Transcript IV. Europe

Empires of the 16th and 17th Century
I. Ottoman Empire created by Osman (1258-1326)
a. Created a small state for his people the
Ottomans
b. His successors would expand the state
i. Advantage of gunpowder
`
IV. Safavids and the Shi’a Empire
a. Create an empire based on the Shi’a branch of
Islam
b. Fought against the Ottomans most notably
c. Great Ruler Shah Abbas brings them a golden
age of cultural blending and acceptance
V. Mughal Empire (Mongols)
a. Spread Islam to Hindu India
b. Effected Architecture such as the Taj
Mahal (As seen below)
VI. Spain’s Empire
a. Philip II inherited Spain
1. Expands to control Portugal and
parts of
a. Africa
b. India
c. East Indies
2. Gains incredible wealth through
holdings in the Americas
a. Creates a large standing
army
b. Literature
i. Don Quixote man of La Mancha
1. by Miguel De Cervantes
2. Known as the birth of the Modern
European Novel
VII. France
a. Between 1562 and 1598 many wars were fought
between the Huguenots and Catholics
b. Henry of Navarre (Bourbon Dynasty)
i. Huguenot King, Opposed by Catholics
1. For his country Henry converts
iii. 1598 signs Edict of Nantes
1. Declaration of religious tolerance
c.
Louis XIII
i. Appointed strong minister, Cardinal
Richelieu`(increases monarchy's power)
1. Did not allow Huguenot towns to
have walls
2. Weakened noble’s power
a. Ordered to take down their
fortified castles
ii. Changed the 30 Years War from a
religious to a political conflict
d.
Louis XIV
i. Archetype of the absolute monarch
1. Centralized Power
2. Ruled through Devine Right
a. King was ordained by God
i. Weakened power of the nobles
1. Placed them at the palace so he
could keep an eye on them
ii. Mercantilism
1. Make France as self sufficient as
possible
2. Government funded businesses
3. High tariffs on imports
iii. Created Versailles
1. symbol of royal power
VIII. 30 Years War (1618-1648)
a. fought between Catholics and protestants
b. Results
i. Germany Devastated
ii. Peace of Westphalia (1648)
1.Weakened Hapsburg states of
Spain and Austria
2. Strengthened France
3. Ended religious wars in Europe
4. Introduced the new method of
peace negotiation where all parties
meet
IX. Prussia
a. Fredrick II “Fredrick the Great”
i. Create a militaristic society
ii. Gained lands in Prussia in the
XI. Russia
a. Peter the Great (1672-1725)
i. Russia had almost no exposure to the West
and the Renaissance or Reformation
ii. Visits West on “Grand Embassy”
1. Gets ideas for reform and the idea
that the sea was the future of Russia
b. . Attempt at Westernization
a. Introduced Potatoes
b. Began a Newspaper
c. Told the nobles to dress in
western fashions
XII. England
a. Charles I
i. Needed money for wars with France and
Spain
ii. 1628 Parliament refuses to grant
the King money unless he signed a
petition
iii. King agreed so he could get them money
then ignored it
b. English Civil War (1642-1649)
i. Charles I needed money to put down a rebellion in
Scotland and needed to call Parliament into session to
get it
1. Parliament passes laws to limit the Power of
the King
a. Charles tried to arrest members of
Parliament leading to a riot causing him
to flee England
ii. Those loyal to Charles (Cavaliers) vs. the supporters
of Parliament (Roundheads)
iii. 1644 Oliver Cromwell begins winning battles and
continues until the Kings capture in 1647
1. King executed in 1649 after standing trial
a. Why is this so important?
b. Cromwell establishes a
Commonwealth but ends it in favor of a
dictatorship
i. A puritan Cromwell seeks to
usher in an age of morality
iv. Restoration
1. After Cromwell’s death his government fell
and the people asked Charles II to come rule
England Decreased the strict moral rules
instituted by Cromwell
e. Glorious Revolution
i. After Charles II, James II becomes King
1. Flaunts his Catholicism and violates English
law by appointing Catholics to high office
2. Parliament protested and James dissolved it
3. Has a son greatly concerning the public about
a line of Catholic Kings
a. Parliament asks Mary, James older
sister, to have her husband William of
Orange overthrow the British king
i. Mary was protestant
ii. William agrees and invades
England
1. James II flees
ii. Results of the Glorious Revolution
1. Constitutional Monarchy created
through the Bill of Rights of 1689
a. No
i. Suspending of
Parliamentary law
ii. Levying taxes w/o consent
of Parliament
iii. Interfering with freedom
of speech in Parliament
iv. Penalty for someone who
petitions grievances
XIII. China
a. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
b. Qing Dynasty
i. Policy of isolationism
XIV. Japan
a. Era of Sengoku (warring states)
{1467-1568}
i. Powerful samurai create a
feudalism
1. Underneath are daimyou
(nobles)
a. Tokugawa unites Japan
i Creates Tokugawa Shogun
1. Line of rulers linked by blood
a. Much like the Monarchs of
Europe
2.
Society
a. Feudalism
i. Emperor
1. Daimyo/Shogun
a. Samurai
ii. Peasants/ Artisans
iii. Merchants
The Age of Exploration
I. Factors influencing exploration (God, Glory,
and Gold)
a. Muslims controlling the land route to
Asia
i. Forces Europeans to explore new
ways to the West
b. Spread Christianity
c. Technological advances
i. Caravel
1. Sturdy
2. Triangular sails
ii. Astrolabe
iii. Magnetic compass
d. Impact
i. Paper, compass, silk, porcelain
(China)
ii. Textiles, numeral system (India and
Middle East)
iii. Scientific transfer—medicine,
astronomy, mathematics
II. Portugal
a. Prince Henry
ii. Founded a navigation school
b. . By 1460 Portuguese ships had traveled
down the west coast of Africa and
established trading posts there
c. Bartholomew Dias reached the Southern
tip of Africa 1488
d. Vasco De Gama sailed around Africa and
reached Calicut in India
i. Established first sea route to India
e. Trading Empire
i. Conquered important ports in west
India
a. Lead to the ownership of the
islands of Malecca or “Spice Islands”
f. Nations such as Spain follow suit as
Ferdinand Magellan sails to the Phillipenes
and clams them for Spain
III. Competing claims in the East
a. 1600- Dutch and English attempt to
create their own trade empires
i. Dutch owned the largest fleet in the
world
ii. Eventually Dutch and
English break the Portuguese
hold on the east
iii. Compete with each other for
dominance
1. Both create East India
Companies eventually the
Dutch get the better of the
competition
IV. Japan
a. Portuguese came in 1543
i. Brought firearms among other items
1. Way of the Samuri ending
b. Christian missionaries
i. Welcomed because they were
associated with trade
ii. Began converting large numbers of
Japanese to Christianity
1. Upset Tokugawa Ieysau
2. By 1612 he focused on ridding
his country of Christians
iii. 1637- uprising led by many
Christians infuriates the Japanese
leadership
iv. Ended religious tolerance in Japan
c. Closed country policy
i. By 1639 Japan had safely
excluded itself from both
merchants and missionaries
ii. Nagasaki was the only port
remaining open for trade
VI. Atlantic Exploration
a. Spanish, Columbus discovers Caribbean
islands in 1492
b. Portuguese, Ferdinand Magellan 1522
i. Circumnavigates the globe
d. Spanish, Ponce De Leon, 1513,
i. Claims modern day Florida
e. French, Jacques Cartier 1534
i. Discovers St. Lawrence River
ii.Follows it toward island and named it
Mont Royal
VII. Spanish in Americas
a. Hernando Cortez, 1519
i. Lands on the shore of Mexico
ii. Carved through Mexico in hopes of
gold and silver
iii. reaches Aztec capitol of
Tenochtitlan
iv. Aztec leader Montezuma II thinks
Cortez is a god
v. Conquers the Aztecs because
1. Superior weaponry
2. Other tribes assistance
3. Disease
b. Francisco Pizarro, 1532 and the Incas
i. Defeated Incas
c. Spain’s influence on the Americas
i. Live with the conquered people,
intermarrying
ii. Mestizos- mixed Spanish and
Native Americans
iii. Encomienda system
1. Conquered people basically
slaves to Spanish
2. Many natives revolt but
without success
iv. Catholic priests accompany
conquests
1. Create Santa Fe in what is
now New Mexico
VIII. New France (Canada)
a. Fur trade dominates
IX. English
a. Establish Jamestown in 1607
b. Puritans settle in “New England”, 1620
IX. Slavery And the New World
a. Death of Native Americans causes a
need for cheap labor
b. Plantations require large number
of laborers
i. Why Africans
1. Exposed to European
disease
2. Had experience
farming
3. Foreign to the land
c. Between 15 and 1600
i. 300,000 Africans were
deported to the Americas
ii. 1.2 million in the 1600’s
c. Many African rulers play a
cooperative role in the slave trade
c. Triangular trade
i. First route
1. European goods to West
Africa
a. Exchange for Africans
2. Africans transported across
Atlantic sold in the West Indies
b. Exchange for Sugar
3. Merchants bought sugar and
Tobacco in West Indies and
sailed back to Europe
d. Slavery in Americas
i. Poor treatment
1. Sold at auction
2. Not properly fed
or clothed
ii. Some revolted
e. Results
i. Africa
1. Lost generations of most fit
2. Devastated society
a. Tore apart families
b. Introduced guns
i. Increased war
ii. America
1. Allowed for economic,
colonial success
2. Agriculture
a. Allowed SC to become
a successful rice growing
state
II. Columbian Exchange
a. Global transfer of foods, plants and
animals
b. From America to Europe
i. Potatoes and Corn
1. For longer healthier lives!
c. From Europe to America
i. Livestock
1. Horses
2. Cattle
3. Pigs
ii. Disease
1. Kills native Americans
III. Commercial Revolution
a. New wave of business and trade practices
prompted by successes in colonization of
the Americas
b. Capitalism
i. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
ii. System based on private ownership
and investment for profit
iii. Merchants obtain wealth rivaling
governments
b. Joint-Stock Companies
i. People pooled their wealth for a
common investment
ii. Many people invest little because
one person was not willing to take the
risk and lose a great deal of money
c. Mercantilism
i. Country’s power depended mainly
on wealth
1. Through favorable balance
of trade
2. Obtain as much gold and
silver as possible
ii. Colonies exist for the benefit of the
mother country
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
I. Scientific Revolution
a. New way of looking at the world
based on observation and
questioning accepted beliefs
b. Caused by mixing of cultures
II. Geocentrism vs. heliocentrism
a. Nicolaus Copernicus
i. Created heliocentric model of the
universe in On the Resolutions of
Heavenly Bodies
b. Johannes Kepler
i. Continues Copernicus’ research and
discovers planets motion is governed by
a law of motion
c. Galileo Galilei
i. Objects fall at a standard speed
ii.Used the newly created telescope to
publish Starry Messenger
1. Told of
a. Jupiter’s moons
b. Moon craters
iii. Church
1. Did not like scientific findings
Subjected Galileo to the
inquisition and he recanted
III. Scientific method
a. Logical procedure for gathering and testing
ideas
b. Process
i. Name the problem or question
ii. Form an educated guess (hypothesis)
of the cause of the problem and
make predictions based upon the
hypothesis
iii. Test your hypothesis by doing an
experiment or study (with proper
controls)
iv. Check and interpret your results
v. Report your results to the scientific
community
c. Newton
1. Certain all objects are effected by
universal, natural laws
i. Motion
ii. Gravity
2. Every object attracts every other
object
IV. Discovery
a. William Harvey
i. Circulation of Blood
b. Medicine
i. Edward Jenner introducing a
vaccine for smallpox in Early
1700’s
V.
Hobbes
a. Convinced by the horrors of the
English Civil War comes up with a
philosophy dealing with the state of
nature
b. Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan
Humans exist in a primitive “state
of nature” and consent to
government for self-protection.
c. Leviathan
i. Best government has a strong
executive
VI. Locke
a. Two Treatises on Government—
People are sovereign; consent to
government for protection of natural
rights to life, liberty, and property. .
b. All men are born equal with natural
rights of life, liberty, and property
1. Used by Jefferson in
America’s Declaration of
Independence
VII. Voltaire
a. Religious toleration should triumph
over religious fanaticism;
separation of church and state
VIII. Montesquieu
a. Believed the government should
be divided into several different
parts
1. Separation of Powers
2. On the Spirit of Laws
i. Argued for checks and
balances
Where can you see this philosopher’s
work in today’s society? Constitution of
the US
IX. Rousseau
a. Wrote The Social Contract
1. Government was a free agreement
between peoples for a common good
XII. Impact
a. Changed ideas of church and state
b. Belief in progress
i. Science was now seen as an avenue to
improve life
ii. Gives people the belief that human
reason could solve social problems
c. Secularism
i. People question the church
ii.Scientific discoveries conflicting
with church doctrine
d. Importance of the individual
i. When people stopped looking to
the church they turn inward
ii. Encouraged to create their own
barometer of right and wrong
e. Representative artists, philosophers, and writers
i. Johann Sebastian Bach— Baroque Composer
ii. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Classical Composer
iii Eugène Delacroix—Romantic School Painte
ALL OF THIS LEAD TO
REVOLUTIONS IN
AMERICA
FRANCE
French Revolution
I. Feudalism
a. People of France were divided into 3
Estates
i. First
1. Clergy
a. Owns 10% of land
b. Provide education
ii. Second
1. Rich Nobles
2. 2% of population own 20%
of land
3. Paid almost no taxes
i. Third
1. 98% of the population
2. 3 groups
a. Bourgeoisie
i. Merchants
ii. As rich as nobles
iii. Feel they should
have more a voice in
politics
iv. Believed
enlightenment ideals
v. Paid high taxes
b. Workers (servants)
i. Low wages
ii. Often went
hungry
c. Peasants
i. 80% of population
ii. ½ of income due
to nobles in taxes
iii. Want change
What were the 3 Estates? Who
were members of each Estate?
1st Estate
 Clergy
 2nd Estate
 Nobles
 3rd Estate
 Merchants and peasants

