Transcript Estates General

Revolutions 2/12/13
http://students.resa.net/milewski
• OBJECTIVE: Examine “Death in the Morning”.
• I. Administrative Stuff
-Attendance
• II. CONNECTIONS
-questions on episode#2 “Death in the Morning”
• III. Homework due Friday 2/15/13
1.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.484
2.) Read Chapter#19 section#2 p. 484-489
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489
*Pick 4 questions of your choice
Revolutions 2/13/13
http://mrmilewski.com
• OBJECTIVE: Examine the Old Regime & the
beginnings of the French Revolution.
• I. Journal#22 pt.A
-Examine the Chart on p.481
-Answer questions (1-2) p.481
• II. Return of Chapter#18 Test
• III. Journal#22 pt.B
-notes on the French Revolution
• IV. Homework due Friday 2/15/13
1.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.484
2.) Read Chapter#19 section#2 p. 484-489
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489
*Pick 4 questions of your choice
The French Economic Crisis
• The corrupt governments of Louis,
XIV, XV, & XVI had racked up a
huge debt, and caused an
economic crisis.
• Louis XVI was weak and
indecisive, but he made a wise
decision in choosing Jacques
Necker to be his financial advisor.
• He advised the king to cut
spending and tax the 1st & 2nd
estates.
• The nobles were outraged and
forced the King to dismiss Necker.
• As the crisis got worse, the nobles
pressured the king to summon the
Estates General.
http://www.swisscastles.ch/vaud/coppet/coppetphoto/JaNecker.JPG
Estates General
• The Estates General was similar
to Parliament in England, but it
never gained the same amount of
power.
• The body was more advisory
than governing.
• The Estates General called by
Louis XVI was the first one to
met for 175 years.
• The reasons why the King didn’t
call them was because they were
afraid that the throne could
possibly lose some of the
absolute power it had.
• Reform minded nobles sought to
use the Estates General in 1789
to protect their privileged status,
establish a Constitution, and
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ouverture_des_États_généraux_de_1789_à_Versailles.jpg
make the king a limited monarch.
Estates General
om/images/-/Jan-Bulthuis/Opening-of-the-Estates-General-at-Versailles-5th-May-1789-Giclee-Print-C12067230.jpeg
• In May 1789, the Estates General
met at Versailles.
• The estates brought their list of
grievances (cahiers) to the
meeting.
• Among the demands were fairer
taxes, freedom of the press, and
regular meetings of the Estates
General.
• From the beginning, the Estates
General was at an impasse over
voting.
• Traditionally each estate met
separately and voted as a group.
This allowed the 1st & 2nd estate
to out vote the 3rd estate 2 to 1.
• The 3rd estate wanted to meet
together.
National Assembly
http://sourcebook.fsc.edu/history/tenniscourtoath.jpg
• The 3rd estate took a bold step
after weeks of stalemate.
• They formed the National
Assembly, invited members of the
other estates to join them in
drawing up a constitution.
• A few reform minded clergy &
nobles joined them.
• The National Assembly found
themselves locked out of their
meeting place.
• On June 20, 1789, they met on the
tennis court and took the famous
“Tennis Court Oath” in which
they vowed not to disband until
they had written a constitution.
Problems Continue
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/bastille_c%20copy1.jpg
• As the financial crisis
worsened, the King brought
back Necker in early July.
• Food shortages got worse as
the full effect of the poor
harvest of 1788 were felt.
• On July 14, 1789, 800
Parisians assembled outside the
Bastille & demanded weapons
& gunpowder because it was
rumored that royal troops were
going to occupy the capital.
• The commander of the Bastille
refused and ordered the troops
to open fire on the crowd.
Bastille Day
http://www.sophiesdiary.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/bastille-2.gif
• After many people were
killed, the mob was able to
break through the defenses,
kill the commander, 5
guards, and released some
prisoners, but they found
no weapons.
• When Louis XVI found
out, he asked “Is this a
revolt?” A noble replied,
“No sire, it is a
revolution.”
• This was seen as a major
step against tyranny and is
celebrated as a national
holiday in France (July
14th)
Famine
http://revolution-francaise.net/images/reichardt/15.jpg
• As the political crisis grew,
the food shortage grew
worse.
• Starving peasants from the
countryside flocked to cities
were they joined the growing
ranks of the unemployed.
• Those with jobs had to spend
up to 80% of their income on
bread.
• Rumors of bands of starving
peasants terrorizing
townspeople and stories of
troops seizing crops led to
what became known as the
“Great Fear”
Marquis de Lafayette
• Peasant attacks on nobles and riots
in Paris led to the creation of the
National Guard.
