Transcript document

YEARS BEFORE 1914
“INTERNATIONAL ANARCHY”
NATIONS PURSUED POLICIES
WITHOUT REGARD FOR THE
WISHES AND INTERESTS OF
THEIR NEIGHBORS
BRITAIN BELIEVED THEY WERE ENTITLED TO
ANYTHING
MILITARISM
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
DEPENDED ON A STRONG ARMY
AND NAVY
ALLIANCES WERE FORMED
THE BALANCE OF POWER HAD
CHANGED IN EUROPE BECAUSE
OF THE UNIFICATION OF
GERMANY AND ITALY
BISMARK’S AIM IN
FOREIGN POLICY:
TO MAKE GERMANY THE
MOST POWERFUL
NATION IN EUROPE
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA FORMED A
DUAL ALLIANCE
1879 ITALY JOINS THE
ALLIANCE EVEN THOUGH
AUSTRIA HAD BEEN THEIR
ENEMY
1888 BISMARCK IS OUT
WILHELM II REVERSES POLICIES
TOWARDS BRITAIN AND FRANCE
GERMANY BEGINS NAVAL
EXPANSION
GERMANY WANTS TO BE THE
LEADER OF EUROPE
FEELING ISOLATED, FRANCE
SEEKS AN ALLY
RUSSIA NEEDS MONEY
FRANCE IS WILLING TO LOAN MONEY
IN ORDER TO WIN FRIENDS
France becomes allies with
Russia
French isolation was broken
BRITAIN’S NAVAL SUPREMECY WAS
THREATENED SO THEY REACHED
AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE
ENTENTE: A FRIENDLY
UNDERSTANING
BRITAIN AND RUSSIA SETTLE
DIFFERENCES OVER SPHERES OF
INFLUENCE IN PERSIA AND CHINA
ITALY HAD A SECRET AGREEMENT
WITH EVERY SIDE
THE BALKANS POWDER KEG
SERBIA WISHED TO BE THE CENTER OF A
LARGE SLAVIC STATE
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WERE
UNDER AUSTRIAN CONTROL
CONGRESS OF BERLIN HAD
MADE THEM PROTECTORATES
OF AUSTRIA
SERBIA WANTED THEM FOR
THEIR SLAVIC STATE
RUSSIA SUPPORTED SERBIA’S
NATIONALISTIC GOALS
ONE CAUSE OF WWI
PAN-SLAVISM
THE SPARK THAT CAUSES
THE WAR
JUNE 28, 1914
The Arch-Duke and His Wife
Members of the Black Hand
On their way to the motorcade
footprints where the assassin,
Gavrilo Princip, stood
to start World War I by shooting
Archduke Ferdinand
(June 27, 1914)
Princip is captured
The successful assassin,
Gavrilo Princip
The Arch-Duke and his
THE PRIME MINISTER OF SERBIA HAD
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE PLOT
AUSTRIA WAS DETERMINED TO
PUNISH SERBIA
GERMANY OFFERED AUSTRIA THEIR
SUPPORT
SERBIA WAS ISSUED AN ULTIMATUM
GIVE UP
PANSLAVISM
OR ELSE
NEVE
R
A SECOND CAUSE FOR WAR!
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARES WAR
ON SERBIA
July 28, 1914
I DECLARE
WAR ON YOU
RUSSIA MOBILIZES TROOPS
ALONG THE RUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN
BORDER
RUSSIA ALSO SENT TROOPS TO THE
GERMAN BORDER
GERMANY DEMANDED THAT RUSSIA
CANCEL THEIR MOBILIZATION OR
FACE WAR
OR
RUSSIA REFUSES SO GERMANY
DECLARES WAR
YOU’RE GOING
DOWN RUSSIA!
TWO DAYS LATER GERMANY
DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE
You’re next
France!
BRITAIN WANTED TO REMAIN
NEUTRAL THROUGH ALL OF THIS
GERMANY
FRANCE
BRITAIN DEMANDED BELGIAN
NEUTRALITY
GERMANY THOUGHT BRITAIN
WAS BLUFFING
GERMANY INVADES BELGIUM TO
GET TO FRANCE
WHY DID GERMANY DECLARE WAR ON
TWO COUNTRIES AT THE SAME TIME?
THE VON SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
GERMANY’S PLAN TO AVOID A 2FRONT WAR
 ATTACK FRANCE THROUGH
BELGIUM
PLAN HAD TO BE ABANDONED
BECAUSE OF BRITISH ENTRANCE TO
WAR
•STALLS GERMAN FORCES
•GERMANY NOW HAS TO OPEN A
WESTERN AND EASTERN FRONT
OTHER PARTICIPANTS
DECLARED WAR ON
GERMANY
VIEWED GERMANY
AS AN AGRESSORTRIPLE ALLIANCE
WAS FOR
DEFENSE
ENTERED THE WAR
ALLIED TO
GERMANY
BECAME PART OF THE
CENTRAL POWERS
A NEW KIND OF WAR
TRENCH WARFARE
NO MAN’S LAND
AUTOMATIC MACHINE GUNS
TANKS
U-BOATS
PLANES
POISONOUS GAS
IN THE TRENCHES
No smiling and relaxed faces…
No clean uniforms…
Their equipment is scattered
everywhere…
Boredom and sleep are
obvious…
The soldiers had very
little decent food,
and what food they
had was often
attacked by rats.
These rats were the
size of small rabbits
and badgers because
they had fed on the
decomposing bodies
of dead soldiers.
HIDE YOUR EYES!!!
HEAVY CASUALTIES
WHY SUCH DEATH AND
DESTRUCTION?
PLANES
German ace Manfrod von Ritchthofen
ARTILLERY
• BIG AND POWERFUL! The Artillery was a
method of ground fire. It shot at Trenches
and buildings.
TANK
• The Tank was a huge vehicle that was
very useful in shooting down and breaking
through different types of terrain. However
like most things there was negatives