b. Reasons for Change
i. Enlightenment
1. Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
ii. Example of American Revolution
c. Estates General (May 1789)
i. Each has one vote
ii. Usually dominated by 1st and 2nd
1. Overrule the 3rd
a. Tired of this
b. Want to create
National Assembly
II. Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)
a. Crowd attempts to get guns from
Bastille in order to defend against foreign
soldiers
b. Lead to a rebellion throughout France
c. October 1789 peasants storm Versailles
and force the King and Queen out of power
III. Reform throughout France
a. Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)
d. Radicalism
i. Jacobins
1. Lead by Jean Paul Marat
2. Wanted to behead the
enemies of France, domestic
and foreign
3. Try and execute Louis XVI
(Jan., 1793)
a. Declare France a
Republic
ii. New leaders recruit an army of
800,000 by 1794
e. Reign of Terror
i. Maximilien Robespierre (1793)
1. Wants a Republic of virtue
2. End all semblance of Monarchy
ii. Creates Committee on Public Safety
1. Heads committee
2. Decides who should be enemies
a. Begins beheading them
b. Nearly 40,000
c. 85% Third Estate
3. Uses the position to
dispatch political rivals
4. Arrested by National
Convention (1794)
a. Feared Robespierre
i. Had him beheaded
IV. Results
a. End of the absolute monarchy of
Louis XVI
b. Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
I. Napoleon
a. Becomes a hero after defending the
National Convention (1795)
b. Coup d’Etat (1799)
i. Napoleon has his troops march into
the legislature and a vote is made to
create a new executive
ii. Group of 3 consuls, one of which is
Napoleon
iii. Napoleon seizes power from the
other consuls and becomes emperor
(1804)
c. Policies
i. Set up taxes and a national bank
ii. Decreased government corruption
iii. Set up schools
iv. Signed concordat with Pope Pius
VII
1. Recognized the power of the
church
2. Separated Church and State
3. Gained the support of the
church
v. Napoleonic Code
d. Foreign Affairs
i. Americas
ii. Napoleon, frustrated with
Louisiana sold it to Jefferson (1803)
From whom did Napoleon sell
the Louisiana territory?

