Transcript The Era of Imperiali..

The Era of
Imperialism
WHAT IS
IMPERIALISM?
Chapter 21
Building an empire by
dominating other countries
Emergence of the New Imperialism
• European history has been one of
expansion. In the 1500s and
1600s it was rush for colonialism,
a period of settlement and trade.
We saw the exploration, conquest,
and settlement of many areas of
the world.
• European influence over the rest
of the world grew as European
nations industrialized, expanding
world trade.
• Industrialization created the new
imperialism as Europeans
struggled for raw materials,
markets for their manufactured
goods, and places to invest their
capital for higher rates of return.
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• This cartoon shows a
snake made of a
rubber vine with King
Leopold's head
twisting around and
trying to strangle a
Congolese man. The
King's demand for
rubber from Congo
was immense and led
to the death of many
people.
The MAIN reasons for Imperialism
Acquire
Nationalism
Markets for
Resources
Introduce
goods
Need Raw
Materials
to make
products
Christianity
Industrial
Revolution leads
to new goods
White Mans
Burden
Every
Country
wants to be
the Best
New Imperialism: Markets
• In the late 1800s,
many politicians and
industrialist believed
that annexing
overseas territories
was the only way for
their nations to
ensure economic
success. So, one
reason for the new
imperialism was
economic.
European Expansion Worldwide
New Imperialism: Nationalism
• Policymakers hoped that possession of empires
would unite together social groups with pride in
national power. This was especially important to
newly unified countries such as Germany and Italy.
– In other words, nationalism led to imperialism.
Many leaders hoped that imperialism would win
them the loyalty of their own people.
– The nationalistic competition among Europeans
led them, for a time, to extend their power
struggles to Africa and Asia, acquiring territories
for strategic reasons or sometimes just to keep
competitors from doing so.
New Imperialism: Social Darwinism
• The most extreme ideological expression of
nationalism and imperialism was Social
Darwinism.
• The theory of evolution justified the exploitation
of “lesser breeds” by “superior races.”
• Europeans (and Americans) would repeatedly
suggest that they had evolved more than
Africans and Asians, and that hence nature itself
gave them the right to rule others.
The White Man's Burden
• Rudyard Kipling
– The Jungle Book
– The White Mans
Burden
• Introduction of Western
ideas could playa role in
lifting non-Western peoples
out of "poverty and
ignorance".
• View proposes that white
people have an obligation to
rule over, and encourage the
cultural development of,
people from other ethnic and
cultural backgrounds until
they can take their place in
the world by fully adopting
Western ways.
Joseph Conrad’s: Heart of Darkness
Causes of Imperialism
Economic
Motives
Nationalism
Balance of
Power
The Industrial Revolution created an insatiable
demand for raw materials and new markets.
European nations wanted to demonstrate their
power and prestige to the world.
European nations were forced to acquire new
colonies to achieve a balance with their neighbors
and competitors.
The Europeans’ sense of superiority made them
White Man's
feel obligated to “civilize the heathen savages”
Burden
they encountered.
•
The
Scramble
for
Africa
The most rapid European
expansion took place in Africa.
– As late as 1880, European
nations ruled only a tenth
of the continent.
– By 1914, Europeans
claimed everything except
Liberia (a small territory for
freed slaves from the U.S.)
and Ethiopia (who defeated
the Italians).
– Only Russia, AustriaHungary, and the U.S. did
not scramble for African
soil.
Conquest of Africa
• Britain occupied Egypt in order to build the Suez Canal
(1859-1869), linking them to India.
• Britain and France were brought to the brink of war after they
both claimed the Sudan.
• Britain fought the Boer War (1899-1902) to maintain control
of South Africa.
Germany had some of the most efficient
colonies.
The tensions over the conquest of Africa
contributed to the alliances that the Great
Powers made in the decade before World
War I.
Maps
Panama Canal
Travel Distance
Panama Canal Locks
Panama Canal Facts
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Berlin Conference
• A scramble threatened European
stability.
• Bismarck called an international
conference in Berlin in 1884 to lay
some ground rules for the development
of Africa.
– They made the Congo a free trade zone
– Outlawed slavery and the slave trade that
the Arabs and Africans were still
practicing.
