Transcript Chapter 1 - Northwest ISD Moodle

Chapter 24
An Age of Modernity,
Anxiety, and Imperialism,
1894 - 1914
The Eiffel Tower at the World’s Fair of 1900 in Paris
p723
Toward the Modern Consciousness:
Intellectual and Cultural Developments

Developments in the Sciences: the
Emergence of a New Physics

Challenging classical physics
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Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) and Pierre Curie (1859 –
1906): radiation and atoms
Max Planck (1858 – 1947): quantum theory
The work of Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
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
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Theory of relativity
Four dimensional space-time continuum
Energy of the atom
Marie Curie
p724
Toward a New Understanding of the
Irrational
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900)
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Glorification of the irrational
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Concept of the Superman
Henri Bergson (1859 – 1941)
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Blame Christianity for decadence of Western
society
“God is dead”
Reality could only be grasped intuitively and
experienced directly
Georges Sorel (1847 – 1922)

Revolutionary socialism and the general strike
Freud and Darwinism
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Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) and
Psychoanalysis
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Role of the unconscious
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Battle among id, ego, and superego
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Repression and psychic conflict
The Impact of Darwin
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Social Darwinism
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Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903): “fit” societies
Racism

Link of evolutionary ideas to national identity and
struggles
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Friedrich von Bernhardi (1849 – 1930)
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855 – 1927)
Sigmund Freud
p726
The Attack on Christianity
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New Challenges: Science and Modernity

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State control of church courts, religious orders,
and appointments results in anticlericalism
Failed attempts at suppression of science
The emergence of higher criticism

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Ernst Renan (1823 – 1892): Life of Jesus
Response of the Churches
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Rejection of modern ideas and forms
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Pope Pius IX’s Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Growth (and condemnation) of Modernism
Compromise
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Leo XIII’s De Rerum Novarum (1891)
The Culture of Modernity: Literature
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Naturalism
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Continuation of Realism but with a new
pessimism about the future

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Golden age for Russian literature

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Example: Émile Zola (1840 – 1902)
Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) and Fyodor Dostoevsky
(1821 – 1881)
Symbolism

Reaction against Realism
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Objective knowledge of the world was impossible
Art should function for its own sake
Modernism in the Arts
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Impressionism
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Innovation, originality, and new subjects
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Post-Impressionism
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Emphasis on light and color; new focus on
structure and form

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Camille Pissarro (1830 – 1903)
Claude Monet (1840 – 1926)
Subjective reality
Vincent van Gogh (1853 – 1890)
The Search for Individual Expressionism
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New influences of photography

