Transcript WHAP TP 2 Review

World History
Advanced Placement Review
Time Period Two
600-1450 C.E.
Kevin Sacerdote
Mandarin High School
Jacksonville, FL 32258
Change over Time
• Little change in gender roles, although elite
women suffered the most (veiling, footbinding)
• Long distance trade grew a great deal
• The Europeans start to emerge with world
trade by the end of the time period and
China begins to isolate themselves
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Slides based on the Ethel Wood Study Guide
Ordering information:
www.dsmarketing.com/books_worldhistory.html
(10 book minimum for orders)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
600 – 1450 C.E. Introduction
•
Change over time occurs for many
reasons, but three phenomena that tend to
cause it are:
1. Mass migrations
2. Imperial conquests
3. Cross-cultural trade and exchange
•
Widespread contact brings new goods, ideas,
and customs to all areas involved
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Major Events & Developments That
Characterized This Era
– Older belief systems become much more
important.
• Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism, &
Buddhism
– Two nomadic groups
• Bedouins and Mongols huge impact on the course
of history during this time frame
– Islam –began in the 7th century and spread
rapidly throughout Western Asia (Middle
East), N. Africa, Europe, & S.E. Asia
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Major Events & Developments That
Characterized This Era
– Islam forms and spreads rapidly throughout the
world.
– Generally, Europe was not a major civilization area
before 600 CE. By 1450, it was connected to major
trade routes and some of its kingdoms assert their
world power.
– Major empires grow in South America (Inca) and
Mesoamerica (the Maya and Aztec.)
– China had supremacy over many areas of Asia and
became one of the largest and most prosperous
empires of the time.
– Long distance trade continued to develop, and
became much more complex
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Major Shifts and Continuities
• The Islamic World
• Impacted political and economic structures.
Shaped the development of arts, sciences and
technology.
• Interregional networks and contacts
• Expansion of trade and cultural exchange.
Mongols first disrupted, then promoted longdistance trade throughout the world.
• China’s internal and external expansion
• Saw China taken over by the Mongols and then
returned to Han Chinese under the Ming
Dynasty.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Major Shifts and Continuities
– Developments in Europe
• Feudalism was developed.
• Christianity splits into two. Catholic Church in
the west and Eastern Orthodox Church in the
east. Both cases, the Church gains a great deal of
power.
– Social, cultural, economic patterns in the
Amerindian world
• Maya, Aztec, and Inca all grow into empires.
– Urbanization continues.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Islamic World
• The founding of Islam
– Founded in Mecca by Muhammad.
– Believed to be the last of the prophets.
– Followers were called Muslims.
• People who submitted to the will of Allah.
– City leaders forced Muhammad to flee Mecca in his
famous flight to the city of Yathrib
• Known as the Hijrah.
– Changed the city’s name to Medina or “city of the
Prophet”
• Called the community the “umma.” Came to refer all
Muslim believers.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Islamic Beliefs and Practices
Five Pillars of Faith
•
•
•
•
Faith – Declaration of Faith.
Prayer – Pray five times a day.
Alms – Give money to the poor.
Fasting – Fast sunup to sundown during the
month of Ramadan.
• Pilgrimage – Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least
once in their lifetime.
The Qur’an
• Most important source of religious authority.
Believed to be the actual words of Allah.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Islamic Beliefs and Practices
• Sunna
• Muhammad's life is seen as the best model for a
proper living.
• Law of the shari’a
• Body of law which regulates the family life,
moral conduct, business, and community life of
Muslims.