things like it was very warm and loud
inside and you could not last anymore
than about 30 – 40 minutes before passing
out.
MACHINE GUN
• The machine gun was a good way of
shooting aircraft down and firing at a quick
rate.
U- BOATS
• U- Boats were used by Germans and
played a key role in sinking many of the
enemy ships. Most famously it sunk the
Lusitania in 1915. It was heavily armed
with torpedoes that sunk ships in minutes.
THE BATTLES
BATTLE OF THE MARNE
SEPT.5-12, 1914
GERMAN’S GET TO THE MARNE
RIVER. THE FRENCH COUNTER
ATTACK. THIS ENDS A PLAN OF A
SWIFT VICTORY BY THE GERMANS
In fact, the Germans had deep dugouts for
their men and all they had to do when the
bombardment started was to move these men
into the relative safety of the deep dugouts.
When the bombardment stopped, the
Germans would have known that this would
have been the signal for an infantry advance.
They moved from the safety of their dugouts
and manned their machine guns to face the
British and French.
Verdun, France
The Battle of Verdun is considered the
deadliest and longest battle in history, and a
complete military disaster.
Strategically, there is no reason for such
horrific losses, both countries (France &
Germany) kept battling literally for the sake
of fighting.
Battle of Verdun
• Verdun is a
village 137 miles
east of Paris,
serving no
strategic
importance:
winning it would
not have helped
Germany gain an
advantage; losing
it would not have
been a tragedy
for the French.
BATTLE OF VERDUN LASTED 6
MONTHS- FEB.1916
STALEMATE
LOSSES: GERMANY: 330,000
FRANCE:350,000
Battle of Verdun 700,000 dead
153 dead, wounded, or missing every hour of
every day for over 300 days.
32 million shells fired during the Battle of Verdun
German remains at Battle of Verdun
BATTLE AT THE SOMME
RIVER
1916
THE SOMME RIVER IS IN
NORTHERN FRANCE
The Battle of the Somme started on
July 1st 1916. It lasted until
November 1916.
By the end of the battle of the Somme,
the British Army had suffered 420,000
casualties, the French lost 200,000
soldiers and the Germans lost almost
500,000 soldiers during the Battle of
the Somme.
60,000 British
soldiers died on
the first day of
the battle alone.
This was the
worst day of
fighting in
British history.
Battle of the Somme Fatalities
500,000,
44%
420,000,
38%
British Fatalities
French Fatalities
German Fatalities
200,000,
18%
SOMME RIVER TODAY
BATTLE AT TANNENBURG
AUGUST 26-30,1916
TODAY IT WOULD BE POLAND
THE SITE WAS ONCE EAST PRUSSIA.
RUSSIAN CASUALTIES 30,000
GERMAN CASUALTIES 13,000
100,000 RUSSIANS TAKEN PRISONER
• The Battle of Tannenburg
was Russia’s worst defeat in
World War One. In fact, the
Russian army never fully
recovered from the battle at
Tannenburg.
BATTLE AT GALLIPOLI
• ALLIES INVADED THE GALLIPOLI
PENINSULA. THE TURKISH ARMY PUT
UP STRONG RESISTANCE AND THE
ALLIES WERE UNABLE TO TAKE THE
AREA.
• IN JANUARY OF 1916 AFTER 10
MONTHS OF FIGHTING AND MORE
THAN 200,000 CASUALTIES THE ALLIES
WITHDREW.
AT GALLIPOLI THE ALLIES SENT
TROOPS FROM INDIA, BRITAIN,
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALND
GALLIPOLI
BATTLE OF THE MARNE
• In what began as the last major
German offensive of the First World
War, the Second Battle of the Marne
developed into a significant Allied
victory.
• The battle took place from July 15 to August
5, 1918, in the final year of the war.
WHY THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR
UNITED STATES WOULD NOT
TOLERATE THIS
• A note sent in 1917 from the German
Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to
his ambassador in Mexico, giving details
of an alliance against America; it was
intercepted and published, gathering US
public support for war against Germany.
• Sent through a transatlantic cable on
January 19, 1917, the Zimmerman
Telegram said that Germany would be
resuming its policy of Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare.
• If Mexico would join in a war against
the US, they would be rewarded with
money and land in New Mexico,
Texas, and Arizona.
• On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked
Congress to declare war on Germany.
On April 6, 1917, Congress voted,
bringing the United States into the
Great War.
Wilson’s Foreign Policy