Conquest of Africa
• The consequences of European
partition of the continent for
Africa were devastating, as the
newly drawn borders failed to
correspond to older
demarcations of ethnicity,
language, culture, and
commerce.
• In the decades before World War
I, opposition to European
colonial rule in Africa gathered
strength.
European Domination of Asia & India
• India (modern countries of India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and Myanmar, or Burma) was the
jewel of the British Empire.
• In India, British expansion did not lead to
territorial incorporation, nor were colonial
subjects supposed to become part of a
national citizenry.
– They would be governed with an iron fist.
– Suppressed the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
– East India Company rule replaced with crown
government in 1858.
India and the Imperial Model
• Public Works Project:
– By 1910. the Indian railways
were the 4th largest railway
system in the world.
• Economic Purpose:
– India was to become a
consumer of British
manufactures (especially
textiles) and a supplier of
primary staples like cotton,
jute, tea (Lipton’s), wheat,
and vegetable oil seeds.
– Indian exports balanced
Britain’s huge trade deficits
with the rest of the world and
helped Britain retain its
financial might.
Imperial Legacy in India
• British administrative programs did turn India
into a unified territory and take the first steps
toward becoming a “nation.”
• India would remain part of the British Empire
until Mohandas Gandhi led drive for
independence through civil disobedience and
nonviolent resistance.
– India would finally gain its independence
after World War II had exhausted Britain’s
resources.
– The country would be split into Muslim
Pakistan and Hindu India.
Mohandas Gandhi
The U.S. and Latin America
• European influence in Latin America was very different than
in Africa and Asia.
• Europe penetrated South America with investment and trade
and immigration.
– Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and other countries took in the
Irish, Germans, Italians, eastern Europeans, and
Spaniards.
• Direct imperialism would only come from the United States.
– U.S. declared war on Spain in 1898 and captured the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
Spanish American War
U.S. Imperialism – Yellow Press
• The "Yellow Press" is based upon the distortion of facts to try
and make a exciting and more entertaining newspaper, in
turn generating more readers.
William Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer. The two men
owned their own New York
papers, the Journal and the
World Respectively.
The USS MAINE was sent to Cuba on
a "friendly" visit.
The USS Maine
The MAINE was shattered by two
separate explosions and rapidly sank.
Two hundred and fifty-two men were
killed. Ammunition continued to
explode for hours after the blast.
After the disaster, U.S. newspapers
were quick to place responsibility for
the loss on Spain. –Fueling war with
Spain
Later studies have indicated the
possibility that the USS MAINE sunk
as a result of a coal bunker fire
adjacent to one of its ammunition
magazines, and not a result of a
Spanish mine.
"USS Maine Blowing up in Havana
Harbor
on 15 February 1898"
U.S. Imperialism – Yellow Press
• Both of the papers were in competition with one another.
Each paper made up many stories
• As the two papers competed they became to play a
major role in America's involvement in Cuba. Hearst and
Pulitzer both jumped the opportunity with America's
conflict and began running Anti-Spanish stories which
played a big factor in fueling the notion for a war.
• The start of the Spanish-American War began April 25,
1898. Hearst hired several talented artists for his
newspaper strips to create colorful pictures to provoke
the war.
• The war did not go on for very long! Ten months later the
war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Spain
lost its control over the remain of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the
Philippine islands, Guam, and other islands.
The U.S. and Latin America
• Following the SpanishAmerican War, the U.S.
regularly sent troops to
many Caribbean and
Central-American countries.
– The Americans preferred
to make these regimes
into dependent client
states rather than
making them part of the
United States itself or
converting them into
formal colonies as the
Europeans had done in
Africa and Asia.
– Became the model of
20th-century U.S.
expansionism.
The Legacy of Imperialism
• The drive to found nation-states and subordinate colonies
provided an effective catalyst for integrating the global
economy.
– Labor, commodities, and capital moved across the world
more rapidly and in greater numbers than ever before.
• The political division of the world into imperial nation-states
and colonial outposts shaped the economic division of the
world into industrialized and non-industrialized societies.
• It would not be until the aftermath of World War II that we
would see a widespread move toward the decolonization of
most of the world.