• The head of this mostly middle
class militia that was organized in
response to the arrival of royal
troops in Paris was headed by the
aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette.
• He was seen as a hero of the 2nd &
3rd estates.
• He had fought side by side with
George Washington in the
American Revolution.
• As a more radical group, the Paris
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marquis_de_Lafayette_3.jpg/492px-Marquis_de_Lafayette_3.jpg
Commune replaced the royalist city
government whole neighborhoods
could be mobilized for protests or
violent actions.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• The uprisings and the storming
of the Bastille forced the
National Assembly to act.
• On August 4, 1789, the nobles
voted to end their special
privileges (manor dues, hunting,
special legal status, & tax
exempt status).
• In late August, the assembly
issued the Declaration of the
Rights of Man.
• It was the first step to writing a
constitution and was based on
the American Declaration of
Independence.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg
Revolutions 2/14/13
http://mrmilewski.com
• OBJECTIVE: Examine the women of the French
Revolution.
• I. Journal#23pt.A
-Examine the pictures on p.486 & 487
-Answer the caption questions p.486 & 487
• II. Journal#23pt.B
-notes on the women of the French Revolution
• III. Homework due TOMORROW!
1.) Read Chapter#19 section#1 p.480-484
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.484
2.) Read Chapter#19 section#2 p. 484-489
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.489
*Pick 4 questions of your choice
BREAD!!!!
• King Louis XVI
reluctantly accepted the
reforms of the National
Assembly. Which
included, “Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity”
Freedom of Religion, and
a tax system based on the
ability to pay.
• But, as the nobles enjoyed
elaborate feasts, the
peasants starved.
• By the fall, anger had
grown into action.
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/2200503/2/istockphoto_2200503_french_bread_top_view.jpg
CAKE!!!
http://www.cakesetcetera.com/images/main_cake.jpg
• Women from Paris marched the 12
miles from Paris to Versailles in a
driving rain storm.
• Once to Versailles they refused to
leave until they met with the king.
• Much of the crowds anger was
directed at the queen.
• Marie Antoinette was the
Hapsburg empress of Austria.
• She married Louis XVI and was
heavily criticized for her lavish
spending.
• Even though she had encouraged
her husband to compromise with
moderate reformers, she was still
hated.
Marie Antoinette
• When at the beginning of
the revolution it was
printed that she was
rumored to have said in
reference to the starving
people who were
concerned about bread
prices, “Let them eat
cake.” this made people
hate her even more.
• The king did meet with
the women who marched
on Versailles.
• He reluctantly went back
to Paris with them along
with his family.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/7/71/20060807092917!MarieAntoinette1769-70.jpg
The King in Paris
• The King, his wife, and his son moved back to Paris and
lived in the palace in the city.
• For the next 3 years he was a virtual prisoner in his own
capital.
• The National Assembly (mostly Bourgeoisie) also
followed the king to Paris.
• The Assembly worked to draft a Constitution
• The Assembly put the Catholic Church under state
control and began to sell off its assets.
• The clergy became elected state employees and ended
papal authority over the French Church.
• The reaction was swift. The clergy rejected the
Constitution and so did the peasants. The pope
condemned it.
• When the government began to punish the clergy, the
peasants revolted.
Louis XVI Failed Attempt
http://www.lesfrancs.com/img/louisxvi.jpg
• Following the king’s failed
attempt to flee the capital,
threats from other European
monarch’s were issued against
France.
• European monarchs were
fearful of Enlightenment ideas
threatening their own lives of
privilege.
• Deceleration of Pilnitz – Marie
Antoinette’s brother, and king
of Prussia & Austria threatened
to intervene to protect the
French monarchy.
• The French revolutionaries
took this seriously & prepared
for war.
October 1791
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/0/0f/250px-Assignat_de_15_sols.jpg
• The newly elected legislature took
office, but would last less than a
year.
• The Assignats, the revolutionary
currency fell in value causing
inflation.
• This caused people to hoard and
the food shortage worsened.
• The legislature was seated the
following way. From right to left:
those on the right felt reform had
gone far enough & even wanted to
turn the clock back to 1788.
• Those in the middle were the
moderates.
• Those to the left wanted further
social change like the abolishment
of the monarchy (the Jacobins).
French Political Spectrum
• Right – Conservatives
• Middle – Moderates
• Left – Liberals
http://www1.freewebs.com/ssjchokobo/06_french_revolution.jpg
European Political Spectrum Today
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b7/500px-European-political-spectrum.png
Revolutions 2/15/13
http://mrmilewski.com
• OBJECTIVE: Examine the beginnings of the Radical Days of the
French Revolution.
