Transcript chapters 24 -25 class notes

Modernism and intellectual issues
at the end of the Victorian period
Marty Robinson

Causes:
The Crimean War (1853-1856)
– Continuing Expansion of Russia into Black Sea
• 1828: Gained Armenia
• 1829: Got Black Sea Coast of Caucasus and mouth of Danube
– Religious Tension: Russia claimed to be the protector of
Christians in the Ottoman Empire
• Upset when Turks gave France authority over Religious shrines

Events:
– 1853: Russians, under Nicholas I, invade Moldavia and
Wallachia
• Turks declare WAR
– 1854: Britain and France declare War on Russia
• Austria and Prussia remain neutral
• Britain and France intervene because of fear of Russian expansion
into greater Europe
– 1855: March- Nicholas I dies
• Battle of Sevastopol- Russians are conquered by the British and
French
• Alexander II, seeks peace

Peace Settlement
– Treaty of Paris (1856) :
• Russians acknowledge neutrality of the Black Sea and Danube
• Revokes its claim to be the protector of the Christians
Italian Unification: The Planning

1848 and its Aftermath
– Roman Republic established in 1848 by Giuseppe Mazzini
and Garibaldi
– Failed after Napoleon III sent in troops in 1848
– Divided Italy into 3 Regions
• Kingdom of Two Sicilies in the South
• Papal States in the Center
• Small Austrian States in the North
– Also included independent Sardinia Piedmont

Piedmont and Camillo Cavour
– Piedmont kept its liberal constitution, Statuo of 1848
– Cavour became Prime Minister under King Victor Emanuel
II in 1852: his goal was to unite North and South Italy in a
liberal constitutional monarchy, under Victor
– Cavour modernized Piedmont through financial and
industrial reforms
– To get on France’s good side, he sent 10,000 troops to
help France. Gave aid to Italian National Society
– 1858: Secret Meeting and Plombieres: Cavour and
Napoleon III made a deal: France’s aid in a Revolution for
France getting Nice and Savoy in the Peace Settlement
Italian Unification: The Events

April 1859: Austro-Sardinian War
– Piedmont forces win decisive battles early on
– Napoleon gets nervous about the reaction of Catholics and goes
back on his deal with Cavour

Peace of Villafranca (1859)
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–
–
–

Austria cedes Lombardy to Piedmont
Keeps Venetia
Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romanga unite with Piedmont in 1859
Napoleon gets Nice and Savoy anyway
Problems with the South and Center
– Garibaldi (the old Revolutionary) and the Red Shirts conquer Sicily
and Naples
– Cavour fears the radical republican government proposed by
Garibaldi and takes Rome
– Garibaldi agrees to cede the Sicilies to Piedmont

The Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emanuel II as King
– Proclaimed March 17, 1861; Creates a Liberal Constitution
– After the Seven Week’s War(1866), Italy got Venetia
– After the Franco-German War in 1870, they got Rome

Problems of Unification
– North(Industrial) and South(Agricultural) Economies are
incompatible
– Clerics in the Vatican oppose unification; retreat to Vatican City
– Too many political parties
– Tranformismo-bribes, favors “transform” opponents into friends
German Unification: The Planning

1848 and Its Aftermath
– German Confederation was dominated by Austria, which was
dominated by Metternich
– Burschenshaften created a system of repression by Austria

Bismarck and Prussia
– Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898), was a Prussian Junker who
became Premier Minister of Prussia under William I
– Opposed parliamentary government, but wanted a
constitutional monarchy- “blood and iron”
– Landtag, Prussian parliament, opposed new taxes, but
Bismarck collected them anyway and reformed the Army

Schleswig-Holstein Affair (1864)
– Danish King ruled both provinces, annexed Schleswig in
1863
– Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, defeated the Danish
– Convention of Gastein (1865) Prussia occupied Schleswig
and Austria occupied Holstein

Bismarck Builds Alliances
– 1863- Supports Russia in suppressing a Polish Revolt
– October 1865- Secret meeting with Napoleon III- agrees to
stay neutral in an Austro-Prussian Conflict
– 1866- Secret Treaty with Italy- in Return for Italian Aid, they
would get Venetia

