, New York to unify the colonies • Each colonial legislature would elect delegates to an American continental assembly according to amount of money they gave to the central treasury • Continental assembly would be presided over by a royal governor • Plan was rejected as too authoritarian French Fort Construction • France began to build string of forts that was to stretch from Lake Erie to the Alabama River • Protected the French, but cut across what the colony of Virginia considered its territory (Colonial charters extended beyond current state borders today) • Colonial land speculators were harmed: wouldn’t be able to sell land 1754 The First Clash The Ohio Valley British Fort Necessity * George Washington French Fort Duquesne * Delaware & Shawnee Indians George Washington • Sent by Governor Robert Dinwiddie to the site of Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania to stop the construction of the fort and kick out the French. (seen below in Virginia Militia uniform) • 1. Washington captures a small French scouting force: First shots of the French and Indian War. • 2. Builds Fort Necessity and waits for French attack • 3. Completely overwhelmed by French and forced to surrender: Fort Necessity: a recreation 1755 Britain Decide to Eliminate Fr. Presence in North America Gen. Edward Braddock evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. A Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. Washington was only colonial officer on Braddock’s staff to survive AThe following year, Fort Duquesne was abandoned and the British forces built Fort Pitt on the site (modern day Pittsburgh) 1756 War Is Formally Declared! War on multiple continents (Europe, North America and Asia) Considered first world war British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials Methods of Fighting: British • Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or bayonet charge. tactics. Military • Col. militias served Organization: under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. 1757 William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister: only man who could salvage war: got rid of old generals and admirals A He understood colonial concerns. A He offered them a compromise Colonial loyalty & military cooperation in exchange for British reimbursement of colonial assemblies for their costs A RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758. Marquis de Montcalm: French commander in America Montcalm’s success (1756-1758) • Destroyed Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry • Drove back British attempt to take Fort Ticonderoga (see below) 1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England * By 1761, Spain was an ally of France General James Wolfe • British turn to the invasion of Canada • Louisbourg captured in 1758 • Turn attention to attack Quebec, the French Canadian capital. Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec 1759) • Fought outside the walls of the city after 3 month siege by British forces • Battle lasts one hour • Wolfe’s troops resist column charge by the French • Moltcalm and Wolfe are mortally wounded on the battlefield • Outcome: Turning point in the war. Quebec: a Formidable fortress Death of Wolfe 1763 Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, all territory east of the Mississippi River, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. North America in 1763 Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt: 140 million pounds. Expected colonies to pay for the cost of the war and housing British soldiers for protection vs. Indians. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing (Became Americans) experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1766): formed confederacy of Indian tribes and fought British troops and settlers. Eventually made peace with the British because his Confederacy fell apart. Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt to help defeat the Indians Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Proclamation Line of 1763 • Settlers were forbidden to cross a line along the crest of the Appalachian mountains • Colonial governors were forbidden to authorize surveys or issue land grants • Why the line? Separate colonists from Indians on the west: It was too late. Colonists had already entered the Ohio River Valley: Growth of attitudes that were distinctly American • 1. Geography and distance from Europe: used to non-intervention and solving own problems • 2. Private ownership of land: land=liberty. liberty=keeping tabs on expansion of government 3. Diversity of colonies: loyalty to Britain not the same throughout colonies King George III: ill prepared to handle the colonies King George III • Took more active role in political process than George I or George II • Went through several ministers during period of colonial administration after French and Indian War that led to inconsistency, waffling, and then stubborn inflexibility Representation • Colonies governed themselves through colonial legislatures • Levied colonial taxes: power of the purse. • power to initiate own legislation • None of colonial legislatures were legally recognized by parliament or the king • Parliament was the legislature of the British Empire Virtual representation: British answer to no taxation without Representation • Each member of parliament represented the interests of the whole country and the empire • Large cities might not have members in Parliament • Small towns with little or no population returned members to Parliament • All represented the Empire Whig Ideology • 1. liberty is natural: men are born with a set of natural rights and are born with those rights in a state of perfect liberty • 2. governments are established to protect liberty and property: people agree to give up a little property and liberty for this protection • 3. liberty can be destroyed: usually by corrupt political elite (governments can be remade/changed by the people) • 4. liberty must be aligned with virtue to resist the allure of power (religious, work, modesty, etc) Pitt replaced by career politician, George Grenville: worked hard, honest, detailed, and stubborn: saw American customs as inefficient Grenville’s Plans: 1. Sugar Act: lowered duty on mollasses from six to 3 pence: reduced temptation to smuggle or bribe the customs officials. Additional duty on textiles, wine, coffee, indigo and sugar. First time duty not just to regulate trade, but to raise money 2. Currency Act of 1764: colonies could not print their own money: Caused deflation in colonial economy and sent a shock through the colonies 3. Stamp Act: 1765. printed materials must carry a revenue stamp. (newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, insurance policies, college diplomas, playing cards) First internal tax: tax on goods produced and consumed entirely within the colonies 4. Quartering Act: 1765. Forced the colonists to supply British troops with provisions and to provide them with barracks or submit to their use of vacant inns and vacant buildings. Greeted with silence, then rage. Stamp Act became the chief target of colonial protest Response to stamp act • • • • • • • • • Mass meetings Parades Bon fires Gentlemen and planters became “sons of Liberty” Liberty Trees Liberty Poles Hung effigies of Boston Stamp Collectors Destroyed stamp offices Sacked the home of Governor Hutchinson’s house in Boston, Mass. • When Stamp Act, went into effect, business continued without the stamp Sam Adams • Sons of Liberty leader of Boston Firebrand and a hothead Politics was his passion Grew obsessed that Parliament had no right to legislate at all in the colonies Organized protests in the Boston town meeting and provincial assembly Additional measures • Colonists Boycotted British goods • Non-importation agreements • Homespun garments Patrick Henry’s Response • Virginia Resolves: Virginians were entitled to the rights of Englishmen and Englishmen could only be taxed by their own representatives • Virginians had always been governed by laws passed with their own consent Stamp Act Congress • Meeting in New York in October 1765 • 27 delegates Petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act Not act of defiance: said Parliament had right to regulate trade, but not to tax Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Grenville replaced by Rockingham • Declaratory Act (1766) Asserted full power of Parliament to make laws binding the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Tried to save face from the repeal of the Stamp Act Townshend Acts (1767) • Direct taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea • Strengthened writs of assistance: search and seizure used by customs officials to find smuggled goods and contraband. • Taxes should go to paying royal officials and governor (circumvented power of the colonial legislatures) and their “power of the purse.” Opposition to Townshend Acts • Boycotts: refusal to buy British goods • John Dickinson: “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer” argued that the Parliament ha no right to levy taxes for revenue, but could regulate commerce and collect duties. • Dickinson used language of moderation Boston “Massacre” • March 5, 1770 Violence in Boston Group taunted and threw snowballs at the sentry before the customs house Large crowd came to the scene British troops fired on the crowd 5 people died, 8 wounded Captain Preston charged, John Adams defended him Outcome of Boston Massacre • Shockwaves throughout colonies • Britain repealed all Townshend duties except the one on Tea • British troops had left Boston, but remained stationed nearby, if needed. • British navy patrolled the coast • Sam Adams, “Where there is a spark of patriotic fire, we will enkindle it.”