Thomas Jefferson (America)
iii. Attempt to Unify Europe
1. Controlled
a. Austrian Netherlands
b. Parts of Italy and
Switzerland
2. Created the greatest empire since
the Romans (1805)
3. Wants to conquer Britain
a. Britain had great navy
i. Napoleon wants to
defeat it
b. Battle of Trafalgar
ii. French lose big
iii. British naval
supremacy
c. Napoleon couldn’t invade
Britain
4. Invasion of Russia (1812)
a. Russians refuse to meet Napoleon
in open battle
b. Scorched Earth Policy
i. Burn all crops/ livestock
ii. Starve the enemy
c. Napoleon takes Moscow, Sep. 1812
i. Waits for treaty
ii. Doesn’t happen
iii. Forced to retreat during
winter
f. Fourth coalition
i. Austria, Britain, Russia,
Prussia, and Sweden
ii. By April, 1814 Napoleon
defeated, accepts terms
1. Banished to Elba
iii. Napoleon fails to Unite all of
Europe
Europe in 1812
The Congress of Vienna
(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
Main Objectives
e
It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon
had done:
V Reduce France to its old boundaries  her
frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
V Restore as many of the old monarchies as
possible that had lost their thrones during
the Napoléonic era.
e
Supported the resolution: There is always an
alternative to conflict.
Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I
(Rus.)
The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick
William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
Key Principles Established
at Vienna
V
Balance of Power
V
Legitimacy (Restore
Monarchy)
V
Compensation
The Germanic Confederation, 1815
Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
Sardinia-Piedmont:
Cavour sides with France against Austria
gains lands in N. Italy
Italian
unification:
Long after the
rest of Europe
(aside from
Germany)[“
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, Cavour
sides with Prussia Gains Venetia
1866
Austria looses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites
with Cavour
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is
united!
A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel
put on the
Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Realpolitik
By any
means
necessary
The “Iron
Chancellor”
“Blood
&
Iron”
The
German
Confederation
[Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Prussia
Austria
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Leads directly to the unification of Germany
German
Imperial Flag
Unified German Empire, 1871
Latin American Revolutions
I. Haiti (Saint Domingue)
a. French colony
b. Slaves majority of population
c. Revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
i. Ex-slave
ii. Freed the slaves
iii. Signed an agreement with French
they didn’t honor
1. Imprisoned and died
iv. Declared Haiti independent
d. First black colony to gain independence
Mexico
Haiti
Columbia
Venezuela
Brazil
II. Society
a. Viceroys/ colonial officers
i. runs colony
b. Mestizos
i. European and Natives
c. Creoles
i. Locally born people with foreign
ancestry
III. SOUTH American Revolution
a. Simon Bolivar
i. Brilliant Venezuelan General
i. Declares Venezuelan
independence (1811)
b. Bolivar takes control of the armies
i. Bolivar wins many battles
ii. Wins independence from
Spain
IV. Once upon a time in Mexico….
a. Miguel Hidalgo (priest)
i. Calls for a revolution (1810)
1. Grito de Dolores
ii. Defeated in Mexico City (1811)
b. Jose Maria Morales
i. Defeated in 1815
c. Independence
i. Liberals take over politics in Spain
ii. Creoles worried about their power side with
revolutionaries
iii. Independence declared 1821
iv. Central America breaks from Mexico 1823
V. Monroe Doctrine was issued by American President,
James Monroe in 1823.
A. Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.
B. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace
•
and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their
system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
Artists and Painters of the 16-18th Centuries










Johann Sebastian Bach— Composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart—
Composer
Eugène Delacroix—Painter
Voltaire—Philosopher
Miguel de Cervantes—Novelist
New forms of art and literature
  Paintings depicted classical subjects,
public events, natural scenes, and living
people (portraits).
 New forms of literature evolved—the novel
(e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).

Industrial Revolution
I. England
a. Birthplace of the industrial revolution
i. Why?
1. Natural resources
a. Water and coal fuel
b. Iron ore
c. Rivers
d. Harbors
2. Economic strength
a. Stability of banks leads to
more people taking out loans to
create machines
3. Political Stability
II. Agriculture
a. Wealthy farmers bought smaller farms and
created enclosures
b. Jethro Tull creates the seed drill (1701)
c. Crop Rotation
1. Planting different crops in succeeding
seasons to maximize soil nutrients
d. Improved breeding techniques
III. Inventions
a. More efficient cotton spinner
i. Cotton Gin
1. Eli Whitney
2. Increased demand for slaves
b. Wealthy merchants bought large machines and
housed them in factories
Bessemer Process: Making Steel
c. Steam engine (James Watt)
i. Mining
ii. Steamboat
d. Improved roads
The flying shuttle
Early locomotives
e. Railway
i. Spring up in England
ii. Stephenson creates the rocket engine to
run between Liverpool and Manchester
iii. Impact
1. Spur industrial growth
2. Cheap fast transportation
3. Creates jobs
4. Improved agriculture who could
now get their products to markets in
distant cities
Impact of Railroad on travel times
IV. Spread of Industrialization
a. United States
i. 1790 first factory in US
ii. 1813, Lowell mechanizes every aspect of
creating cloth
b. 1820’s becomes bigger industry
c. Employs women
i. 12 hour days, 6 days a week
d. Doesn’t boom until after 1865
1. Reasons
a. Natural resources
b. Inventions
i. Light bulb
c. Railroads
i. In order to create rails one
needed a great deal of money
d. People buy stock, create
corporations
i. Businesses owned in part by
stock holders, who do not have a
hand in day to day dealings of
the company
VI. Results
a. Inequality of industrialized vs. unindustrialized
nations
b. Creation of colonization for manipulation of
resources
i. Leads to Imperialism
ii. Mainly by the West
c. Society
i. Improvements in wealth and health
1. Despite the inequalities urban
workers faced
ii. Emerging middle class
iii. Increased pollution
iv. Increased educational opportunities
v. Increased political participation
1. Leads to social reform
VII. Social movements
a. Laissez-fair economics
i. Championed by Adam Smiths’
Wealth of Nations
ii. Idea that government regulation of
trade would hurt the economy
iii. An economy will prosper if
allowed free trade
What does Laissez Fair mean?

Hands off
b. Capitalism
i. Economic system where money is invested
in business ventures with the goal of making
a profit
c. Socialism
i. Believed it was governments jobs to help
improve people’s lives
e. Utopia
i. Cooperative living place where one could
build the perfect society
f. Marxism
i. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1849)
1. Friedrich Engels
2. Means of production are controlled by the
people
3. Gov. should actively plan the economy and
not leave it to free market
ii. Wealthy control the means of production and the
poor need to revolt and establish control
iii. This perfect socialism he called Communism
VIII. Unionization
a. Speak for the workers of a particular trade
through collective bargaining
b. If organizations don’t agree workers can strike
i. Until 1875 outlawed in England
ii. America Unions join to ultimately form
organizations like the AFL
c. Grievances
i. Workers angery over poor working
conditions, long hours, bad pay, and child
labor
IX. The impact the Industrial Revolution had on the lives
of women, children, and the family:
A. Family-based cottage industries displaced by the
factory system
B. Harsh working conditions with men competing
with women and children for wages
C. Child labor that kept costs of production low and
profits high
D. Owners of mines and factories who exercised
considerable control over the lives of their
laborers
E. Women argue for suffrage
Life During the Industrial Revolution
Child
“hurriers”
Worker Housing
The Age of Imperialism
I. Imperialism
a. Economic, political, and social philosophies of
Europe throughout the world.
II. In Africa
a. Congo
i. Belgium
b. Motives
i. Industrialization caused need for more
resources
ii. Racism
1. Industrialized vs. Unindustrialized
nations
c. Factors leading to Imperialism
i. Weapons
ii. Steam engine allowed for easy travel to
conquered lands
iii. Quinine
1. Negates malaria
iv. Africa fractured
1. Many tribes and cultures
d. Colony- Direct control over a country
e. Protectorate- Military control over a country by
protecting it
f. Sphere of Influence- Economic control over a
country
II. Egypt
a Isma’il
i. Supported building the Suez Canal
1. Egyptian labor and French money
2. Competed in 1869
3. 1882 British controlled by occupying
Egypt
c. Allows British much quicker access to lands in
Asia and Africa
In 1882 who controlled the Suez
Canal?