German Unification: The Events
Seven Weeks War (1866)
– Prussia accused Austria of violating the Convention of Gastein
– Defeats Austria at Konniggratz
– Treaty of Prague (1866): Austria loses Venetia to France,
Hapsburgs are excluded from German affairs, Prussia gains
Schleswig-Holstein, Some Northern states are annexed

Problems with the North German Confederation
– Established by Prussia in 1867
– Catholic Liberals from the South give in to Bismarck after he
grants Universal Manhood Suffrage

Other Foreign Issues
– Hohenzollern Conflict: 1868- Spain offers crown to Leopold, a
relative of William I
• French are upset; meet with William, who agrees to withdraw Leopold
• 1870: French ambassador meets with William I at EMS. Telegram is
intercepted and released

The Franco German War (1870-1871)
– EMS telegram causes Napoleon III to declare War on Prussia
– Battle of Sedan (1870) Prussia defeats French and kidnaps
Napoleon
– September 1, 1870- Because of the Treaty of Prague, rest of
German Confederation joins with Germany
– May 10, 1870- Treaty of Frankfurt ends the War
• French give up Alsace and Lorraine and have to pay 5 billion francs
France: The Third Republic

Napoleon III: The Liberal Empire
– By late 1860’s Napoleon relaxed press censorship and allowed
labor unions
– 1870’s he allowed a liberal constitution
– BUT he had foreign problems:
• Supported a disastrous military regime in Mexico in 1866
• Franco-Prussian War in 1870 led to the end of the empire
• Napoleon was kidnapped and then allowed to go to England,
where he died in 1873.

Paris Commune
– Radicals proclaimed a new government after Sedan
– 1871-Monarchists won a majority in the National Assembly
– In response, Radicals overthrew the government and
proclaimed the Paris Commune
• Marxists declared it a proletarian revolution
– May 1871 Adolphe Thiers leads troops into the city and
overthrows the commune, killing 20,000

Third Republic
– Loyalty in the National assembly was divided between
monarchists who supported the House of Orleans and House
of Bourbons
– 1875- came to a stalemate; decided to regularize the political
system instead:
• Chamber of Deputies elected by Universal Male Suffrage
• Senate indirectly elected
• President elected by the two houses
Problems of the Third Republic


Because no party held a majority, had to form coalition
cabinets
1880’s: Government established Secular schools, and
expelled the Jesuits
– Upset the Catholic Church Clergy


1905-Catholic Church formally ended the Concordat of
1801, officially separating Church and State.
1889: Georges Boulanger tried to do a coup d’etat, but
failed.
– Monarchists lost support

Dreyfus Affair
– Army court marshaled Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, for
spying
– In 1896the head of the French Intelligence, Picquard, accused
another officer, who was acquitted.
– Picquard also revealed that the documents of evidence were
forged
– Was really a political conflict of anti-semitism.
– Emile Zola wrote a famous newspaper article, J’Accuse,
accusing the government of conspiracy
– Public outrage led the president to pardon Dreyfus
Victorian Reforms in Great Britain

Under Benjamin Disraeli in 1867-1868
– Conservative; wanted to pass a reform bill before the liberals
could
– Reform Bill of 1867
• Franchise given to Urban Workers
• Some redistribution in he House of Commons

Under William Gladstone (1868-1874)
– “Great Ministry” of Gladstone
– Major Reforms
• 1870: Civil Service reform: examinations required
• Education Bill of 1870: financial support to non-religious and
religious schools
• 1871: Unions legalized
• Ballot Act of 1872: Australian or “secret” ballot
– Economic policy remained laissez-faire

Disraeli Returns: 1874-1880
– “TORY DEMOCRACY” Program to benefit working class
– Major Reforms
•
•
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•
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Factory Act regulated work hours
Public Health Act gave state power in urban sanitation
Artisans Dwelling Act- slum clearance and housing construction
Legalized picketing by Unions
Gladstone Returns 1884-1886
– REFORM BILL OF 1884: franchise to farm workers
Foreign Problems and More Reforms

The Irish Problem
– Since 1801, Ireland was ruled by Great Britain
– Irish Catholics in the House of Commons wanted Home Rule;
opposed by the Ulsters in N. Ireland
– Gladstone tried to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893, but it failed
– 1914: Home Rule passed
• Protestants in Ulster organize a militia
• Irish nationals also organize a militia

