Transcript enlightenment MC - SheehyAPEuro

Enlightenment Test Bank
Voltaire, Diderot, d'Alembert, La Harpe, Condorcet, au café Le Procope.
Scientific Revolution
1. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific
development in the seventeenth century by:
A. making observations of
planetary movements
B. articulating theories of the
scientific method.
C. perfecting the metric
system
D. Conducting experiments
about gravitational forces
E. introducing logarithms
2. The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted
ideas of which of the following:
A. Galileo
B. Harvey
C. Aristotle
D. Newton
E. Vesalius.
5. Which of the following most accurately describes the new
attitudes that developed toward reason and science in the
seventeenth century?
A. it led men to think more of God and the afterlife
B. it encouraged religious intolerance and the
persecution of minority groups
C. it promoted the belief that there were laws
underlying the universe which man's reason enabled
him to understand
D. it held that God could not exist since His existence
could not be perceived or proved by the senses.
5. Which of the following most accurately describes the new
attitudes that developed toward reason and science in the
seventeenth century?
A. it led men to think more of God and the afterlife
B. it encouraged religious intolerance and the
persecution of minority groups
C. it promoted the belief that there were laws
underlying the universe which man's reason enabled
him to understand
D. it held that God could not exist since His existence
could not be perceived or proved by the senses.
9. The Royal Society for improving Natural knowledge was founded in
the reign of:
A. Charles II Stuart
B. Elizabeth I Tutor
C. Henry VII Tudor
D. James I Stuart
9. The Royal Society for improving Natural knowledge was founded in
the reign of:
A. Charles II Stuart
B. Elizabeth I Tutor
C. Henry VII Tudor
D. James I Stuart
12. The causes of the Scientific Revolution
include all of the following EXCEPT the
A. development of philosophy as an
academic discipline in medieval
universities.
B. navigational problems of ship captains.
C. Renaissance recovery of ancient Greek
mathematical texts.
D. extensive support and funding provided
by European governments.
15. The synthesis of the Scientific Revolution was
A. John Locke's Essay
Concerning Human
Understanding.
B. Bernard de Fontenelle's
Conversation of the Plurality
of Worlds.
C. Isaac Newton's Principia.
D. Nicolaus Copernicus's On
the Revolution of the
Heavenly Bodies.
17. Galileo was brought before the Inquisition and made to
recant his views regarding the:
A. Heliocentric theory
B. Circulation of blood
C. Law of gravitation
D. None of the above
19. The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries led European scholars to believe that:
A. everything in nature and society
operated in ways similar to those
of a living organism
B. the universe was orderly and
operated according to fixed rules
C. religious tradition formed the
basis for all scientific truths and
assumptions
D. the experimental method was an
unreliable vehicle for scientific
inquiry
E. only that which could be seen and
examined was real
Enlightenment
20. The two men generally given credit for creating the
modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and
A. Johannes Kepler.
B. Nicolaus Copernicus.
C. John Locke.
D. Rene Descartes.
20. The two men generally given credit for creating the
modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and
A. Johannes Kepler.
B. Nicolaus Copernicus.
C. John Locke.
D. Rene Descartes.
21 "Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no
one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political
power of another without his own consent, which is done by
agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for
their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living in a secure
enjoyment of their properties."
The quotation above is from a work by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Francis Bacon
John Locke
Edmund Burke
Voltaire
Adam Smith
22. "The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens
have a right to concur either personally or by their
representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for
all, whether it protects or whether it punishes."
The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of:
A. Frederick the Great
B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C. Adam Smith
D. Condorcet
E. Voltaire
27. "The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies
of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but
conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having
the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant
women."
The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the
following:
A. Geneva during the
Reformation
B. Florence during the
Renaissance
C. London during the
Glorious Revolution
D. Paris during the
Enlightenment
E. Berlin during the
Kulturkampf
28. The philosophes were convinced that the
"scientific method" would:
A. enable them to raise the
consciousness of the masses
and effect rapid social
change.
B. free mankind from all
religious beliefs
C. enable them to devise an
empirically based defense of
traditional privileges
D. lead to the development of a
utopian society
E. lead to the discovery of
general laws applicable to
contemporary human
problems
28. The philosophes were convinced that the
"scientific method" would:
A. enable them to raise the
consciousness of the masses
and effect rapid social
change.