• In the early days, the shari’a brought a sense of
unity to all Muslims.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Reasons For The Spread of Islam
• Religious zeal
• Well-disciplined armies
• Weakness of the Byzantine and Persian
Empires
• Treatment of conquered peoples
• Forbid forced conversions.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Sunni-Shi’a Split
• Sunni
• Most Muslims accepted the Umayyads’
rule. Believe the caliph should be chosen
by leaders of the Muslim community
(majority sect)
• Shi’a
• This group believe the caliph should be a
relative of the prophet. Rejected the
Umayyads’ rule (Majority in Iran & Iraq)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Changing Status of Women
• The Patriarchal system characterized most
early civilizations
• Islamic women had rights some other
women did not have:
– Could inherit property, divorce husbands,
engage in business
– But, the Qur’an allowed men to follow
Muhammad’s example to take up to four wives,
and women could only have one husband
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Changing Status of Women
• Muslims also adopted the long-standing
custom of veiling women
– Upper class women in Mesopotamia wore
veils as early as the 13th century B.C.E. This
practice had spread to Persia and the entire
Mediterranean long before Muhammad
lived.
– As Islam spread, so to did the custom
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies
• dar al Islam: Lands ruled by Islamics
– Islam was always a missionary religion
– By the 10th century C.E, higher level schools
known as madrasas had appeared
– By the 12th century these schools were
supported by the wealthy and a flowering of
arts, sciences, and new technologies spread
throughout the Islamic world
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies
• When Persia became part of the caliphate,
the conquerors adapted much of their rich
culture:
– Literary, artistic, philosophical and scientific
traditions
– Persian became the language of literature,
poetry, history, and political theory
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies
• Islamic states in northern India also adapted
mathematics from the people they
conquered
• Hindi numerals were later called Arabic
numerals by the Europeans
– This number system also included a symbol for
zero
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies
• Muslims are credited with the origins of
algebra, and were interested in Greek
philosophy, science, and medical writings
• Ibn Khaldum (14th century Moroccan)
wrote a comprehensive history of the
world
• Nasir al-Din- studied and improved the
cosmological model of Ptolemy (al-Din’s
work was later used by Copernicus).
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Interregional Networks and Contacts
• Contacts between the Middle East (West Asia),
the Indian sub-continent, and Asia (long
distance trade) increased a great deal between
600 – 1450 C.E.
– Via the Indian Ocean and the Silk Roads
• Venice and Genoa eventually tied into this
network by way of the Mediterranean
• Trans-Saharan African trade became more
important as major civilizations began to
develop south of the
Sahara
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
African Societies & Empires
• Until about 600 C.E. most African societies
based their economies on foraging or simple
agriculture and herding
• The family was the center of political and social
life, and none had a centralized government
• The spread of Islam began to change all of this,
the unifying forces of religion and the shari’a
helped Africa to develop centralized states
• This gradual, nonviolent spread of Islam was
very conducive to trade, especially due to gold
south of the Sahara
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
West African Empires:(600 – 1450 CE)
Ghana c.a. 700’s CE
• By the 700’s the Soninke, a farming people,
created an empire called Ghana (“war chief”)
• They taxed goods traders brought through their
area (the Berbers and Arab merchants)
• They also had gold & controlled its supply /price
from the Niger River that they traded for salt from
the Sahara people
• An impressive army
• Many converted to Islam, but native religions also
remained, conquered by the Almoravids of N. Afr.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
West African Empires:(600 – 1450 CE)
Mali 13th century CE
• People south of Ghana move in and
enlarged the former empire of Ghana, it
became known as Mali
• Larger, richer and more powerful
• Gold was the base of their wealth
• Sundiata- First great ruler who inspired an
epic poem, the other was Mansa Musa of
hajj fame
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
West African Empires:(600 – 1450 CE)
Mali 13th century CE
Mansa Musa
• Famous hajj
• Gold price drops due to his journey
• Mali’s capital city, Timbuktu, became a
world center of trade, education, and
sophistication
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
East Africa :(600 – 1450 CE)
The Swahili States
• Politically independent trade cities along
Africa’s east coast, very sophisticated
• Collectively known as the Swahili, based on the
language that they spoke which was a
combination of Bantu & Arabic They were an
important link for long distance trade.
• Most were Muslims and very talented sailors
able to manipulate the Indian Ocean to India,
and other areas of the Middle East via the Red
Sea
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Crusades
(late 11th – 13th Centuries)
• By the late 13th century, the Crusades had
ended, with no permanent gains made for
Christians.