Socialism in Great Britain
– Labor Unions join with Fabian Society in 1900 to form Labor Party
– Fabian Society
• Formed in 1883; Leaders were Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George
Bernard Shaw, and HG Wells
• Gradual approach to Socialism ,eventually public ownership of the
means of production and distribution
• Labor Party won 29 seats in 1906; continued to grow

More Liberal Liberals
– Led by PMs Henry Campbell-Bannernam and Herbert Asquith
– Major Reforms
• 1906: Workmen’s Compensation Act- aid to workers injured on the job
• 1909: Old Age Pensions Act- pensions for low-income citizens over 70
• Parliamentary Act of 1911:
– House of Lords could not refuse to pass a money bill if Commons passed it
3X
– Higher income taxes for the wealthy and increased inheritance taxes
• 1911- Salaries to the House of Commons
• 1911: National Insurance Act-
Russia under Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Domestic Reforms
 Emancipation of Serfs
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Emancipation Edict of 1861
Serfs got some land, which landowners were compensated for
Ex-Serfs, Peasants, had to pay redemption dues for 49 years
Land was inadequate, and discontent continued
 Rural Zemstovs1864
 Authorized to levy local taxes, establish and operate schools and
orphanages, build and maintain roads, and promote health
 Elected under Three-Tier Voting System: Landowners, Townspeople,
Peasants
 Rich were over represented
 Municipal Dumas- 1870
 Like Rural Zemstovs, except in cities and towns
 Judicial Reforms- 1864
 Equality before the Law
 New Court System
 Trial By Jury and Public Trial
 Military Reforms 1874
 Universal requirement to be drafted
 Draft term reduced from 29 to 6 years


Foreign Affairs
 1863: Revolution in Poland- crushed by Russia with Prussian support
(Bismark)
 Got Manchuria and North Persia and Afghanistan
Agitation and Revolt
 Populism expanded
Alexander III (1881-1894)


Autocrat
Secret Police
– Vyacheslav Plehve was head
– Used Censorship and Crushed Revolutions

Religious
– Increased Control over Education
– Russification of minorities and Poles increased
– Economic and Social Restrictions on Jews
• Pogroms, Riots, started
Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Spread the Industrial Revolution
– Industry under Sergei Witte
• Put Russia on Gold Standard
• Started Construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad: Moscow to
Vladisvostok
– Agriculture continued to be backward

Socialism
– Marxists organized the Russian Social Democratic Party under
Piekhanov
– Split into Two Parties:
• Mensheviks- moderate
• Bolsheviks- revolutionary under Lenin
Nicholas II: Discontent

Revolution of 1905
– Bloody Sunday (Jan 1905)- troops fired on a peaceful
demonstration in St. Petersburg
– Nicholas issued the October Manifesto: Promised Constitution,
Civil Liberties, and the Duma
– Nicholas wrote Fundamental Laws- a “constitution”
•
•
•
•

Tsar had control over financial and foreign affairs
Could Dissolve Duma and Rule without it when it wasn’t in Session
Cabinet Ministers were responsible to the Tsar, not the Duma
Conservative Upper House, The Council of State, had to pass Duma
Laws
Political Parties:
– Socialists: Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, and Social Revolutionaries
– Middle Class Liberals: Octobrists and Cadets (who wanted more
reforms)

Duma
– First elected in 1906, and dissolved as soon as it opposed
Nicholas
– Second Duma in 1907
• Agrarian Reform Act 1906- allowed peasant to gain title to their land
• Dissolved
– Third Duma: 1907-1912
• New electoral laws increased conservative representation
• No further reforms, discontent eventually led to the 1917 revolution

Personal Problems
– Listened to his German Wife, Alexandra, to the point where she
Themes of the Second Industrial
Revolution

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Rapid Expansion
Emphasis on Steel, Chemicals, Electricity,
and Oil
Made Possible by the Railroad
Mass Production of Consumer Goods
changed work and leisure patterns
Required Financial Capital, Infrastucture,
Capital Equipment
Second Industrial Revolution

Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer system to
produce steel in mass quantities
– By 1913, GB, France, Belgium, and Germany produced 32M
tons

Solway process of Alkali production
– Allowed the recovery of more chemical by-products
– Used to make fabric dyes and laundry soap

Science began to be used in the making of consumer
goods
 Electrical energy replaced coal
– Plants could be built anywhere
– 1881- First Power plant in Great Britain

Automobile invented in 1886 by Gottlieb Daimler
– Produced first significant demand for oil.