B. free mankind from all
religious beliefs
C. enable them to devise an
empirically based defense of
traditional privileges
D. lead to the development of a
utopian society
E. lead to the discovery of
general laws applicable to
contemporary human
problems
29. The Enlightenment beliefs that environment
controls everything and that man is highly perfectible
were inspired by
A. Newton's law of universal gravity
B. Descartes' principles of rationality
C. Hume's skepticism
D. Locke's theory of knowledge
E. the ancient theory of innate ideas.
29. The Enlightenment beliefs that environment
controls everything and that man is highly perfectible
were inspired by
A. Newton's law of universal gravity
B. Descartes' principles of rationality
C. Hume's skepticism
D. Locke's theory of knowledge
E. the ancient theory of innate ideas.
30. In his The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu revealed a
decided preference for:
A. separate and balanced
powers as embodied in the
English political system
B. the theory of the divine
right of kings
C. the supreme sovereignty of
the legislative branch of
government typical of
republics
D. absolutism under the rule of
law
E. a Calvinistic theory
33. He advanced the view that in matters of religion all persons
must have absolute freedom of conscience:
A. Edmund Spencer
B. Baruch Spinoza
C. Jan de Witt
D. William Gilbert
33. He advanced the view that in matters of religion all persons
must have absolute freedom of conscience:
A. Edmund Spencer
B. Baruch Spinoza
C. Jan de Witt
D. William Gilbert
35. The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia was:
A. to improve the education of
the masses
B. to improve vocabulary and
style of writing
C. to correct the
misunderstanding and
misinformation that had
been handed down from
the past
D. to change the general way
of thinking
36. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau would
have agreed that:
A. the ideal state should have
no form of organized
religion
B. democracy was the best
form of government
C. enlightened despotism was
the best form of
government
D. the aristocracy should be
abolished as a class
36. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau would
have agreed that:
A. the ideal state should have
no form of organized
religion
B. democracy was the best
form of government
C. enlightened despotism was
the best form of
government
D. the aristocracy should be
abolished as a class
39. The optimistic outlook of the philosophes regarding the
perfectibility of man and society was expressed most clearly by:
A. Voltaire
B. the Marquis de
Condorcet
C. David Hume
D. the Baron d'Holbach
39. The optimistic outlook of the philosophes regarding the
perfectibility of man and society was expressed most clearly by:
A. Voltaire
B. the Marquis de
Condorcet
C. David Hume
D. the Baron d'Holbach
40. Which of the following is NOT a major key phrase
for the eighteenth century?
A. reason
B. religious faith
C. natural law
D. progress
41. The editor of the Encyclopedie was:
A. Choiseul
B. Carl von Linne
C. Denis Diderot
D. the Marques de Pombal
42. Which of the following concepts would NOT have been
approved by Francois Quesnay and the Physiocrats?
A. "natural laws" exist
which govern the
economic sphere
B. the mercantilist concept
of the accumulation of
wealth is wrong
C. rigid state regulation is
necessary for its
economy to thrive
D. true wealth is derived
from agriculture
44. Calling for reforms in his Essay on Crimes and
Punishments, he held punishments should be clear,
swift, and certain:
A. David Hume
B. Cesare Beccaria
C. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
D. Christopher Gluck
47. He saw the concept of checks and balances and separation of
powers as a key to the superior structure of the British political
system:
A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Montesquieu
C. David Hume
D. Adam Smith
48. Which of the following views would Rousseau have
rejected?
A. individual self-interest may
not oppose the "general
will"
B. democracy is the form of
government all nations
should seek
C. the "general will" represents
what is best for the whole
community
D. the "social contract"
involved all people in
society
48. Which of the following views would Rousseau have
rejected?
A. individual self-interest may
not oppose the "general
will"
B. democracy is the form of
government all nations
should seek
C. the "general will" represents
what is best for the whole
community
D. the "social contract"
involved all people in
society
49. The influence of which of the following is NOT to be
seen in the American Constitution?
A. Montesquieu
B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C. John Locke
D. the English Bill of Rights
49. The influence of which of the following is NOT to be
seen in the American Constitution?