• I. Journal#24pt.A
-Examine the picture on p.492
-Answer the caption question on p.492
• II. Journal#24pt.B
-notes on the Radical Days of the French Revolution
• III. Homework due Friday 3/1/13
1.) Read Chapter#19 section#3 p.490-494
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.494
2.) Read Chapter#19 section#4 p. 494-498
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.498
3.) Read Chapter#19 section#5 p.498-503
-Answer questions (1-6)* p.503
4.) Chapter#19 Review
*Pick 4 questions of your choice
The Left Takes Control
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/
• In April 1792, the war of
words between the European
monarchs and France resulted
in war.
• The left wanted to destroy
tyranny (monarchy) not just in
France but across Europe.
• The Legislative Assembly
declared war on Austria,
Prussia, Britain, and others.
• The European powers expected
an easy victory over France
which was divided by the
revolution, but the war that
begins in 1792 doesn’t end
until 1815.
The Jacobins
http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/csl1077l.jpg
• The Jacobins tried to erase
all traces of the old order.
• They renamed streets,
squares, buildings, etc.
• In 1793, the Jacobins led
France into the bloodiest
phase of the revolution.
• The French troops were
getting decimated by well
trained Prussian forces.
• The military elite (the
Royalists) deserted the army
and joined those in France
who were trying restore the
king to power (the Émigrés).
The French Republic
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• The revolutionaries believed
the king was helping the
foreign armies.
• They also blamed those from
the former 1st & 2nd estates that
were being held in prisons on
political charges.
• On August 10, 1792, a group
of Parisians invaded the king
mansion, the Tuileries.
• The King fled to the National
Assembly.
• A month later, they over ran
the prisons where nobles &
clergy were being held on
political charges and killed
them along with many
common criminals.
French Republic
http://www.historyguide.org/images/jan21_1793.jpg
• Backed by crowds of
Parisians, the radicals
took control of the
National Assemble.
• They called for a new
election where all men
could vote, not just
property owing males.
• The new body, the
National Convention, met
in September 1792.
• They abolished the
monarchy & made France
a republic.
Guillotine
•
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/f/f5/Guillotine_model_1792.jpg
In August 1788 France’s
High Executioner CharlesHenri Sanson, while
attempting to execute a
prisoner by breaking on the
wheel, was assaulted by a
mob who freed the prisoner
and destroyed and burned
the wheel. Sensing the
growing discontent Louis
XVI banned the use of the
wheel.[3] In 1791 as the
French Revolution
progressed, the National
Assembly (at the suggestion
of Assembly member Dr.
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin)
sought a new method to be
used on all condemned
people regardless of class.
The King on Trial
http://www.pitt.edu/~med12/Louis%20XVI%20Execution.JPG
• The National Convention
put Louis XVI on trial as
a traitor in December
1792.
• He was convicted by one
vote & put to death.
• In January 1793, he was
beheaded.
• In October 1793, Marie
Antoinette was also
beheaded.
• Their son Louis XVII
died of unknown causes.
1793
ters.com/images/pic/MEPOD/10083421~Louis-XVII-Titular-King-of-France-1793-1795-Son-of-Louis-XVI-Posteres.jpg
• The National Convention
was in trouble. France
was at war with:
–
–
–
–
–
Britain
The Netherlands
Spain
Prussia
Vendee (region of western
France were the royalists &
priests led the peasants
against the gov’t)
• The sans-culottes
(demanded food and
relief from rising prices)
• The National Convention
was divided between the
Jacobins & the Girondins.
Committee of Public Safety
http://napoleonbonaparte.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/blog-portrait-robespierre.jpg
• To deal with the problems the
Convention created the 12 member
Committee of Public Safety.
• They had almost absolute power
and were charged with preserving
the revolution.
• Many young French marched off to
defend the republic.
• Young officers developed new
battle tactics to win engagements
with the better trained, but smaller
forces.
• Soon, French armies had taken the
Netherlands, and invaded Italy.
• Maximilien Robespierre, rose to the
head of the Committee and battled
counterrevolutionaries at home.
Committee of Public Safety
http://napoleonbonaparte.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/blog-portrait-robespierre.jpg
• Maximilien Robespierre, rose to the
head of the Committee and battled
counterrevolutionaries at home.
• He was a big fan of Rousseau & the
concept of the General Will.
• He believed the only way to
achieve liberty was through terror.
• He was the leader of the “Reign of
Terror” which lasted from July
1793- July1794.