Communication technology greatly increases
– 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
– 1895-Wireless telegraphy
The New Middle Class

Middle Class, not aristocracy, became the arbiter
of consumer tastes
 Middle Class re-divided into three groups:
– Most prosperous- owners and managers of businesses
and banks
• Krupp family of Germany
– Middle Middle Class
• Small entrepenuers and professionals- shopkeepers,
schoolteachers, librarians
• Had private homes, furniture, pianos, pictures, books,
journals, education, and vacations
– Petit Bourgeoisie
• “White collar” workers- secretaries, retail clerks, lowerlevel beaurocrats
• Spent much of their income on stylish clothing and
furniture


Urban Life and Housing Reforms
About 50% of the population in Western Europe lived in
cities
LED TO REDISIGN
– Paris 1853-1870
•
•
•
•
Led by George Haussman, commissioned by Napoleon III
Broad Boulevards, parks, and new buildings
Subway construction began in 1895
Eiffel Tower built in 1889
– Suburbs
• Middle class built apartments and houses outside of the city
• Separated Work and Home

Sanitation Issues
– Science led to the discovery that Cholera was caused by poor
hygiene
– Books linked the issues of bad living conditions and public
health
– Led to the Creation of Sewer systems
– Also led to legislation that allowed Government to condemn
unsafe areas
• Public Health Act of 1848 (GB)
• Melun Act of 1851 (FR)

Housing Reform

Ante-Bellum
Women’s
Issues
Problems
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Couldn’t Own Property
Laws required women to “give obedience” to their husbands
Divorce was hard to get, especially by a woman
Women had less education, could not attend college
Partial Progress
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1882 Married Women’s Property Act- allowed women to own property
After 1857 Divorce allowed in Great Britain
After 1884, Divorce made legal in France
University of Zurich admitted women in 1860s
Cambridge and Oxford- women weren’t allowed to earn degrees until
the 1920’s
New Jobs
– School teaching became a women’s job
– Typewriters and telephone receptions, secretaries, clerks and shop
assistants
– Women still earned far less than men, and few married women worked

Cult of Domesticity
– Woman symbolized her husband’s worldly success
– Married Women were expected to do charity work and pray
– Home was to be a “refuge” for the husband

Political Feminism
– Great Britain- Millicent Fawcett founded the National Union
– Emmeline Prankhurst was much more radical, led the Women’s Social
and Political Union
– France- Hubertine Auclert organized the National Council of French
women
– Germany- 1894- Union of German Women’s Organizations
– Women could only vote in Norway (1907)
Modernism: intellectual and artist

Before 1870: Reason, science, rational,
universe, optimism and progress
 With second IR higher living standard,
material good, consumption, urban
improvement, mass education, higher income
BUT
 New view, a transformation that appealed to
the irrational, alternative views of human
nature, radically innovative forms of literary
and artistic expression, shattered old beliefs,
challenged the physical universe run by
nature laws
Intellectual Modernism

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
– Developed doctrine of Positivism
– Said that humanity had passed through two stages of civilization,
the religious and metaphysical and was entering the positive
– God would be rejected in this stage
– Father of Sociology

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
– On the Origin of Species (1859) stated the theory of natural
selection-”survival of the fittest”
– The Descent of Man (1871) applied evolution to humans

Social Darwinism
– Thomas Huxley (1825-1895)- strong supporter of Darwin’s theory,
attacked everyone who questioned it
– Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
• Synthetic Philosophy applied natural selection to life and society,
supported laissez-faire

Racism
– Count Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882)- asserted the superiority
of the Aryan race
– Houston Stuart Chamberlin (1855-1927)
• Denounced Jews, saying that they tainted the pure white blood
Religious Modernism

Rejection of Jesus and the Bible
– David Friedrich Strauss wrote Life of Jesus (1836)
rejected the divinity of Jesus
– Ernest Renan wrote Life of Jesus (1863) rejected that
Jesus had performed miracles or been raised from the
dead