British
III. India
a. East India Company dominates India
i. Had its own military lead by British Elite
1. Staffed by sepoys (Indian soldiers)
b. Considered by British the most valuable colony
i. Rich in resources
ii. Large population market
c. Controlled Indian economy through economic
policy (sphere of influence)
i. Couldn’t compete for goods
ii. Had to supply raw materials
iii. Had to purchase finished goods
How did Britain Control India?

Through its economy
d. Goods
i. Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton and opium
1. Opium trade with China
e. Impact of colonialism
i. Positives: British Build
1. Railroads
2. Irrigation
3. Communication
4. Dams
5. Bridges
6. Protection by British troops
ii. Negatives
1. Little political and economic power
2. Increased production of cash crops
in favor of textiles
a. Caused famine
f. Sepoy rebellion (1857)
i. Sepoys find that cartridges of their rifles
sealed with beef and pork fat and refuse to fight
ii. Sepoys jailed
1. Next day rebel and take Delhi
2. Move onto central India
iii. Rebellion doesn’t last due to internal
fracturing
iv. Rebellion marks the beginning of official
British rule over India
1. Portion Britain ruled was known as
the Raj
g. Indian Nationalism
i. Fueled by British rule
ii. Indians felt it was not fair to be second
class citizens in their own country
IV. Southeast Asia
a. Dutch East India Company
i. Set up rigid social structure with Dutch on top
b. British establish a port at Singapore
i. To compete with Dutch trade with China
c. French Indochina
i. French merchants use missionary killing as
spark
1. Napoleon III orders the invasion and
Vietnam becomes a French colony,
along with
a. Laos
b. Cambodia
ii. French set up a social structure where
they are at the head
1. Hold all political positions
What country comes to control
Vietnam?

France
d. Impact on indigenous peoples
i. Growing economy
ii. Increased transportation due to roads and
rails
iii. Education, health and sanitation improve
iv. Large migration of peoples into the area
to work
1. Cultures blend
a. Hindus, Christians, Muslims,
and Buddhists
b. Leads to clashes in the region
V. Pacific Islands
a. U.S. acquire Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
as a result of the Spanish American War (1898)
b. Philippines
i. Emilio Aguinaldo gains independence for
Philippines
1. U.S. defeats Aguinaldo and prepares
Philippines for self rule
ii. United States assists Aguinaldo’s defense
against nationalist and gains a sphere
of influence
VI. China
a. Economy allows China to be self-sufficient
i. By the 1700’s has a booming agricultural
economy
1. Based greatly on rice
2. Other crops allow China to feed its vast
population
ii. Mines
1. Salt, tin, iron and silver
What country annexed Hawaii in
1898?

United States
e. Nationalism
i. The Boxer Rebellion
1. Frustrated with their loss of power the
Chinese people rebel
2. Poor resent privileges given to foreigners
and Christians in particular
3. 1900 surround the European section of
Beijing and keep it under siege for several
months
a. Defeated quickly by a multinational
force
4. Forces the government to become more
attentive to the people’s needs
VII. Japan
a. Ends isolationism (1853)
i. Commodore Matthew Perry and
“suggests” Japan open their ports
b. Japanese people fear losing their country to
foreigners
i. Force the Tokugawa to step down ending
the military dictatorship crated in the 12th
century
ii. Meji Era Begins (1867)
Why did Japan end isolationism?

Fear of war with the United States
VIII. U.S. Imperialism in Latin America
a. Weak government
i. Ruled mostly by military dictators
b. Latin America unindustrialized
c. Economic Imperialism
i. Uneven trade balance
1. Trade raw goods and buy finished
goods
ii. Receive loans for facilities for industry
1. High interest rate
2. Can’t pay it back
a. Foreigners gain control
d. Monroe Doctrine
i. James Monroe says stay out of the
Americas
e. Cuba declares independence
i. 1895, Jose’ Marti fights for
independence
ii. 1898 Spanish-American War
iii. America concerned with holdings
in Cuba, gets involved
f. Panama Canal
i. Began by the French, became too costly
ii. Americas wish to build the Canal
1. Panama overcharges
iii. Theodore Roosevelt
1. Supports a revolution in Panama against
Columbia
2. Win and give US rights to the Canal
iv. Opened 1914
World War I
I. Causes
a. Nationalism
i. Deep devotion to one’s nation
ii. Caused intense competitions between
nations as a result of
iii. Territorial disputes
1. France- Alsace- Lorraine
2. Austria Hungary/ Russia
a. Balkans
3. Different ethnicities
a. Serbian
b. Bulgarian
c. Romanian
d. Each wanted independence
b. Imperialism
i. Countries competing for resources (colonies)
in Africa and Asia
c. Militarism
i. Nationalism leads to an arms race
ii. Great powers begin creating armies that
could be quickly mobilized
iii.Also created strategic plans for mobilization
iv. Kaiser Wilhelm II creates large navy to
compete with England
d. Alliance system
i. Bismarck united united Germany by 1871
1. Saw France as a threat
a. Created the Triple Alliance
i. Italy, Germany, and
Austria-Hungary
ii. Each would come to the
aid of the other during an
altercation
What were the 4 main causes of
WWI?
Militarism
 Alliance System
 Imperialism
 Nationalism