• 40,000 were killed
• 15% clergy & nobles
• 15% middle class
• 70% sans culottes & peasants.
• Many were executed & many were
cased of mistaken identity.
Fall of the Reign of Terror
• After a year of bloodshed & fearing for their own
lives, the National Convention turned on the
members of the Committee of Public Safety.
• Once the leader of the reign fell from power, the
executions slowed.
• In reaction to the reign of terror, a third
constitution was written.
• It set up a five man directory & a two house
legislature elected by property owing males.
• The directory ruled from 1795 – 1799.
• It was weak and corrupt
• To solve the problem they turned to the military
hero Napoleon.
Revolutions 2/20/13
http://mrmilewski.com
• OBJECTIVE: Examine the rise of Napoleon.
• I. Journal#25pt.A
-Examine the picture on p.495
-Answer the caption question on p.495
• II. Journal#25pt.B
-notes on Napoleon
• III. Homework due Friday 3/1/13
1.) Read Chapter#19 section#3 p.490-494
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.494
2.) Read Chapter#19 section#4 p. 494-498
-Answer questions (1-7)* p.498
3.) Read Chapter#19 section#5 p.498-503
-Answer questions (1-6)* p.503
4.) Chapter#19 Review
*Pick 4 questions of your choice
Age of Napoleon
• 1799 - Young army officer
Napoleon won control of the
government.
• 1804 – He won enough
power to declare himself
emperor
• He issued Napoleonic Code.
• He attacked his neighbors &
extended France all the way
to Russia.
http://www.britishbattles.com/waterloo/images/napoleon-600.jpg
Who was Napoleon?
http://www.beagoodbuzz.com/files/images/corsica-overview.gif
• He was born in Corsica the
French controlled island.
• His family were minor nobles,
but they had little money.
• Before the beginning his
autopsy on the body of
Napoleon, Antommarchi
measured it. It came to 1.686
meters (you can thank the
French National Assembly for
the metric system)
• At age 9 he was sent to France
to train for a military career.
• When the Revolution broke out
he was 20.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/Napoleon_Bonaparte_young_officer.jpg
• He rose to power quickly in
the army during the
Revolution.
• In December 1793, he
drove the Brits out of Tulon
• (FYI, on this day in 1792,
King Louis XVI was put on
trial).
• Then he defeated the
Austrians & captured most
of Northern Italy.
• He went to Egypt in 1798.
Napoleon didn’t like it (got
defeated)
His plan to take over the world.
http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/napoleon8.jpg
• Military success fed his ambition & in
1799 he went from victorious general
(minus Egypt) to political leader.
• In 1799, he helped overthrow the weak
Directory and establish a three man
Directory (Caesar).
• Another Constitution was written.
• In 1802, Napoleon was named Consul
for life.
• In 1804, Napoleon took the title of
Emperor.
• During his crowning at Notre Dame,
he took the crown out of the Pope’s
hands and placed it on his own head.
Absolute Power
• At each step along the
way to absolute power, he
held votes to see if the
French people supported
him.
• The questions was always
YES or NO on each
plebiscite.
• Each time the French
overwhelmingly
supported him.
http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/Images/Glossary/Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpeg
Why did the French support Napoleon?
• Modernized finances
• Controlled prices
• Encouraged the building
of new industry
• Built infrastructure
• Built schools under strict
government control to
train military officers.
• Made peace with the
Catholic Church (old 1st
estate)
• Restoration of order
welcomed.
• He was very popular.
http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/Napoleon_Bonapartes_portrait.jpg
As General
http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Gifs/napoleon.gif
• Napoleon moved quickly with
his large armies.
• He never ran the same play
twice.
• He annexed (took) the
Netherlands, Belgium, and
parts of Italy & Germany.
• He abolished the Holy Roman
Empire & created the 38
member Confederation of the
Rhine under French protection.
• Translation – “Do something I
don’t like, and a French army
will show up in your
neighborhood.”
• He cut Prussia in half & forced
other European nations to sign
alliances with him.
• He made his brother the King
of Spain.
Napoleonic Code
http://www.emersonkent.com/images/napoleonic_code.gif
• Contained Enlightenment
ideas like equality,
religious tolerance, &
advancement on merit.
• But, women were treated
as minors in the new legal
system.
• Men in control satisfied
Napoleon’s call for order.
Empire 1804-1814
• Napoleon divorced his wife Josephine &
married a Hapsburg princess.
• The British were the only ones that had
escaped French control.
• The British beat France on the seas &
blockaded French ports.
• The Americans wound up fighting the
British in the War of 1812.