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Cubism: Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973)
Abstract painting: Wassily Kandinsky (1866 – 1944)
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise
p731
Berthe Morisot, Young Girl by the Window
p731
Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire
p732
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
p733
Modernism in Music
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New Styles and Emphases
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The influence of folk music and nationalism
Edvard Grieg (1843 – 1907)
Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918)
Musical primitivism
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Igor Stravinsky (1882 – 1971)
Sergei Diaghilev (1872 – 1929)
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
p734
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
p734
Wassily Kandinsky, Square with White Border
p734
Politics: New Directions and New
Uncertainties
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The Movement for Women’s Rights
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Gains in divorce and property rights
New professions
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The development of nursing
The right to vote
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Growing demands, division over tactics
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Efforts for peace
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Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 – 1928)
 Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903
Bertha von Suttner (1843 – 1914)
The New Woman
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Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952)
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New roles and teaching materials
The Struggle for the Right to Vote
p737
The Struggle for the Right to Vote
p737
The Struggle for the Right to Vote
p737
Jews in the European Nation-State
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Impact of Citizenship and Emancipation
Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire and
Germany
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Persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe
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Fusing anti-Semitism, nationalism, and politics
Home to 72 percent of world Jewish population
Limitations and pogroms fuel emigration
The Zionist Movement
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Theodor Herzl (1860 – 1904)
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The Jewish State, 1896
Palestine
p739
The Transformation of Liberalism
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Great Britain
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Liberal reforms driven by trade unions and the
Labour Party
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Trade union demands: “collective ownership”
Fabian Socialists: advocating political activism
 Formation of Britain’s Labour Party
David Lloyd George (1863 – 1945)
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Abandons laissez-faire, backs social reform measures
National Insurance Act, 1911
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Beginnings of the welfare state
The Irish problem: home rule and conflict
Italy
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Giovanni Giolitti’s use of trasformismo
France: Travails of the Third Republic
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The Fragility of the Third Republic
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Anti-Semitism in the Dreyfus affair
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Radicalism of government
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Impact at home and abroad
Purging of enemies
Separation of church and state, 1905
Quelling of political threats but little redress
for worker disconent
Growing Tensions
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Germany
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William II (1888 – 1918)
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Military and industrial power
Conflict of tradition and modernization
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Demands for more participation
Strong nationalists and right-wing politics
Austria-Hungary: the Problem of Nationalities
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Lack of stability
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Growing agitation and nationalism
Subjugation of nationalities
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Emperor Francis Joseph and Count István Tisza
Industrialization and Revolution in
Imperial Russia
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Surge of State-sponsored Industrialism
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Developing working class and socialist parties
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Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Growing opposition to tsarist regime of
Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)
The Revolution of 1905
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Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
General strike, October 1905
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Granting of civil liberties and a legislative body,
Duma
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Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
Failure of the Revolution
Nicholas II
p742
CHRONOLOGY Politics, 1894–1914
p743
The United States and Canada
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The Rise of the United States
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Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
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American Federation of Labor
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Reform in the Progressive Era
Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
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Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor force
Income tax and Federal Reserve System
Growth of Canada
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Challenges to unity in the Dominion of Canada
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Distrust in divded Quebec
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William Laurier, First French Canadian prime minister
1896, and attempted reconciliation
Canada, 1871
p744
The New Imperialism
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Causes of the New Imperialism
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Competition among European nations
The role of Social Darwinism and racism
Religious motives
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Humanitarianism and the “white man’s burden”
The economic motive
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Economic imperialism
Soap and the White Man’s Burden
p745
The Scramble for Africa
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South Africa
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Britain’s Cape Colony
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Great Trek, 1835
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Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River
(Transvaal)
Cecil Rhodes (1853 – 1902)
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Tensions with the Boers (Afrikaners)
Diamond and gold companies
Seizure of the Transvaal
Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer
Government
The Boer War, 1899-1902
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Lessons on the costliness of modern warfare
Union of South Africa, 1910
MAP 24.1 Africa in 1914
Map 24.1 p748
The Struggle for South Africa
p748
The Scramble for Africa
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Portuguese and French Possessions
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Other British Possessions
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Leopold II (1865 – 1909) and the Congo
German Possessions
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From Egypt and the Suez Canal to the Sudan
Belgium and Central Africa
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Portugal’s hold on Mozambique and Angola
French expansion: Algeria, West Africa, Tunisia,
and Morocco
Imperialism in South West Africa, Cameroon,
Togoland, and East Africa
Impact on Africa
CHRONOLOGY The New Imperialism: Africa
p749
Imperialism in Asia
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The British in Asia
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From private to imperial control in India, 1876
The Russians in Asia
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A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism
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Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman
Empire
Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905
China
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British acquisition of Hong Kong
Creation of Western spheres of influence
MAP 24.2 Asia in 1914
Map 24.2 p751
Imperialism in Asia
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Japan and Korea
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Southeast Asia
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New contacts: Matthew Perry opens Japan,
1853-1854
Japan’s emergence as a power allows for
domination of Korea
British and French control and rivalry
American Imperialism

The Spanish-American War, 1898
The French in Southeast Asia
p752
CHRONOLOGY The New Imperialism: Asia
p753
Responses to Imperialism
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Africa
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New class of educated African leaders
Resentment of foreigners for many exploited
by imperial practices
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Intellectual hatred of colonial rule
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Complaints of the middle-class Africans
Political parties and movements
China
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Antiforeign revolt: the failed Boxer Rebellion,
1900-1901
Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) and the fall of the
Manchu dynasty, 1912
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Establishment of the Republic of China
The West and Japan
p754
Responses to Imperialism
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Japan
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Mutsuhito, 1867 – 1912
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Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)
Westernization of military and industry
India
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British control brings peace, honest
government, Western technology, and
Western education
The price of British rule

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Extreme poverty
Indian National Congress, 1883
Japanese Expansion
p754
International Rivalry and the
Coming of War
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The Bismarckian System
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The Balkans: decline of Ottoman power
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New Alliances
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The Congress of Berlin, 1878
Triple Alliance, 1882: Germany, Austria, and Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany,
1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New Crises
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
Triple Entente, 1907: Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907: Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy
The Balkans in 1878
p756
Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913
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Setting the Stage for World War I
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Austrian annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 1908
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First Balkan War, 1912
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Serbian protest and Russian support of Serbia
Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913
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Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire
attacked and defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference
MAP 24.3 The Balkans in 1913
Map 24.3 p757
CHRONOLOGY European Diplomacy
p757
Chapter Timeline
p758
Discussion Questions
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How did the “new view” of science change thinking
about the universe?
What radical changes in concepts about human
behavior followed as a result of Sigmund Freud’s
work?
What was the new racism? How were Darwin’s
ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to
civilization?
Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the
nations in which it occurred.
Why would the European nations worry about the
rise of a militaristic Germany?