Haunted by the Civil
War of his childhood,
he was obsessed with
establishing a new
world order.
He believed that the
United States should
promote democracy
around the world in
order to insure peace.
He was against
imperialism and
wanted foreign policy
decisions to be based
on “sheer honesty and
even unselfishness.
The Fourteen Points
Based on “the principle of justice to all peoples
and nationalities”
 The first five points:

–
–
–
–
–

Free trade
Disarmament
Freedom of the seas
Open diplomacy
Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
The next eight points:
– Addressed the right of self-determination

The fourteenth point: League of Nations
THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR
Ruins of Vaux
Lives Destroyed
LAND AND BUILDINGS DESTROYED
By the war's end, each side had dug at least 12,000 miles of
trenches.
The Treaty of Versailles
Wilson’s ideas did not coincide with the
interests of Allied government
 They criticized his plan as too lenient
toward Germany
 The treaty discarded many of Wilson’s
ideas

Germany Blamed
Germany was stripped of an army
 Germany was made to pay reparations
($33 billion)
 They could not pay that
 The “war guilt” clause

Empires Fall

The Russian Empire
– Bolshevik Revolution

The Ottoman Empire
– Lost territory in the war
– Fell to revolution in 1922
The German Empire
 Austria-Hungary Empire

– Nine new countries were established in Europe from
this empire
– Yugoslavia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
–