• The Crusades DID unite Europeans, and
opened up new trade routes putting them
squarely into the major trade networks of
the world.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Mongols
• Were they a great civilization, carriers of great
civilizations, or a combination of both?
• Great example of pastoralists that disrupted
trade routes
• The Rise: Temujin unified clans, and went on to
be called Chenghis (Genghis) Khan leading his
people for the next twenty-one years
– One of the most talented military minds in history
– They were finally stopped in Eurasia by the death of
Ogodai the son of Chenghis
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Two Travelers
• Marco Polo: 13th century, from Venice he
travelled East eventually meeting and
working for Kublai Khan for 17 years
(Yuan Dynasty/China)
• Ibn Battutu: 14th century, from Morocco
travelled mainly within the vast Islamic
Empires. He also wrote of his travels
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
China’s Regional Hegemony:
The ‘Golden Age’ of the
Tang & Song
• Hegemony: (Hih-gem-o-nee) Dominance
over others (political, economic, social and
cultural influence)
• Between 600 – 1450 CE it was impossible
for one empire to dominate the entire world
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Strengths of the Tang
(618 – 907 CE)
• Buddhism became fully established in China
• Received a warm welcome at first from Daoists,
as they seemed to have much in common
– They both have priests and monasteries and some
structure of an organized religion (lacking in
Confucianism)
– Both interested in spells, charms and breathing
exercises
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Tang Accomplishments
1. The Grand Canal and a maintained
system of roads, including inns, postal
stations, and stables
2. The Equal-field system of land
distribution, controlled the amount of
land powerful families could own
3. A merit-based bureaucracy (originally
developed during the Han Dynasty)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Tang Dynasty Religious Problems
• Confucian and Daoist supporters took note
of Buddhism’s growing influence, and
became jealous
– Confucianism emphasized duties owed to one’s
society, its highest value on order, hierarchy,
and obedience to superiors
– Buddhism encouraged its supporters to
withdraw from society and concentrate on
personal meditation
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Tang Dynasty Religious Problems
• Finally in the 9th Century, Confucian scholarbureaucrats conspired to convince the emperors to
take lands away from the Buddhist monasteries
through the equal-field system
• Buddhism was also attacked for encouraging
women in politics.
– Wu Zhao, a woman, seized control of the government
• Favored Buddhists and Daoists in her court system
• Some worried about “barbarians” ruining society.
Many pointed to Buddhism as evidence of foreign
evil.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Founding of the Song
• Emphasized civil administration, industry, education, and
the arts over the military.
• Never established hegemony over as much area as the
Tang because of this.
– Political disunity was a constant threat as long as the Song held
power.
• Presided over China’s “Golden Era” which was
characterized by prosperity, sophistication, and creativity.
– Expanded the government based on merit. Accepted more
candidates to bureaucratic posts than Sui and Tang.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Problems Under the Song
• Finances – Government expenses skyrocketed.
Raised taxes.
– Two major rebellions responded in protest.
• Military – Led by scholar bureaucrats with little
knowledge in leading armies.
– The Jurchens, a nomadic group with a strong military,
overran northern China and captured the Song capital.
– Southern part of the Song empire would eventually be
conquered by the Mongols. (1279 CE)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Economic Revolutions of the Tang
and Song Dynasties
•
•
•
•
Increasing agricultural production
Increasing population
Urbanization
Technological innovations
– Porcelain, iron and steel, gunpowder, movable
type, and magnetic compass.
• Financial inventions
– Paper money, “flying cash” and checks
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Neo-Confucianism
• Neo-Confucians became familiar with Buddhist
beliefs.
• Li
– A concept that defined a spiritual presence similar to
the universal spirit of Hinduism and Buddhism.
• Reconciled Confucianism with Buddhism.
• Influenced philosophical thought in many Asian
areas. i.e. China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Patriarchal Social Structures
• Elites insured the purity of their lines by
further confining women to the home.
• Foot binding became very popular.