2. Kaiser Wilhelm II comes to power
a. Militaristic
b. Lets alliance with Russia lapse
i. Russia responds by
creating another alliance
ii. Triple Entente
1. Russia, France, and
Great Britain
2 Created in response
to Germanys
alliance system
Who’s To Blame?
i. Western Front Trench Warfare
1. Living in dug trenches for long
periods of time
2. Stalemate
3. Short geographical gains with great
personnel loss
4. No Mans Land
a. Space between the trenches
b. Many die
5. Germans battle of Verdun
a. Each side loses 300,000
6. Battle of the Somme River
a. Each side loses over 1 million
Trench Warfare
e. Eastern Front
i. More mobile then the West
ii. Russia
1. Can’t receive supplies (Germany
controls the Baltic)
2. Not industrialized
3. Receive massive casualties
4. Will lead to?
a. Due to civil unrest a revolution
breaks out
i. Vladimir Lennon signed
treaty in 1918 with Germany
a. Harsh on Russia
b. Lost lands in
Eastern Europe
The Russian
Revolution
Nicholas II
Became
Czar
in 1894
Econ. growth
 “Bloody
Sunday”
Russia in WWI
1915
- hard times!
Czar Nicholas II to the
front…mistake!
1.
Causes of Russian Revolution
The March Revolution
March
1917 riots
Nicholas abdicates
Set up a provisional gov’t
Revolutionary socialists
(Soviets & Bolsheviks)
V.I. Lenin
Exiled
to
Siberia (1895)
Returned in
April 16, 1917
“Peace, Land,
and Bread”
The Bolshevik Revolution
Red
Guards attack the
provisional government
End private ownership
New red flag…hammer
and sickle
Russian Revolution
Czar
Abdicates,
Romanov
family killed
Bolsheviks
takeover under
Lenin
Failure of
Provisional
Government
Russia Under Lenin
Distribute
farmland
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Reds vs. Whites
Reign of Terror
Romanov family shot
Russia Under Lenin
New
Economic Policy
(NEP)
USSR (1922)
Bolsheviks to
Communists
I.
Joseph Stalin
i. Entrenchment of communism
ii. Stalin’s policies (five-year plans,
collectivization of farms, state
industrialization, secret police)
Great Purge
Effects of Russian Revolution
Russia
makes
peace with
Germany,
March,
1918
Communist
government
under Lenin’s
New
Economic
Policy 1921
Civil War
between
Reds and
Whites,
April 1918
Russia
renamed
USSR 1922
c. United States gets drawn into war
i. Germany begins unrestricted submarine
warfare
1. Sink Lusitania
a. Passenger ship carrying
Americans
ii. Zimmerman Telegram
1. Telegram from Germany to Mexico
urging them to attack the U.S.
The Zimmerman Telegram
d. Birth of the Total War economic policy
i. Countries fully mobilized towards war
1. Governments
a. Suppressed anti-war activity
b. Created propaganda
i. To win public support
ii. Not entirely accurate
c. Told companines
i. What to produce
ii. How much to produce
iii. How much to preserve
(rationing)
2. Unemployment nearly disappears
a. Women get an opportunity to
work
V. Allies Win
a. Due to American reinforcements Germany loses
i. Leads to collapse of central powers
1. Austria-Hungary collapses
2. Germans turn on Kaiser
a. He steps down
b. Germany signs an armistice
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
Players
TREATY
OF
VERSAILLES
George Clemenceau (France)
Woodrow Wilson (United States)
David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
Provisions
Results
League of
Nations:
Peace
organization
US didn’t
join
Territorial
Losses:
Military
Provisions:
Germany loses
Alsace-Lorraine
to France and all
oversees colonies
Germany may
not:
Create Army
Create Navy
Have weapons
War Guilt:
Germany
responsible for
WWI and
forced to pay
allies $33
billion in
reparations
Germany angry over war guilt
Mandated territories angry they did not instantly
gain independence
Eventually tensions and the lack of power in the
League of Nations will lead to WW II
VI. The end of Empires

The following empires were destroyed by
WW I
 Russian
 Ottoman
 Austro-Hungarian
 German
During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide
large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East
between themselves.
After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and
France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan,
and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French
control).
The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate
system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle
East.
VII. Global Depression
1. Economy
a. Germans print money to pay
reparations
i. Causes massive inflation
ii. Bread costs 200 marks
ii. United States
1. Stock Market crashes, 1929
a. Banks fail
b. Collapse of prices in world trade
i. Global trading comes to a stand
still
VIII. Rise of Fascism
i. the Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and
political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of
totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.
i. Emphasized loyalty to the State and obedience to
its leader
ii. Dictatorial
iii. Benito Mussolini (Italy)
1. Rose to power due to the anger the people
felt over depression
2. Controlling leader
a. Secret police
i. Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party
1. Tried a march on Munich, failed and was
imprisoned
a. Wrote Mien Kompf
i. German Aryan race superior
ii. Gypsies, Jews, and Slavs were
inferior
iii. Treaty of Versailles is an
outrage
iv. Will bring Germany to glory
ii. Nazi Rise to Power
a. Inflation and depression
b. Democratic government weakened
c. Anti-Semitism
d. Extreme nationalism
e. National Socialism (Nazism)
f. German occupation of nearby countries
3. Defies Versailles Treaty
a. Germany begins rebuilding its armed forces,
1935
i. League of Nations does nothing
b. Germany takes the Rhineland, 1935
i. Buffer with France
c. Britain suggests appeasement
ii. Mussolini, Italy takes Ethiopia (1935)
1. League of Nations does not take action
iii. 1936 Germany united with Italy and Japan to
form the Axis
Who were the members of the
Axis?
Germany
 Italy
 Japan

v. Western policy of isolation and appeasement
1. United States remains isolationist
a. Did not want to get dragged into
another war
2. Germany expands into Czechoslovakia and
Austria into the Third Riech (1938)
3. Munich Conference
a. Britain and France choose to appease
Hitler and give him the Sudetenland
i. Hitler then takes the rest of
Czechoslovakia and Mussolini
takes Albania
ii. Hitler sets his sites on Poland
a. Believes Britain and
France won’t risk war
vi. Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1. The democracies of the west did not trust
soviet communism and negotiations to have
them enter the conflict to stop Germany’s
aggression were slow
2. 1939 Stalin signed a pact with Hitler to not
wage war on eachother
3. Hitler’s expansion and the Soviet Union’s
non aggression set the stage for war
World War II
I. Germany’s Blitzkrieg, or lightning war
a. Poland
i. Due to the non aggression pact it fell quickly
due to the blitzkrieg
1. Fast attacks by quick plains and tanks,
followed by troops
ii. Soviets quickly occupy their portion of Poland
iii. Triggers World War
1. Great Britain and France declare war on
Germany September 3, 1939
iv. Germany quickly takes France
b. The Battle of Britain
i. “We shall fight on the beaches, we hall fight on
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets…we shall never surrender.”
–Winston Churchill
ii. Germany’s Operation Sea Lion was designed
to:
1. Knock out the Royal Air Force (RAF)
2. Land troops on British Shores
b. Soviet Union (Hitler’s greatest blunder)
i. Operation Barbarossa
ii. Hitler drives deep into the Soviet Union
1. Soviets unprepared and untrained
2. Soviets employ scorched earth strategy
iii. Hitler halted at Leningrad turns to Moscow
1. Gets stuck in the soviet winter
a. Troops wearing summer uniforms
b. Lack of supplies from Europe
c. Forced to turn back
Why was invading the Soviet
Union Hitler’s greatest blunder?
Forced him to fight a two front war
 Ignored the past and Napoleon’s failure
 Allowed for American assistance to be
realized during the war
 Lost him many soldiers and supplies

d. United States’ assistance
i. Slow to enter war
1. Isolationist
ii. Lend-Lease Act
1.Loaning Europe weapons
2. Protecting ships carrying those weapons
iii. Roosevelt met Churchill to create the Atlantic
Charter
1. Serve as the allies peace plan for after
WW II
2. Supported
a. Free trade and right of a nation to
choose its own government
What leaders were known as the
“Big Three?”
Franklin Roosevelt
 Joseph Stalin
 Winston Churchill

III. War in the far East
a. Japan (Emperor Hirohito)
b. Military lead by General Hideki Tojo
i. Attacks Pearl Harbor/ “A date that will live in
infamy”
1. Located in Hawaii
2. December 7, 1941
3. Motivates America to mobilize
c. Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw
materials
d. Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of
China
c. Allies Strike Back (Lead by General Douglas
Macarthur)
Who was the leader of the Allied
forces in the Pacific?

General Douglas Macarthur
iii. Allied offensive
1. Douglas Macarthur’s strategy of island
hopping
a. Hop from weak Japanese islands
closer to Japan
b. Cut supply lines from Japan to its
stronger islands and let them starve
c. Began with the Battle of Guadalcanal
i. Proved the Japanese perseverance
in battle
ii. Eventually taken by the Allies in
February, 1943 after six months
What was island hopping?

Hop from weak Japanese islands
to Japan

Cut supply lines from Japan to its
stronger islands and let them starve
closer
II. Soviet Union
a. Soviets hold at Stalingrad
i. Germans lose 1 million men to winter,
starvation, illness, and fighting
ii. Stalingrad held despite being bombed to the
ground
iii. Germans eventually surrender in February
1943
III. Italy
a. Majority of Italy taken in 1943 by Allied forces
b. Rome taken by 1944
c. April, 1945 Italy completely liberated
d. Mussolini captured, shot and hanged in Milan
Where did the Soviets stop
Hitler?

Stalingrad
IV. Europe (Lead by Dwight Eisenhower)
a. D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord)
i. British, French, Canadian and British troops
attack Normandy, France
ii. Successful and by September Allies had
liberated France and several other Western
European nations
iii. Lead by General Eisenhower
c. Germany surrenders
i. Hitler commits suicide
ii. Germany surrenders May 7, 1945
1. V-E Day
What is May 7, 1945 referred to
as?

