Transcript The young Frederick Ⅱof Prussia

欧洲历史与文明
沈阳师范大学
主讲人：王宇弘
The Great Wars of the
Mid-eighteenth Century
18世纪中叶的战争
第七章 十八世纪的经济、政治和战争
18th Century: economy, politics and wars
The Great Wars of the
Mid-18th Century
1. The War of the Austrian Succession,
1740-1748
奥地利继位之战
 2. The Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763
七年之战

A. Frederick Ⅱ (Frederick the Great)
腓特烈二世
Frederick II (1712-1786)
was King in Prussia of
the Hohenzollern
dynasty. He is best
known for his brilliance
in military campaigning
and organization of
Prussian armies. He
became known as
Frederick the Great.
The young Frederick Ⅱof Prussia

The young Frederick
Ⅱof Prussia, who
would later be called
Frederick the Great, was
more interested in music
and literature than in the
military and political
tasks of a monarch.
B. Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa (1717-1780)
玛丽亚·特雷莎



Archduchess of Austria
Holy Roman Empress
Queen of Hungary and
Bohemia
Maria Theresa 玛丽亚·特雷莎

She was the only
woman ruler in the
650 history of the
Habsburg dynasty.
She was also one of
the most successful
Habsburg rulers.
C. The two parties of the War
战争中的双方
 Prussia
 Austria
 France
 Britain
 Spain
 Holland
D. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Frederick (Prussia)
↑
Silesia

Maria Theresa (Austria)
↑
Belgium
2. The Seven Years’ War 1756-1763
七年之战

A. Frederick’s military triumphs

B. British and French colonial interests

C. The Peace Settlement of 1763
Introduction


The Seven Years’ War was a global military war
between the two military blocs in Europe(Britain Prussian alliance and
France - Austria - Russia alliance) , involving most of
the great powers of the time and affecting Europe,
North America, Central America, the West African
coast, India,and Philippines.
Great Britain, Prussia,
Portugal, with allies
France, Spain, Austria,
Russia, Sweden with allies
Background
Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of France
Austrian Empire
Russian Empire
The process of the war
战事进程






◆ Britain and France developed a fierce competition on
maritime affairs and colony
◆in April,1756, French Navy defeated the British fleet and
occupied North America Menorca Island
◆in 1758, British troops captured the Cape Breton and
surrounded Fort Lewis, which was surrendered in July
◆in 1759, the French fleet was eradicated by Britain fleet
◆in 1760, Britain occupied the whole of French Canada
◆in 1761, Britain occupied the French colony in India
On February 10, 1763, Britain and
France signed the “Treaty of Paris” ,
and the Seven Years’ War ended
Results of the war
战事结果
Britain gained control over half the North American
continent, including French Canada, all French
territorial claims east of the Mississippi River, and
Spanish Florida.
It also ended the century-long threat of a French or
Spanish invasion of the American mainland colonies;
Ensured that British institutions would dominate in
eastern North America.
The French and Indian War not only stripped
France of its North American empire, but also
caused Britain to change its relationship to its
colonies, a change that eventually led to the
American Revolution
Reevaluation of the Colonial Relationship
The British became concerned about the colonists’ lack
of cooperation during the French and Indian War:
Colonial assemblies refused to send their militiamen on
expeditions to Canada.
2. The British also suspected that the assemblies took
advantage of the war to increase their own political
power:
Colonists demanded greater authority over finances and
military appointments in return for their approval of
war-related measures.
3. the actions of many American merchants seemed almost
treasonable:
Many American continued to trade illegally with France;
1.
4. The British government also faced pressing financial
problems:
National debt soared from 75 million pounds in 1754 to
133 millions pounds by 1763;
At the same moment, the colonists were becoming more
and more prosperous, British leaders saw no feasible
alternative to taxing the colonists;
5. For the colonists, the French and Indian War
increased their concern over the permanent presence
of a British army:
They believed that a standing army threatened liberty
and representative government.
The Peace Settlement
of 1763
The Peace Settlement
of 1763

The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10
February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain,
with Portugal in agreement, after Britain's victory over France and
Spain during the Seven Years' War.

The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years' War, known
as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre,and
marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside
Europe.The two nations returned much of the territory that they had
each captured during the war, but Britain gained much of France's
possessions in North America. Additionally, Britain agreed to protect
Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve
Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of
Hubertusburg, five days later.
Thank You!