Reactions of the Church
– Protestants split into fundamentalist and liberal camps
– Jews split into Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform
– Roman Catholic Reaction
• Pope Pius IX
– Syllabus of Errors condemned materialism, liberalism,
freedom of speech, secular education and civil marriage
– Called the First Vatican Council in 1870-proclaimed papal
infallibility
• Pope Leo XIII
– Advocated social and economic reform
– Accepted evolution as a scientific theory
– Opposed socialism, thought employers should take care of

Scientific Modernism
Atoms and Electrons
– John Dalton- chemical elements were distinguished by their
atomic weight
– Dmitri Mendeleyev (1834-1907) published the periodic table
– Joseph Thompson and Hendrik Lorentz showed atoms are
composed of electrons
– Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) devised the atomic theory, that
electrons revolve around the nucleus

Radiation
– Wilhelm von Roentgen discovered X-Rays (1895)
– Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered Radium (1898)

Max Planck (1858-1947)
– Quantum Theory- atoms absorb and release energy as quanta
– Uncertainty Principle- impossible to know both the speed and
location of a particle

Albert Einstein
– Theory of Relativity- space and time are relative
– E=mc^2: small mass could produce a lot of energy (basis for
atomic theory) matter is energy
Psychological Modernism

Arthur Schopenhauer
– The World as Will and Idea- driving force in humans is
the will to survive

Friedrich Nietzsche
– The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Thus Spake Zarathustra
(1883), Beyond Good and Evil (1886)
– Will provides man with meaning
– Denounced Christianity because of its “slave morality”
– Superman

Ivan Pavlov
– Behaviourism- conditioned reflexes

Sigmund Freud
– Importance of dreams and the unconscious mind
– Behavior is controlled by unconscious drives
– Developed Psychoanalysis and Dream analyzation

Artistic Modernism
Impressionism
– Immediate sense impressions of reality
– Manet, Degas, Sisley, Monet, Renoir

Post-Impressionism
– Showed the expressive possibilities of form and color
– Cezanne, Gaughin, van Gogh

Fauvism
– Bold and discordant colors: Henri Matisse

Cubism
– Applied geometric approach to the portrayal of the human
figure: Picasso
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Sculpture
– Rodin introduced impressionism into sculpture: The Thinker
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Musical Romanticism
– Tchaikovsky

Musical Nationalism
– Influenced by local folk music
– Dvorak (czech), Grieg(Norway), Sibelius (Finland)

Dissonance
– Igor Stravinsky- ballets Petrushka, The Rite of Spring
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Attonality
– Arnold Schoenberg used 12 tone scale.
Imperialism
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Motives:
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Created new markets for goods
Safe sources of raw materials
Higher profit from investments
Tax revenues
Place for the growing population to go
Social Darwinism- help the uncivilized
Nationalism
New Army and Navy Ports
Deflect Public Interest from Domestic Issues
Great Britain
– Old Colonies and their troubles
• Canada- greater self government after The British North America
Act of 1867
• Cape Colony- Boer conflict. Great Trek (1835-1837), Boers
established the Orange Free State and Transvaal
• India- Great Mutiny in 1857 led to direct British control over India
• China- Opium War of 1842, annexed Hong Kong and opened 16
ports
– Expansion
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Egypt- 1875- Disraeli bought 44% of Suez Canal
Protectorate over Egypt in 1882
South Africa- Boer War of 1899-1902, GB united all of South Africa
Asia- 1907- Russians withdrew from Afghanistan
1884-New Guinea partitioned
1891- Borneo partitioned
Suez Canal
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In 1854 the Egyptian government allowed
a French company to build a canal across
the Suez isthmus.
Egypt was given over half the shares in
the venture
Construction began in 1858
101 miles long
Built mostly by forced labor of poor
Egyptians
Completed in 1869
In an effort to get out of financial ruin, the Egyptian government sold
its shares of the canal to Britain in 1875.
By 1882, Britain took control over the administration of Egypt and
Sudan.
Berlin Conference

Otto von Bismarck, Imperial Chancellor of the
German Empire, convened the conference in 1884
to peacefully divide up Africa.
 13 nations of Europe plus the United States were
invited to participate in the talks.
 No African nations were invited
 France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal
were the main European power brokers.
 The United States played a role, but its interests
were in the Pacific realm, not Africa.
Congo Free State
 The treaties gave King Leopold II of
Belgium personal control over the lands in
the Congo River valley
 Leopold announced that he would end the
slave trade in the region
 Stanley met with local leaders and signed
treaties on behalf of the Belgian king
West Africa