Victory in Europe day
c. The Atomic Bomb
i. America fearing great casualties with taking
Japan decided to use the atomic bomb to end
the war quickly
1. Truman warns Japanese that if they
do not surrender their will be rain of
ruin from the air
2. August 6, 1945 bomb dropped on
Hiroshima killing 73,000 people
a. Three Days later another bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki
ii. Japan surrender on September 2, 1945
1. V-J Day
VI. Europe and Japan After the War
a. European powers’ loss of empires
b. Establishment of two major powers in the world: The
United States and the U.S.S.R.
c. War crimes trials
d. Division of Europe—Iron Curtain
e Establishment of the United Nations
i. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1. Established and adopted by members of
the United Nations
2. Provided a code of conduct for the
treatment of people under the protection
of their government
f. Marshall Plan- Monies from US to Europe to rebuild
g. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) and Warsaw Pact
What was the American plan to
rebuild Europe called?

The Marshall Plan

• During World War I, Great Britain and France
agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East between themselves.

• After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great
Britain and France control over the lands that
became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British
control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control).

• The division of the Ottoman Empire through the
mandate system planted the seeds for future
conflicts in the Middle East.
b. Nuremberg Trials
i. 22 Nazis accused with crimes against
humanity
1. 12 sentenced to death
c. Japan
i. U.S. occupation
1. Demilitarization
2. Democratization
ii. Create a constitution (Strongly influenced
by US)
1. Devine right of emperor ended
2. Women could vote
3. Diet created
a. Parliamentary democracy
THE MANDATE SYSTEM
A. the mandate system established after
World War I was phased out after World War
II. With the end of the mandates, new states
were created in the Middle East.
B. Mandates in the Middle East
i. Established by the League of Nations
ii. Granted independence after World War
II
iii. Resulted in Middle East conflicts
created by religious differences
C. French Mandates in the Middle East
i. Syria
ii. Lebanon
D. British Mandates in the Middle East
i. Jordan
ii. Palestine (part became independent as
the State of Israel)
The Holocaust
Genocide: The systematic killing of a racial,
political, religious, or cultural group of people.
Also known as ethnic cleansing.
The Holocaust: Hitler killing the Jews for more
“living space” to make room for the Aryan
(white) race.
Concentration camps for Jews were throughout
Germany, Austria, Poland, Russia, Italy, etc.
I. Policy of Anti-Semitism began in early 1930’s
a. Blamed Jews for their failure in WW I and hard
times afterward
b. Hitler used them as a scapegoat
c. 1933- Jews may not hold public office
d. Nuremburg laws
i. Jews may not
1. Be citizens
2. Hold certain jobs
3. Own property
e. Jews had to wear a yellow star on their sleeve to
identify them
II. Kristallnacht “night of broken glass”
a. 1938- Nazis launch violent attacks on the jewish
community destroying
i. Businesses
ii. Homes
iii. Synagogues
b. Killed at least 100 jews
III. Jews flee the country in search of safety
a. Many to England and France
b. Most to America
c. Including Albert Einstein
IV. Jewish Ghettos
a. Hitler herded Jews into sections of Poland and
sealed them off with walls and barbed wire
i. Attempt at starving them and killing them
through disease
1. Jews still hung on
a. Some entered a resistance
smuggling food and other
supplies
b. Continued their traditions
V. The Final Solution
a. Genocide of the Jews in Europe to purify the
populous and pave the way for the Aryan race
b. Hitler had his SS round up men, women and
children line them up and shoot them
i. Buried in mass graves
c. Those the SS did not reach were placed in
concentration camps
i. Slave camps where they would work 12
hours for 7 days a week
1. Poorly fed
2. Often beaten and killed
d. 1941-42 Final extermination
i. Germany builds camps with gas chambers
designed to exterminate the Jews
The Cold War
I. A Bi-Polar global system is created
a. Two superpowers
b. Yalta Conference (1945)
i. Britain, United States and Russia meet
ii. Germany divided into occupation zones
created by the Allies
iii. East European countries would have free
elections
What was decided at the Yalta
conference?


Germany divided into occupation zones created by the Allies
East European countries would have free elections
a. Differing goals after WW II
i. Soviets
1. Encourage Communism in other
countries
2. Rebuild economy and industry
3. Control Eastern Europe
4. Keep Germany divided
ii. United States
1. Encourage democracy
2. Gain access to raw materials and
markets promote capitalism
3. Rebuild European governments to
promote stability and new markets
4. Reunite Germany
iii. Causes great friction
II. United Nations Created
a. Replaced League of Nations in 1945
b. Created to save members from future wars
c. 11 member security council has the real power
i. 5 permanent members
1. USSR
2. USA
3. China
4. Britain
5. France
III. Soviets control Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain)
a. Russia secures countries in East Europe as
communist “buffer” for protection
Margaret Thatcher
British Prime Minister
Opposed Soviet communism – “Iron Lady”
Free trade and less government regulation of business
Close relationship with United States and U.S. foreign policy
Asserted United Kingdom’s military power
b. Potsdam conference
i. Truman (America), Churchill (Britain), and
Stalin (USSR) meet to discuss Stalin’s
violation of the Yalta agreement
ii. Truman demanded Stalin to allow free
elections in Eastern Europe and the Soviet
refused
1. Created the “iron curtain” between
the democratic Western Europe and
the Communist Eastern Europe
iii. Stalin says capitalism and communism
cannot exist in the same world
What is the figurative name for
the separation between
communist Eastern Europe and
Democratized Western Europe?

The Iron Curtain
c. Germany
i. Remains split East communist and West
democratic
ii. Berlin Wall built
IV. Policy of Containment
a. After the war both the USSR and US attempted to
expand their political philosophies around the globe
b. President Truman stated that Communism
needed to be contained to its current borders
i. Create democratic alliances
ii. Help weak nations resist Soviet Influence
c. Truman Doctrine
i. Support of countries rejecting communism
1. Including dictators and warlords
d. Marshall Plan
i. 12.5 billion to rebuild Western Europe
ii. Do not allow them to fall to communist
influence
What was containment?

Truman’s belief that communism needed to
be contained to prevent a domino effect in
the world.
V. Berlin Airlift
a. 1948- Britain, US, and France leave West
Germany and allow their zones to unite
i. Irritates Soviets and they cut off Berlin’s
Western zones
1. Threatens to starve the city
b. British and Americans airlift supplies into the city
for 11 months until the USSR caved
Statistics
Cargo (short tons)
Flights
USA
UK
France
Total
Total
Food
Coal
Other
189,963
1,783,573
296,319
1,421,119
66,135
87,841
541,937
240,386
164,911
136,640
424
896
unk
unk
unk
278,228
2,326,406
VI. Divided world
a. Formation of NATO- North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
i. Formed in response to the Berlin airlift
b. Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact
i. Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany,
Czech., Hungary, Romania, Albania, and
Bulgaria
c. Nuclear deterrence
i. The peacemaker
1. Nuclear weapons
ii. Arms race
1. Trying to create a more devastating
weapons than your opponent
What was the “arms race?”

Attempt by the US and USSR to create
every increasingly destructive weapons as a
means of intimidating one another and
securing their way of life.
VII. Increase in science and technology
a. ICBM
b. Space Race
i. Sputnik I soviet satellite
c. “open skies” proposed by Eisenhower, rejected by
the Soviet Union
i. Proposed that each country be able to fly
over eachothers guard against surprise
nuclear attack
ii. Eisenhower authorizes CIA to do high
altitude flyovers
1. U-2 plane crashed in Soviet Union
a. Increased tensions
What country had the first
satellite in space? What was it
called?
USSR
 Sputnik

VIII. Battle for territory around the globe
a. China
i. Mao Zedong and the communists win
peasant support due to improved food
production
1. Dominated Northeast
ii. Chaing Kai-Shek and the nationalists
dominate the Southwest
Who was the leader of
communist forces in China?

