Transcript Ch 22 Industrial Revolution

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Warm Up Chapter 21
As a result of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was
Restored, elected, beheaded, deported, enriched
In response to economic depression, hunger, and high bread prices in 1789, a Parisian crowd
A.
Burned Palace of Versailles
B.
Attacked the Bastille
C.
Petitioned to have Joan of Arc made a saint
D.
Protested the building of Fontainebleau
Which 1770 event radicalized public opinion throughout the American colonies
A.
Molly pitcher incident
6. What treaty ends
B.
Stamp Act
the American Rev?
C.
Boston Massacre
7. Name 3 causes
D.
Quebec Act
of the French
Napoleon’s invasion of _____________ led to his decline
Revolution:
Scotland, Finland, Greece, England, Russia
8. Principle of
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture
Legitimacy:
A.
Leader of slave revolt in Saint Domingue
9. Principle of
B.
Caribbean delegate of the French Revolutionary Council
Intervention:
C.
French general who fought in the Seven Years War
D.
French general who crushed slave revolts in the Caribbean
• Causes of Industrial Revolution
• Increase in the food supply
– This was due mainly to the Agricultural Revolution,
where new inventions and better livestock breeding
methods led to more food being produced with less
amounts of labor
– Poor farmers now moved to the cities looking for
jobs
• Population grew and created a large workforce
• Had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in
industrial machines and factories
– Capital = money available for investment
– Entrepreneur = a person interested in finding new
business opportunities and new ways of making
profits
• Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore
• Factors of production
– Capital, Entrepreneur, Land, Labor
• Britain and continental Europe
• Great Britain was politically stable
• Large supply of materials and markets from
colonies
– Huge empire and the largest and most
powerful navy in the world
– By 1800 Britain produced 80% of Europe’s
coal
• First to be industrialized in continental Europe
was Belgium
– Belgium was followed later by France and
Germany
– Their gov’ts were active in encouraging the
development of industrialization
Changes in Textile Production
• Textile = cloth-making, mostly from wool or cotton
• Two-step process
– Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton
– Weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms
• Cottage Industry
– Prior to the Industrial Revolution, work such as
textile production was done by individuals in their
rural homes
– Merchants would drop off the raw materials and
then come back later for the finished product
• Series of Technological Advances
– “flying shuttle” was invented by John Kay, and
made weaving faster, doubled the speed at which a
weaver could do his job
– Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves which
produced thread faster
– These new machines were becoming too big to be
put into a cottage and Richard Arkwright built the
first factory with 200 workers to house his water
frame
• More efficient to bring workers to the new
machines and have them work in factories near
rivers
Coal and Iron Industries
• The success of the steam engine increased the
need for coal and led to an expansion in coal
production
– Steam engines required immense amounts of fuel
to heat water
– New processes using coal led to the iron industry
• Henry Cort developed a process called puddling –
coal used to burn away impurities in crude iron
– High quality iron used to build new machines and
transportation
– Britain produced more iron than the rest of the
world combined
• Finally James Watt improved the steam engine,
which used steam to drive machinery
– Coal was used to heat water to produce steam
– Factories no longer had to be located near water
• Many factories were now built in cities and near
roads and ports
– Other uses for the steam engine
• Robert Fulton developed the steamship
• Steam engines also used to power locomotives
• Imported more and more raw cotton and cotton cloth
became Britain’s most valuable product
Railroads
• Important to the success of the Industrial Revolution
– More efficient means of transporting goods and
resources
– Faster shipment of goods
– Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced
goods
– Entrepreneurs could reinvest profits into new
equipment – ongoing economic growth
• Created new jobs – both on the trains themselves,
building the railroads, and rest stops
• Communications over wire
• Cook invented a five needle telegraph in
England
• In the US Morse invents a dash and dot system
of communication
Samuel Morse
• born in Charlestown, Mass. on 27th April
1791
• graduated from Yale in 1810 and he lived
in England from 1811 to 1815,
• once a portrait painter, turned to inventing
to make his fortune.
Samuel Morse
• Morse developed 'lightning wires' and
'Morse code,' an electronic alphabet that
could carry messages.
• A line was constructed between Baltimore
and Washington and the first message,
sent on May 24,1844, was 'What hath God
wrought!'