Several of the colonies in the region
began as lands owned by a private British
firm, for example the Gold Coast and
Nigeria
 Sierra Leone was a refuge for former
slaves after Britain banned the slave trade
in 1807
 Ruled indirectly through local leaders
Portuguese
British
French
French in west Africa
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

Colonies were ruled directly and linked with the
government in Paris
Assimilated upper class Africans in French
culture and language
Difficult at first to acquire wealth from the region
because it was either desert without any natural
resources or covered with dense forest that was
difficult to gain access
South Africa

In 1652 the Dutch East India Company
established a settlement near Cape Town
to provide supplies for passing ships.
 Within a few decades there were also
German and French settlers. They
established farms and later were called
Boers (Dutch for farmer).
 The Dutch East India Company imported
slaves and expanded their territory inland.

Several African groups inhabited Southern
Africa
 Many wars were fought between European
settlers and Africans over territory
through the 18th century
 The British seized the region from Dutch
control in 1795
 British settlers clashed with the Boers
especially over slavery, which the British
outlawed in 1833

Approximately 12,000 Boer frontier
farmers, known as the Voortrekkers,
migrated northeast to escape British
authority
 The Boers fought several battles against
various local groups, especially the Zulus
 They set up three colonies known as
Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal

Boers called themselves Afrikaners and
did not see themselves as European. They
were not subjects of the British crown and
did not want to come under British
control.
 Warfare between the British and
Afrikaners was caused by British
expansion into Boer territory and
Afrikaner fear of British domination.
 The Great Boer War lasted from 18991902.
Cecil Rhodes
British statesman Cecil Rhodes (18531902) helped secure British
dominance of southern Africa.
Rhodes arrived in the Cape Colony in
1870 and by 1890 he controlled the
region’s diamond production. His
company, De Beers Mining
Company, eventually controlled 90%
of the world’s diamond production.
Rhodesia
Carving up

Africa was “carved up” in the following fashion:
– French West Africa
– British East and Southern Africa
– Belgians Congo/Central Africa
– Portuguese colonies in West & Southern Africa
– Germans one colony per region

France
Imperialism Continued
– African expansion:
• 1881-Tunisia, protectorate over Morocco, Senegal Guinea, Ivory
Coast, Madagascar
– Asian Expansion
• Indochina. In 1896 Britain and France established Siam as a buffer
state

Germany
– 1884-Togoland and Cameroons, Southwest Africa
– 1885-German East Africa

Belgium
– 1884-1885: Berlin Conference gave Congo Free State to Leopold
II

Italy
– Tried to get Ethiopa, but failed in 1896

Portugal/Spain
– Guinea and Mozambique

Conflicts
– FASHODA CRISIS (ANGLO-FRENCH IN SUDAN)
• 1898: No war, French yields Sudan to GB
– SINO-JAPANESE WAR
• 1895: Japan wins, but Russia, Germany, and France intervene,
forcing the Japanese to accept Korean independence and lease out
Manchuria
– RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
• 1904-Japan attacks Russian forces because of their continued
expansion into Manchuria
• 1905-Treaty of Portsmouth-Russia retains influence over Manchuria,
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Europe Before WW1 Tensions
Germany’s Bismarck was the peace-maker
1872- Bismarck starts the Three Emperors Leaugue
– Germany, Austria, and Russia form the Dreikaiserbund
– They pledge to uphold the status quo

Bismarck as a Peacemaker in the Russo-Turkish War
– Events of the War
• 1876: Revolution in Bulgaria vs. Ottomans results in massacre
• 1877:Serbia and Montenegro respond by declaring war on the
Ottoman Empire
• 1877: Russians go to war with the Ottomans, as slavic protector
– Treaties
• 1878: Treaty of San Stefano
– Established the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Rumunia
– Large autonomy to Bulgaria, under Russian domination
– Turks give Caucasus land to Russia
• 1878: Congress of Berlin- Result of Tensions btwn Russia and GB
– Bismarck is the “honest broker”
– New Treaty confirmed the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and
Rumunia, and the Russian land gains
– The size of Bulgaria was reduced
– Turks would still have control of Macedonia
– Austria controlled Bosnia and Herzegovnia
– Great Britain controlled Cyprus