Mao Zedong
iii. After WW II was over the two resumed their
civil war (1946-1949)
1. Although nationalists had a larger troop
base and American support they lost
a. Did not win popular support of
the people
b. Deserters join the Communist party
c. 1949 Chiang and nationalists retreat
to the island of Taiwan
2. Mao proclaimed the new nation the Peoples
Republic of China
iv. The aftermath
1. United States supports Taiwan
2. Soviet Union supports China
a. Soviet/ China split 1959
i. Chinese do not want to follow
USSR’s lead in foreign policy
ii. Soviets refuse to share Nuclear
secrets
3. North Korea and South Korea split along
the 38th parallel
4. China expands into Manchuria and Tibet
Taiwan and South Korea
followed what kind of
government?

Democracy
v. China under Mao Zedong
1. Becomes dictatorial
2. Seized landholdings and divided them
among the peasants
a. Then they join collective farms
b. Was not successful
3. Companies come under government
ownership
a. Also unsuccessful
4. Cultural Revolution (1966)
a. Those who supported Mao’s new
revolution were The Red Guard
b. Championed those who worked with
their hands/ peasants and rejected art
and intellectual pursuits
c. Lashed out at the intellectual and
socially advantaged
i. Thousands imprisoned or killed
d. By 1976 on the brink of civil war
i. Mao had Red Guard disbanded
Deng Xiaoping
Reformed communist economy to market economy leading to
rapid economic growth
Communist control of government continued
b. Korean Conflict
i. 1950, North Korea launched a surprise
attack on South Korea supported by China
ii. South Korea turns to UN
1. USSR absent from the security
council, boycotting recognition of
Taiwan
2. UN responds under the leadership of
Douglas Macarthur
a. Fired by Truman for suggesting
nuclear strike
iii. Eventually N. Korea driven back to the 38th
parallel by 1952
iv. Aftermath
1. N. Korea
a. Communist dictatorship
North Korea had what political
system?

Communist
IX. War in Vietnam
a. Young Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh
turned to the communists to drive the French from
Indochina
i. French sentence Ho to death and he flees
b. Ho return in 1941 after Japan takes French
Indochina
i. Ho’s forces faught with the French until
1954 when they had a critical victory at Diem
Bien Phu
i. Had widespread support in the rural areas
d. Frances loss to the Vietnamese scares America
who fear that after one nation fell in Southeast
Asia others would follow
i. This became known as the domino theory
Who was the communist leader
of the North Vietnamese forces?

Ho Chi Minh
e. Geneva conference
i. Decided Vietnam would be divided at 17th
parallel
1. North ruled by communist
2. South anti communist
a. Resistance of Vietcong
began
f. Communists taking control of S. Vietnam
i. United States involvement
1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
a. President Lyndon Johnson (US)
declared that Vietnamese boats
had attacked American
destroyers
i. Sends American troops to
Vietnam
1. Had the best equipped army but had
two shortcomings
a. Fighting guerilla war in unfamiliar
terrain
b. Did not have popular support of
the people
2. Withdrawal
a. Vietnamization
i. After years of unsuccessful
attempts at waging war and
protests at home President Nixon
decided in 1969 for a phased
withdrawal
What was vietnamization?

President Nixon’s decision in 1969 for a
phased withdrawal from vietnam
ii. Ho Chi Minh aided the Vietcong with troops
and munitions
1. In 1971 North Vietnam took control of
the South
iii. Postwar Vietnam
1. Harsh restriction on south
a. Many flee
2. Vietnam United as a Communist Country
Who was victorious during the
Vietnam War?

The communist North Vietnamese
X. Cuba
a. Revolution
i. 1950’s- US support for Batista led to a
revolution
1. Headed by Fidel Castro
a. Creates a communist Cuba
i. United States initiates a
trade embargo
ii. Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)
1. US to support a local uprising in Cuba
a. Went very poorly
b. Cuban Missile Crisis
i. Due to the Bay of pigs the new leader of the
USSR, Nikita Khruschev sent nuclear
missiles to Cuba
ii. Discovered by US and declared
unacceptable
1. President Kennedy blockaded Cuba
a. US prepared to invade Cuba
iii. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles
if America decided not to invade Cuba
iv. Aftermath
1. Cuba reliant on USSR
2. Support their revolutions in Central/
South America and Africa
The United States was worried
about what in Cuba?

Nuclear Weapons
XI. Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe
a. Czechoslovakia
i. Leonid Brezhnev new Soviet Leaders(1964)
1. Adopted repressive policies
ii.Attempted to adopt policies to reduce
censorship and promote socialism
1. 1968
2. Brezhnev ordered Warsaw pact
countries to invade Czech. To prevent
the satellite from rejecting communism
XII. Stabilization
a. United States policy of Détente (easing tensions)
i. Richard Nixon
1. 1st to visit communist China and
Soviet Union
2. In Soviet Union had the Strategic
Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and
signed the Salt I treaty, 1972
a. Limited number of missiles each
country could have
ii. Backed away from direct confrontation with
USSR
iii. Reduced tension between the two countries
What was the U.S. policy of
détente’ and under whom was it
implemented?
Easing of tensions with Soviet Union
 Richard Nixon

b. Ronald Reagan abandons Détente
i. Due to increased altercations in Central
America and the Middle East Reagan began
backing away from Détente
1. Announces SDI- Strategic Defense
Initiative
a. Star Wars
i. Protect America from
enemy missiles
What was Star Wars-SDI?

A defense initiative to protect the United
States from Soviet Attack.
XIII. End of the Cold War Satellite Nations become
nationalistic and oppose the Soviet Union
a. Reforms in Poland
1. People protest in 1988
i. Gain first free election in 1989
b. Spurns Hungary to attempt economic reform
1. 1989 depose the Communist rulers
2. By 1994 the socialist party gained a majority
of the seats in Parliament
c. Fall of the Berlin Wall
i. People demand freedom and the right to
travel outside of East Berlin after border
closed in 1989
1. Wall falls October 18 when German
leader allowed people to travel freely
in an attempt to save Communism in
East Berlin
2. Germany reunified in 1990
d. Czechoslovakia
i. Inspired by Berlin as many as 550,000
protesters unite in Prague
ii. Politburo resigns
iii. Romania followed suit
In what country is Berlin located?

Germany
e. Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet
Union (1982)
i. Announces a policy of glasnost (openness of
ideas)
1. Allows people rights to free speech not
previously allowed
ii. Announces perestroika (1985)
1. Economic restructuring
2. United States had spent the Soviets
out of competition and their was much
poverty among the population
3. Private ownership of some businesses
allowed
a. Allows for Europe and America
to be more actively involved in
trade
What does Glasnost and
Perestroika mean? Who came up
with these reforms?
Glasnost- openness
 Perestroika- economic restructuring
 Mikhail Gorbachev