A. Montesquieu
B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C. John Locke
D. the English Bill of Rights
50. While accepting many doctrines of the Enlightenment, he
still explicitly emphasized a moral law in the conscience
implanted by God:
A. David Hume
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Immanual Kant
D. Henry Fielding
50. While accepting many doctrines of the Enlightenment, he
still explicitly emphasized a moral law in the conscience
implanted by God:
A. David Hume
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Immanual Kant
D. Henry Fielding
51. A bitter, satirical attack on the optimism of the philosophes
was seen in Jonathan Swift's:
A. Emile
B. Moll Flanders
C. Candide
D. Gulliver's Travels
52. All of the following were political consequences of
the Enlightenment EXCEPT
A. a weakening of
absolutism in France.
B. the idea that
government was a
science.
C. attempts to reform
from above.
D. a growing respect
among monarchs for
individual rights.
54. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in
France for all the following reasons EXCEPT
A. French was the international
language of the educated
classes.
B. French scientists and
universities were the most
preeminent in the Scientific
Revolution.
C. the level of censorship and
repression was somewhat
less than that in most of
Europe.
D. French philosophes asked
fundamental questions and
sought actively to influence
the educated public.
54. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in
France for all the following reasons EXCEPT
A. French was the international
language of the educated
classes.
B. French scientists and
universities were the most
preeminent in the Scientific
Revolution.
C. the level of censorship and
repression was somewhat
less than that in most of
Europe.
D. French philosophes asked
fundamental questions and
sought actively to influence
the educated public.
56. All of the following are later Enlightenment philosophes
EXCEPT
A. Baron Paul d'Holbach.
B. Madame du Chatelet.
C. David Hume.
D. Marquis de Condorcet.
59. According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the
Encyclopedia was to
A. popularize the Scientific
Revolution.
B. improve the material
life of Europeans.
C. change the general way
of thinking.
D. undermine French
absolutism.
60. Madame du Chatelet
A. believed women's
limited contribution to
science was the result
of unequal education.
B. was the first woman
admitted into the Royal
Academy of Sciences.
C. was the powerful
mistress of Louis XV.
D. inspired Jean-Jacques
Rousseau's ideas on
education and emotion.
61. Rousseau's concept of the "general will"
asserts that
A. enlightened monarchs protect the
interests of the entire society and
should be relied upon for reform.
B. only by direct democracy can the
people's political wishes be
conveyed.
C. authentic, long-term needs of the
people can be correctly
interpreted by a farseeing
minority.
D. sovereignty resides in the people.
61. Rousseau's concept of the "general will"
asserts that
A. enlightened monarchs protect the
interests of the entire society and
should be relied upon for reform.
B. only by direct democracy can the
people's political wishes be
conveyed.
C. authentic, long-term
needs of the people can
be correctly interpreted
by a farseeing minority.
D. sovereignty resides in the people.
62. A striking feature of the salons was that
A. women participated as
equals.
B. philosophes, nobles, and
members of the upper
middle class intermingled.
C. they were often sponsored
by the government.
D. members of the working
classes often attended.
63. Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that:
A. a monarch has absolute
power
B. the state is based on a
social contract
C. the state of nature is
peaceful and harmonious
D. political authority should
be shared by the monarch
and representatives of the
people
E. citizens have a right to
revolt
68. Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire’s
ideas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Empiricism and religious
toleration are to be
celebrated.
The branches of government
should be balanced.
Future progress is inevitable
and limitless
Future progress is inevitable
and limitless.
Sensory experience can never
be verified.
Enlightenment
Absolute Monarchy
72 .The Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth
century would most likely have favored which of
the following?
A. the Society of Jesus
B. written constitutions
C. the abolition of organized religion
D. the codification of laws
E. royal succession based on ability instead of
birth
72. The Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth
century would most likely have favored which of the
following?
A. the Society of Jesus
B. written constitutions
C. the abolition of organized religion
D. the codification of laws
E. royal succession based on ability instead of
birth
74. The acquisition of which of the following
territories during the 18th century helped to establish
Prussia as a great power?
A. Bohemia
B. Bavaria
C. Brandenburg
D. Silesia
E. Saxony
75. Which of the following characterized European warfare
between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the
French Revolution (1789)?