1897: Austro-Russian tensions lead to a formal dual
alliance and a Reinsurance treaty between Russia and Ger
1882: Italy joins the alliance secretly
After Bismarck: The Road to WW1

1890: Bismarck Dismissed
– Emperor William II wanted to expand Germany
– 1890: William II doesn’t renew the Re-insurance Treaty

New Alliances form
– 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance
– 1904: Entente Cordial:
• France supported British dominance in Europe
• Britain supported French dominance in Morocco
– 1902: French-Italian Alliance
• Italy promises to help France in Morocco in exchange for
influence in North Africa

1905: First Moroccan Crisis
– Events of the War
• 1905: William II went to Tangier and spoke in support of Moroccan
independence
– 1906: Algeciras Conference
• Germans could garner support from nobody but Austria

Strengthening of New Alliances
– 1907: Anglo-Russian Entente
•
•
•
•
Recognized Russian influence in North Persia
Recognized British Influence in South Persia
Russia to withdraw from Afghanistan
Tibet to remain neutral
– Triple Entente established






Escalation of Conflict
1908-1909:Bosnian Crisis
– Austria and Russia sign Buchlau agreement
• Russian support of Austrian Dominance of Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Austrian support of use of Russian Crisis
– 1908: Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, humiliating Russia
1911: Second Moroccan Crisis
– 1911: Germans send Panther to Moroccan port
– 1912: British respond by sending their won warships into the region
1911-1912: Italo-Turkish War
– Italy defeats the Turks and takes control of Libya
1912-1913: First Balkan War
– 1912: Balkan League( Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece)
defeat the Turks
– 1913: Treaty of London
• Ottoman Empire loses all European territory
• Albania created to halt Serbian expansion
1913: Second Balkan War
– Balkan League declare war against Bulgaria, forcing it to cede land to
Serbia
THE SPARK
– June 28, 1914: Slavic Nationalist assassinates Austrian Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his wife
– War is declared: Triple Entente vs. Austria, Germany, and Italy.
World War 1 (1914-1918)
•
1914-1917: War in the West
• August 4, 1914: Germany starts Schlieffen plan and invades
Belgium
• Battle of the Marne: French stop Germans
• 1916: Battle of Verdun-no advance (GR offensive)
• 1916: Battle of the Somme: Tanks first used; stalemate (BR/FR
offensive)
•
1914-1917: War in the East
• Germans advance against Russia easily
• 1917: Germans have reached Rumunia, Russia agrees to settle
• 1917: TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
• Russia gives up all German gains
•
The USA enters the War
• Britain defeats Germany at Sea
• 1916: Battle of Jutland- only time Germany uses its navy
• Submarine Warfare
• 1915: U-Boat sinks Lusitania killing 139 Americans
• 1917: Germany renews warfare, sinks laconia
• Zimmerman telegram urges Mexico to go to War with US
• USA declares War on Germant
•
Germany Falls
• 1918: Battle of the Bulge- Allied forces push through into
Germany

Treaty of Versailles
Germany surrenders to Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
– Open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, a reduction
of armaments, self-determination for the German, AustroHungarian, and Ottoman people, and League of Nations
– France wants reparations
– Italy wants land

Treaty of Versailles
– Rhineland would be occupied for 15 years by allies
– Alsace and Lorraine would be governed by League of Nations
for 15 years
• France would get all the Saar coal
–
–
–
–
–
–
Poland created from much of Eastern Germany
Article 231: Guilt Clause
Germany lost all its colonies
League of Nations was created, US and USSR not members
1919: Treaty of St. Germain reduced size of Austria
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Rumunia expanded and
creqted
Russian Revolution

1917: March Revolution
– War-weariness, food shortages, high inflation, and a
corrupt government cause a rash of strikes in St.
Petersburg
– Troops join the protestors, and Nicholas II abdicates

Provisional Government
– Duma becomes head of Government, led by Geoge Lvov
and Alexander Karensky
– Meanwhile Lenina and the Bolsheviks gain strength

November Revolution
– Red Guard seized strategic locations in St. Petersburg
– Lenin declared new government

Bolshevik Government
– Separate Church and State
– Organize secret police force
– Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1919-1920: Civil War
– Red Army easily defeats anti-Communist White Party