iii. Defied by Luthuania in 1990
1. Gorbachev sends in troops to quell the
uprising
2. People want independence
iv. Boris Yeltsin defies Gorbachev and calls
for peace more quickly
1. Becomes Russia's first democratically
elected President in 1991
Independence Movements
I. The United Nations Charter
a. Guaranteed colonial populations the right to selfdetermination
II. India and Pakistan
a. British massacre at Amristar (1919)
i. Causes a massive increase in nationalism in
India
b. Gandhi begins nonviolent protests in 1920
c. Congress of India
i. National political party in India
ii. Made up of Muslims and Hindus
d. Muslim League
i. Preached a separation from the Congress
and Hindus
e. After WW II (1946)
i. British ready to transfer power
1. Self determination
ii. Muslims and Hindus riot against each other
in Calcutta
1. 5,000 die in 4 days with 15,000 injured
iii. Partition concept adopted
1. Separates the area into a Hindu and
Muslim area
iv. 1947 a bill passes allowing for freedom of
the Indian sub-continent
1. Areas have to decide whether they will
be Hindu or Muslim
2. Division of area into India and
Pakistan
a. Caused general unrest between
Muslims and Hindus
v. Muslims kill Sikhs and Hindus and visa
versa
vi. Pakistan and India fight over Kasmir
1. Resolved by a UN cease fire in 1949
f. Civil War in Pakistan
i. East Pakistan separates from West and
creates new nation of Bangladesh
g. Indian Democracy
i. Jawaharlal Nehru - a close associate of
Gandhi, supported western style
industrialization
ii. 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste
discrimination
iii. Ethnic and religious difference caused
problems in the development of India as a
democratic nation
iv. New economic development has helped to
ease financial problems of
the nation
f. Indira Gandhi
i. Closer relationship between India and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War
ii. Developed nuclear program
III. Africa
a. Nationalism increased as the education and
middle class rose angry about economic
exploitation
b. Reasons for desire of independence
i. Nationalism
ii. Resent imperial rule and economic
exploitation
c. Kenya
i. British controlled good farmland
ii. British forced to accept black selfstrong leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
iii. Violent struggle left 10,000 black and 100
white Kenyans dead
iv. Kenyatta named president when Kenya
becomes independent in 1963
d. Congo
i. Belgium grants independence in 1960
1. Leads to civil war and internal
turmoil ending with the reign of
Mobutu Sese Seko
a. Changes the name to Zaire
b. Dictatorial
ii. Becomes democratic after Mobutu
overthrown in 1997
2. Name changes back to Congo
e. Algeria
i. 1945 altercation between Algerian
nationalists and French troops left thousands
of Muslims and hundreds of French dead
ii. 1954 the National Liberation Front (NLF)
announces intents of fighting for
independence through guerrilla warfare
1. French send troops and war ensues
iii. France agrees to allow for transition to
Algerian independence
1. July, 1962 independence granted
iv. Resulted in turmoil among Islamists and
democratic government
v. Civil war breaks out and continues to this
day
f. West Africa
i. Peaceful Transition
1. Angola
a. Portugal
b. Last to give up colonies, 1975
2. Nigeria
g. South Africa
i. Apartheid
1. 1948 result of Dutch South African
nationalism
2. Complete separation of the races
3. Blacks make up 75% of population
and given 13% of land
4. Policy forced them to become
international lepers
i. Black protest
1. African National Congress
a. Organized boycotts and protests
b. Lead by Nelson Mandela
2. Police subdue protests brutally
ii. Steps toward democracy
1. 1989 F.W. De Klerk elected president
a. 1990 legalized ANC and
released Nelson Mandela from
Prison
b. 1991 repeal apartheid
2. Democratic elections held
a. Mandela elected
Modern Middle East
I. UN Mandates
A. French Mandates in the Middle East
i. Syria
ii. Lebanon
B. British Mandates in the Middle East
i. Jordan
ii. Palestine (part became independent as the
State of Israel)
II. Palestine and Israel
a. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy
land
b. In early 20th century Jews begin to move in great
numbers to Palestine
i. Fearing persecution they requested a
separate nation be carved out of the holy land
c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving
a great deal of its territory to the Jews
i. They create Israel
iii. Golda Meir-Prime Minister seeks US aid
ii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged
1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi
Arabia and Syria invade days after
Israel declared a sovereign nation
2. Israel wins war
II. Palestine and Israel
a. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy
land
b. In early 20th century Jews begin to move in great
numbers to Palestine
i. Fearing persecution they requested a
separate nation be carved out of the holy land
c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving
a great deal of its territory to the Jews
i. They create Israel
ii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged
1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi
Arabia and Syria invade days after
Israel declared a sovereign nation
2. Israel wins war
d. Conflicts
i. Egypt seized the Suez Canal (1956)
1. Israel assisted by Europe took back
the canal quickly
ii. Six Day war (1967)
1. Egypt again seeks to attack Israel with
Soviet weapons and other Arab nations
2. Israel launched a pre-emptive strike
defeating the Arab countries in six days
a. Lost 800 and killed 15,000
3. Results
a. Israel claims
1. Jerusalem
2. Sinai Peninsula
3. Golan Heights
4. West Bank
iii. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned
an attack on the holiest of Jewish days
Yom Kippur (1973)
a. Successful
b. Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir
a counter attack and regained
the lost territory
e. Attempts at Peace
i. President Sadat proposes peace in 1977
a. Says Israel must return land taken
during the six-day war
ii. President Jimmy Carter negotiates the
Camp David Accords
a. Egypt would recognize Israel
b. Israel gave up the Sinai Peninsula
f. Palestinians living in Israel demand independence
i. Call on the Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO) for assistance
1. Lead by Yasir Arafat
2. Launch attacks on Israel throughout
the 1970’s and 80’s
ii. Israel retaliates and attacks PLO bases in
Lebanon
iii. 1987 PLO begins intifida
1.
Uprising
g. 1993 Oslo Accords
i. Israel’s Yitzhak Rabin agrees to give
Palestine’s Arafat control of the Gaza Strip
and West Bank
1. Rabin assassinated by Jewish
extremists
III. Iran
a. Wealth from Oil and traditional values clash
b. Shah Pahlavi supports Westernization
i. Iranian nationalists unite und Prime
Minister Mossaddeq and force the Shah to
flee
ii. US fears the country will fall to the Soviet
Union and restores the Shah to power
c. With US support Shah Pahlavi Westernises
i. Still great fiscal disparity
ii. Brutality by Shah’s police
iii. Angers the religious leaders or Ayatollahs
1. One in particular lead the resistance
Ayatollah Khomeini
2. Spurred the Iranian workers to strike
d. 1979 Khomeini forces the Shah to flee and
establishes a Muslim state
i. Reinstated Islamic values
e. Khomeini’s policies
i. Anti-US
ii. Has Islamic revolutionaries seize the US
embassy in Tehran
1. Reaction to US granting Shah asylum
2. Hostages not released until 1981, 444
days after capture
iii. Supported radical overthrows of secular
governments
1. Increased tensions with Iraq
a. Shi’a Muslims in Iran and
Sunni Muslims in Iraq
b. Go to war in 1980 for eight
years
c. US secretly sold weapons to Iran
in an attempt to get their
hostages released
IV. Afghanistan
a. 1950’s Soviet influence increased
b. 1970’s Muslims threaten to overthrow Communist
control
i. Soviets invade in 1979
1. Find themselves mired in Afghanistan
a. USSR’s Vietnam
2. US gives Afghanis weapons
3. Soviets withdraw after 10 years
MODERN TIMES
I. Migrations of refugees and others
A. Refugees as an issue in international
conflicts
B. Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities
II. Ethnic and religious conflicts
A. Middle East
B. Northern Ireland
C. Balkans
C. Africa
III. Unequal Opportunities dependent
on access to technologies
A. Widespread but unequal access to
computers and instantaneous
communications
B. Genetic engineering and bioethics
IV. Differences in Economically
developed and developing nations
A. Geographic locations of major developed and
developing countries
 B. Economic conditions
 C. Social conditions (literacy, access to health
care)
D. Population size and rate of growth
E. The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on
each other for raw materials markets, and financial
resources, although there is still a difference between the
developed and developing nations

V. Modern Global Challanges
A. Environmental challenges
•
•
•
•

i. Pollution
ii. Loss of habitat
iii. Ozone depletion
B. Social challenges
B. Social Challenges
• Poverty
• Poor health
•
Illiteracy
•
Famine
•
Migration
VI. how economic independence is
changing the world







A. Role of rapid transportation, communication, and
computer networks
B. Rise and influence of multinational corporations
C. Changing role of international boundaries
D. Regional integration (European Union)
E. Trade agreements—North American Free Trade
F. Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization
(WTO)
G. International organizations— United Nations (UN),
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Examples of International Terrorism
 • Munich Olympics
 • Terrorist attacks in the United States
(9/11/2001) - motivated by extremism (Osama
bin Laden).
 • Car bombings
 • Suicide bombers
 • Airline hijackers