Working in Factories
• The factory created a new labor system
– Factory owners wanted to use their new
machines constantly
• Workers forced to work in shifts
– Had to create a system of work discipline
• Factory work was divided into several separate parts
and each worker was assigned one task that was
easy to learn
– Even children could easily learn it
• Factory work was dangerous
– No safety protection from the massive machines,
no worker’s compensation
Pg. 642
• Long work hours – from 12 to 16 hours a day, six
days a week, only lunch break (no other breaks)
• Bad conditions, no minimum wage, no job security,
noisy, and poor sanitation
– If you don’t like it, there are many people who will
take your place since they need the money
• Whole towns grew up around the factories
– Families lived in shoddy, crowded buildings with
cramped quarters
– Some neighborhoods in Manchester had only two
toilets for every 250 people
Factory Towns
– Lots of pollution – soot filled the air from burning
coal, the smoke also contained other poisonous
chemicals
• Destroyed lungs and nature
• Factory towns were highly unsanitary, disease
spread rapidly, and many died
– Six out of every ten children died before the age
of 5
Social Impact
• Growth of cities
– People moved from farms to cities for jobs
– Pitiful living conditions – cholera, tuberculosis
• Two new social classes – growth of the middle class
– Industrial middle class = people who own the
factories
– Industrial working class = people who work in the
factories
• Most of the workers were women and children
– They were cheaper to pay then men
– Factory work seen as “women’s work”
Pg. 644
• Rural Environment
• Demand for coal and iron rose as the demand
for wood decreased
• Transportation linked cities together (bringing
nationalism ideas to prominence)
• Roads, canals, and railroads linked isolated
parts of the countries
• Laissez Faire and Its
Critics
• Adam Smith stated
that government
should not interfere
with businesses
• Jeremy Bentham
stated the state
should manage the
economy and address
social issues
Adam Smith
• Positivism and Utopian socialists
• Positivism—argued that scientific method could
solve social and well as technical problems
• Utopian socialists like Fourier and Robert Owen
• Socialists, such as Robert Owen, believed that
for the good of all, society or the gov’t should
own property and control industry
– Socialists believed in the equality of all people
and wanted to get rid of economic
cooperation
– Owen built a mill complex in New Lanark,
Scotland, where he clothed and fed his
workers and they enjoyed good working
conditions along with free education for their
children
– Another socialist was Karl Marx, who viewed
Owen as a “utopian” socialist
• Karl Marx and Communism
– Communism = a system of social organization in
which all property is held in common
• Hated capitalism and against private property
– Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848
• He believed that all of world history was a
“history of class struggles”
• The bourgeoisie (middle class) owned all the
means of production and oppressed the
proletariat (working class)
–The bourgeoisie were getting richer and the
proletariat poorer
• Marx believed that the proletariat would rise up
and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent
revolution
• This would lead ultimately to a classless
society in which gov’t would no longer be
needed and capitalism would collapse
• Weavers and other cottage industry workers were
being put out of work thanks to the new machines
– In the early 1800s, groups began to break into
factories to destroy the machines
– They blamed the machines for their problems
• They burned factories and smashed machines,
but overall they were not successful
• Labor Unions
– People formed unions to try to gain better working
conditions, less hours, and higher pay
• Labor union = organizations representing
workers’ interests
– Unions were illegal at first, but eventually gained
acceptance – Britain was the first to recognize
unions
– Unions won the right to strike in the 1870s
• A strike is where members of a union refuse to
work in order to pressure an employer into
meeting their demands
– Unions will make considerable progress in making
the living and working conditions better
• In 1832 the British Parliament produced the Sadler
Report
– It described the abuses in factories and coal
mines
• Parliament also passed laws that limited work hours
for adults and children
– Factory Act of 1833 – children had to be older
than nine to be able to work in factories
• Effect on China
• Military changes allowed Britain to defeat China quickly and
easily
• China was concerned with internal agriculture to sustain which
kept them from Industrialization
• Effects on Egypt
• Muhammad Ali industrialized based on wheat and cotton and
tariffs on imports
• Britain upset about Egypt success and forced to remove
tariffs—Egypt could not compete with cheap British goods
• Effects on India
• British textiles were cheap and drove Indian workers out of
work
• India became exporter of British goods
• British did not allow India to complete Westernization—Why?