A. standing armies pursuing
limited strategic goals
B. citizen armies fighting for
their native lands
C. feudal armies fighting for
their lords
D. mass armies pursing global
strategies
E. highly mobile armies
unhampered by traditional
defenses
77. Which of the following was the most revolutionary
aspect of the Diplomatic Revolution?
A. the enmity between Prussia
and Austria
B. the enmity between
England and France
C. the enmity between Prussia
and France
D. the alliance between
Austria and France
E. the alliance between Prussia
and England
80. Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash
payments
A. had the support of the nobles.
B. was opposed by both nobles
and peasants.
C. transformed a barter economy
into a monetized one.
D. was the basis for the future
evolution of Austrian society.
82. As it grew weaker, the European territories of the so-called
"sick man of Europe" became a center of conflict between:
A. Prussia and France
B. Russia and Austria
C. Poland and Hungary
D. France and England
83. The liberum veto greatly weakened the power of its
monarchs to govern effectively:
A. Holland
B. Denmark
C. Poland
D. Prussia
85. In the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great expanded his
territories at the expense of:
A. Louis XV of France
B. Maria Theresa of Austria
C. Leopold of Belgium
D. George I, Elector of
Hanover
86. The battle between Generals Montcalm and Wolfe on the
Plains of Abraham determined:
A. Prussia's status as a great
European power
B. the fate of France's
American empire
C. the outcome of the War of
the Austrian Succession
D. that the Stuart dynasty
would never again rule
England
89. The "miracle of the House of Brandenburg" occurred when:
A. Peter III of Russia withdrew
from the Seven Years' War
B. Great Britain signed an
alliance with Prussia
C. the king, Frederick II,
defeated Austria at
Rossbach in 1757
D. Frederick II was able to
retain Silesia
94. During the Seven Years' War, which of
the following nations switched sides?
A. England
B. Russia
C. France
D. Spain
94. During the Seven Years' War, which of
the following nations switched sides?
A. England
B. Russia
C. France
D. Spain
95. All of the following monarch's were
"enlightened" EXCEPT:
A. Frederick the Great
B. George III
C. Catherine the Great
D. Joseph II
97. Frederick II the Great of Prussia sought to achieve all but one
of the following: which was NOT one of his goals?
A. expansion of Prussia's
agricultural and industrial
production
B. extending religious
toleration to all but Jews
C. breaking down the social
barriers of Prussian society
D. improvement of the state's
legal system
97. Frederick II the Great of Prussia sought to achieve all but one
of the following: which was NOT one of his goals?
A. expansion of Prussia's
agricultural and industrial
production
B. extending religious
toleration to all but Jews
C. breaking down the social
barriers of Prussian society
D. improvement of the state's
legal system
98. "He [the prince] is only the first servant of the state, so
obligated to act with fairness, wisdom, and unselfishness." So
wrote:
A. Alexander I of Russia
B. Frederick the Great of
Prussia
C. Louis XV of France
D. George III of England
101. The activities of Yemelyan Pugachev of
Russia:
A. led to the extension of
Russian territory into the
Caucasus
B. led Catherine the Great to
tighten controls on the serfs
C. reflected the influence of
the American Revolution in
Russia
D. forced Catherine to
abandon her policy of
religious toleration
101. The activities of Yemelyan Pugachev of
Russia:
A. led to the extension of
Russian territory into the
Caucasus
B. led Catherine the Great to
tighten controls on the serfs
C. reflected the influence of
the American Revolution in
Russia
D. forced Catherine to
abandon her policy of
religious toleration
102. Catherine the Great sought to accomplish
all of the following EXCEPT
A. codify laws based on
the ideas of the
Enlightenment
B. reorganize local
government
C. free the serfs
D. rule as an Enlightened
despot
103. Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained
extensive and important territories at the expense of:
A. China
B. the Ottoman Empire
C. Austria
D. Sweden
104. Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph
was the
A conquest of the
Caucasus.
B. partition of Poland.
C. annexation of Siberia.
D seizure of Silesia.
104. Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph
was the
A conquest of the
Caucasus.
B. partition of Poland.
C. annexation of Siberia.
D seizure of Silesia.
105. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French
absolutism EXCEPT the
A. political resurgence of
the nobility.
B. inattentiveness of Louis
XV.
C. rise of the middle class.
D. growth of judicial
power in the
parlements.
105. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French
absolutism EXCEPT the
A. political resurgence of
the nobility.
B. inattentiveness of Louis
XV.
C. rise of the middle class.
D. growth of judicial
power in the
parlements.
106. The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the
following EXCEPT
A. territorial expansion.
B. judicial and
bureaucratic reform.
C. economic
improvements.
D. restructuring the
Prussian social system.
107. Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II
pursued reform primarily
A. because they believed in
the Enlightenment.
B. to compete in the fierce
international system of the
European states.
C. to improve the lives of their
subjects.
D. to lessen the power of their
nobles.
107. Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II
pursued reform primarily
A. because they believed in
the Enlightenment.
B. to compete in the fierce
international system of the
European states.
C. to improve the lives of their
subjects.
D. to lessen the power of their
nobles.
108. After the Seven Years' War, Frederick II set
out to
A. punish the states that had
attacked him.
B. partition Poland with the
Russians.
C. restructure the Prussian
social system.
D. rebuild the Prussian
economy and improve the
lives of his subjects.
108. After the Seven Years' War, Frederick II set
out to
A. punish the states that had
attacked him.
B. partition Poland with the
Russians.
C. restructure the Prussian
social system.
D. rebuild the Prussian
economy and improve the
lives of his subjects.
109. Enlightenment thinkers relied on the reforming efforts of
monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A. so that individual
philosophes could claim
credit for such efforts.
B. that absolute monarchy
was a fact of political
existence.
C. the monarchs seemed to
be listening to the
philosophes.
D. the belief that the
common people were like
children in need of firm
guidance.
110. The least realized of Catherine II's
chief goals was
A. domestic reform.
B. the spread of Western
culture in Russia.
C. suppression of the
Russian nobility.
D. territorial expansion.
110. The least realized of Catherine II's
chief goals was
A. domestic reform.
B. the spread of Western
culture in Russia.
C. suppression of the
Russian nobility.
D. territorial expansion.
112. After the death of Louis XIV, the
French parlements
A. typically supported the
reform efforts of the
monarchy.
B. were undermined by the
appointment of
conservative nobles.
C. effectively challenged royal
absolutism.
D. attempted to quash the
Enlightenment.
114. The conflict between Louis XV and the Parlement of Paris
centered on the issue of
A.
B.
C.
D.
taxation.
serfdom.
political sovereignty.
judicial independence.
117. “Since my accession to the throne, I have ever been anxious to conquer
prejudices and to gain the confidence of my people. I granted toleration, and
removed the yoke which had oppressed Protestants for centuries. Tolerance is a
convincing proof of the improvement of the human mind”
The author of this quotation above was most likely a:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
German ruler who had declared for Lutheranism
Monarch devoted to the concept of absolutism
Ruler influenced by Enlightenment precepts
Sixteenth century Russian tsar
Catholic ruler in the time of the Catholic Reformation
118. Which of the following is true regarding the
salons of the 18th century?
A. They were exclusively a French phenomenon.
B. They excluded women
C. They discussed social questions as well as
literary works
D. They were held exclusively at royal courts
E. They were endorsed by traditional religious
leaders
118. Which of the following is true regarding the
salons of the 18th century?
A. They were exclusively a French phenomenon.
B. They excluded women
C. They discussed social questions as well
as literary works
D. They were held exclusively at royal courts
E. They were endorsed by traditional religious
leaders
2009
120. According to Adam Smith, the
“invisible hand” would
A. Provide checks and balances among the branches of
government
B. Convince devout men and women of the value of
religious toleration
C. Reconcile selfish individual interests with general
economic benefits
D. Guide absolute monarchs to embrace liberal
reforms
E. Cause populations to exceed available food supplies
120. According to Adam Smith, the
“invisible hand” would
A. Provide checks and balances among the branches of
government
B. Convince devout men and women of the value of
religious toleration
C. Reconcile selfish individual interests with
general economic benefits
D. Guide absolute monarchs to embrace liberal
reforms
E. Cause populations to exceed available food supplies