– Women generally could not walk except with
canes.
• Indicated female subservience to their male
guardians.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Kublai Khan, The Yuan Dynasty, and
The Early Ming (1279-1450 CE)
• Kublai Khan captured the capital and set up a new
one in Beijing and named it Khanbaluk – “city of
the Khan.”
– Marco Polo described his city as the finest and richest
in all the world.
• China was unified under Kublai Khan.
• Khan clearly respected Chinese customs and
innovations.
– Kublai Khan elevated the merchants status.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Problems in the Yuan Dynasty
• Too few military to protect too many borders.
• Increased tributes and established “tax farming”
– Led to corruption.
• Gap between urban rich and the rural poor also
grew.
• Plague spread through the population.
• Confucian scholars led a revolt and established the
Ming Empire.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Early Ming Dynasty
• Zhu Yuan Zhang located the capital in
Nanjing.
– Also tried closing off trade relations with
Central Asia and the Middle East.
– Reasserted Confucian ideology.
• Turned internal.
– It was possible to do this because of the great
distance between other empires. China could be
left alone and no one can do much about it.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Korea
• 7th century Korea saw the Silla Dynasty’s king
recognize the Tang as his overlord.
– Tang forces withdrew from peninsula.
– Silla rulers retained a great deal of autonomy.
• Built a new capital modeled on the Tang capital.
– Confucian schools were founded.
– Buddhism sparked a lot of interest.
• Korea never developed a bureaucracy based on
merit.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Japan
• Chinese armies never invaded Japan.
– Even Kublai Khan’s great forces could not
overcome the straits that lie between Korea
and Japan
– Kamikaze (from Kami - "god" and kaze "wind") means 'divine wind' in Japanese. It
refers to the typhoon which saved Japan
from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Japan
• Some Chinese influence made it to Japan:
– Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese writing
characters
• But Japan also remained unique in two
ways:
• Shintoism- native religion, venerated ancestors was
not replaced by the Chinese belief systems
• The Japanese Emperor from 794-1188 was a
figurehead, families and military people had the real
power at this time not the Emperor
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Japanese Feudalism
A system of feudalism developed whereby
loyalty was the key
1. Shogun
2. Daimyos
3. Samurai (loyal) and Ronin (mercenary
type)
•
Bushido (code), and seppuku (suicide)
4. Peasants (the great Majority)
5. Merchants (last in many Asian systems)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Europe 500 – 1450 CE
• Fall of Rome 476 CE
• Fall of Constantinople 1453 CE
• Fall of Rome leads to decentralized rule in
the west
• Germanic tribes: Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
Vandals, Goths, Angles, Saxons, etc…
• Greco-Roman, Judaea-Christian (now
add Germanic influence to “W. Civ.”)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
European Feudalism
• A World lit Only by Fire, William
Manchester
• Very violent times, land equaled power
• Feudalism (political) & Manorialism
(economic)
• European feudal institutions revolved
around political and military relationships
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
European “Norman” Feudalism
1. The lord*
2. A large landowner* (provided vassals with
fiefs)
3. Knights*
4. Craftsmen
5. Serfs (backbone and majority number of
the system)
* Considered Nobles
Kevin Sacerdote
Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Christendom
• Although the Church officially remained
tied after the fall of Rome in 476, in effect
two separate churches developed:
– The Eastern Orthodox Church in the East
– The Roman Catholic Church in the West
• The schism became official in 1054 CE
with the Iconoclastic controversy.
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Byzantine Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire
• Caesaropapism – The Emperor wore two
hats: secular and religious leader
–
–
–
–
6th c. CE Justinian & Theodora
Constantinople
Built Hagia Sophia
Extended political boundaries west
(temporarily)
– Justinian’s Code-systemized Roman Law which
is still used today
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Church in the West
• Development of hierarchy (Pope, Cardinals,
Bishops, Priests)
• Development of wandering ministries
– Franciscans, and Dominicans
• Establishment of monasteries & convents
– Centers of scholarship (illumination), care for
the poor, sick, and orphaned
– Central point for Christian Communication
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Late Middle Ages 1000-1450 CE
Europe
• 500 – 1450 CE is known as the Middle Ages
• Gradual shift from manors to cities and
towns/villages; and self-sufficient manorialism
to a trade-based economy/revival of trade
• A new Agricultural Revolution
– Population increases (early) followed by the plague
(1340’s and beyond)
• A commercial revolution – long distance trade
• Establishment of guilds, charters,
universities…
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Early Russia
• Slavs & the Rus
• Viking raids and eventual assimilation
• Kiev & Novgorod
– Eastern Orthodox Church
– Feudalistic ties, Tsar (derivative of Caesar)
– Arrival of the Mongolians
• Dark Age
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Amerindian World
• Prior to 1492, the western and eastern
hemispheres had very little contact
• Between 600 – 1450 large Amerindian
empires existed just like those in Europe,
Africa, and Asia
–
–
–
–
–
The Maya (300 – 900 CE)
The Olmec (by 800 CE)
The Toltecs ( 900 CE)
The Aztecs (late 12th c. CE)
The Inca (14th &15th c. CE)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Demographic & Environmental Changes
600-1450 CE
• Civilizations spread geographically,
covering many more parts of the world
than previously.
• It was also a time of great migrations of
people that had a wide impact on the
peoples in the settled areas (This is
Cultural diffusion rather than parallel
invention)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Demographic & Environmental Changes
600-1450 CE
Arabs
• Middle East, Northern Africa, Southern Europe
• Spread of Islam
Vikings
• From Normandy, to Mediterranean areas to Russia
– Looting and raiding
– Vikings founded the city of Dublin, Ireland
– Led to the development of European feudalism
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Demographic & Environmental Changes
600-1450 CE
Turks
• Originally Indo-Europeans
– Seljuk Turks: invaded the Byzantine Empire
– Ottoman Turks: Captured Constantinople
(1453)
– Turks also invaded India (Delhi Sultanate)
and brought Islam with them with great
force that it is still felt today
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Demographic & Environmental Changes
600-1450 CE
Mongols
• Brutal, but were carriers of many
civilizations
• Provided the stage for international
contact
– East China to Wien (Vienna), Russia to
Persia
• Established order, “Pax Mongolica”
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Demographic & Environmental
Changes 600-1450 CE
Bantu-Speaking People
• The Bantu Migration during this period took
place in Africa
• Originally lived south of the Sahara, in the
vicinity of modern day Nigeria (West Africa)
– The desert was spreading south and the area was
getting overcrowded, hence the move to the south by
south east direction within Africa through a variety
of climatic zones
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Bantu Migration
The Bantu ("the people") migration spread
through sub-Saharan Africa (Africa south of the
Sahara Desert), over some 2,000 years. The
Bantu, a linguistically related group of about 60
million people living in equatorial and southern
Africa, probably originated in West Africa,
migrating downward gradually into southern
Africa. This migration was one of the largest in
human history
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Bantu Migration
2000 BCE - 500 CE
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Plague
• Originated in SW China, where it had been
incubating for centuries
• Long distance trade allowed it to eventually
spread quickly during the 14th c CE
– Decline in population in China hurt the Yuan
Dynasty
– European population dropped by 25%-33% in
most areas
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
The Plague
• In Egypt, population levels did not recover
to pre-plague days until the 1800’s
• Labor shortages opened opportunities for
many
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Environmental Changes
600 – 1450 CE
• NOT a period of massive environmental
changes
• Population growth soared, some
deforestation was noticed
• Population density grew especially in
Central America
• Urbanization continued (especially in the
Tang & Song Dynasties, and Europe)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Change over Time
• Characterized by modification, rather than
innovation (exception was in the Tang and
Song dynasties)
• Nomadic groups reached their peak of
influence on the course of world history
• The impact of the major migrations has
never been matched (Arabic, Viking,
Mongol and Turks)
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL
Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High
Jacksonville, FL