Transcript 1 - Cloudfront.net

STANDARD(S):
11.4 Students trace the rise of the United
States to its role as a world power in the
twentieth century.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Identify the long-term causes and the immediate
circumstances that led to World War I.
2. Describe the first two years of the war.
3. Summarize U.S. public opinion about the war.
4. Explain why the United States entered the war.
Section 1
World War I Begins
As World War I intensifies, the United States is
forced to abandon its neutrality.
NEXT
SECTION
1
World War I Begins
Causes of World War I
Nationalism
• Nationalism—devotion to interests, culture of
one’s nation
• Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism
between nations
• Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe
• Various ethnic groups resent domination, want
independence
• Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples
Continued . . .
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NATIONALISM
 Often nationalism led
to rivalries and conflicts
between nations
 Additionally, various
ethnic groups resented
domination by others
and wanted
independence
 Russia and AustriaHungary disagreed over
the treatment of Serbs in
central Europe
Germany was allied with
Austria-Hungary while
Russia, France and Britain
were partners
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite the
war in Europe?
– Nationalism –
• encouraged competitiveness and antagonism
among nations;
• made various ethnic groups want to establish
independent nations of their own.
Chapter 11 Section 1
• A – How did nationalism and imperialism
lead to conflict in Europe?
– Nationalism and imperialism encouraged
each European nation to pursue its own
interests and compete for power.
SECTION
1
World War I Begins
Causes of World War I
Imperialism
• Germany industrializes, competes with France,
Britain for colonies
Continued . . .
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IMPERIALISM
 For many centuries,
European nations built
empires
 Colonies supplied European
nations with raw materials and
provided markets for
manufactured goods
 As Germany industrialized it
competed directly with France
and Britain
 Major European countries
also competed for land in
Africa
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
– Imperialism –
• Encouraged competiveness and
antagonism among nations
SECTION
1
continued
Causes of World War I
Militarism
• Cost of building, defending empires leads to more
military spending
• Militarism—development of armed forces, their use
in diplomacy
• By 1890, Germany has strongest army on European
continent
- competes with Britain for sea power
- leads other powers to join naval arms race
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MILITARISM
 Empires had to be defended and
European nations increased
military spending enormously in
the late 19th and early 20th century
 By 1890 the strongest nation
militarily in Europe was Germany
 Germany had a strong army and
built up a navy to rival England’s
fleet
 France, Italy, Japan and the
United States quickly joined in the
naval buildup
Battleships were being stockpiled by European
nations, Japan and America in the late 19th and
early 20th century
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
– Militarism –
• Led to military build-ups and a naval arms
race.
SECTION
1
An Assassination Leads to War
Alliances Complicate Conflict
• Balkan Peninsula known as “the powder keg of
Europe” because:
- ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples
- leading powers have economic, political interests
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria shot by
Serbian nationalist
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects
short war
• Alliance system pulls one nation after another
into war
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THE ASSASSINATION
Gavrilo
Princip
THE SPARK: AN ASSASSINATION
 The Balkan region was considered
“the powder keg of Europe” due to
competing interests in the area
 Russia wanted access to the
Mediterranean Sea
 Germany wanted a rail link to the
Ottoman Empire
 Austria-Hungary, which had taken
control of Bosnia in 1878, accused
Serbia of subverting its rule over
Bosnia
The Archduke is assassinated in
Sarajevo in June 1914
 Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian
throne was gunned down by a Serbia
radical igniting a diplomatic crisis
SECTION
1
continued
Causes of World War I
Alliance System
• Triple Entente or Allies—France, Britain, Russia
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are
Central Powers
• Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip
balance of power
NEXT
x
ALLIANCE SYSTEM
 By 1907 there were two
major defense alliances in
Europe
TRIPLE ENTENTE
 The Triple Entente, later
known as the Allies,
consisted of France, Britain,
and Russia
FRANCE
BRITAIN
RUSSIA
The Triple Alliance, later
known as the Central
Powers, consisted of
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy (Soon joined by the
Ottoman Empire
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
– Alliances –
• Committed nations to support one another
if attacked.
x
Domino Effect
CAUSES OF THE WAR
Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the
First World War
MILITARISM – The growth of nationalism and imperialism led
to increased military spending
ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two
armed camps
IMPERIALISM – Economic and political control over weaker
nations
NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation
• B – Why were so many European nations
pulled into the conflict?
– The alliance system pulled one nation after
another into the conflict.
Guided Reading:
• How did the following help to ignite
the war in Europe?
– Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
–
• Led to Austria-Hungary to declare war on
Serbia,
• Which automatically brought nations
involved in the alliance system.
SECTION
1
The Fighting Starts
Early Battles
• Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia, defeat
France, then Russia
• German troops sweep through Belgium, cause
major refugee crisis
• By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches
cross France
• “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud
between opposing trenches
• Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
• Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in
bloody trench warfare
NEXT
THE FIGHTING BEGINS
 The Alliance system pulled one
nation after another into the conflict
– The Great War had begun
 On August 3, 1914, Germany
invaded Belgium, following a
strategy known as the Schlieffen
Plan
 This plan called for a quick strike
through Belgium to Paris, France
Next, Germany would attack
Russia
 The plan was designed to prevent
a two-front war for Germany
The Schliefflen Plan
THE WAR BECOMES A STALEMATE
 Unable to save Belgium, the Allies
retreated to the Marne River in France
where they halted the German
advance in September of 1914
 Both sides dug in for a long siege
 By the spring of 1915, two parallel
systems of deep trenches crossed
France from Belgium to Switzerland
 There were 3 types of trenches;
front line, support, and reserve
 Between enemy trenches was “no
man’s land” – an area pockmarked
with shell craters and filled with
barbed wire
British soldiers standing in mud
German Soldiers
The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from
the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with
the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in
such a harsh environment.
FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME
 During the First Battle of the
Somme - which began July 1, 1916
and lasted until mid-November –
the British suffered 60,000
casualties the first day
 Final casualties for the First
Battle of the Somme totaled 1.2
million, yet only 7 miles of ground
was gained
Gas attacks were common
features of trench life and often
caused blindness and lung
disease
 This bloody trench warfare, in
which armies fought for mere
yards of ground, lasted for three
years
13-25
TRENCH
WARFARE
• Fighting in
long
interconnecte
d Fox-holes/
ditches
TRENCH WARFARE
• All quiet on the western front.
Trench Foot- is a fungal infection caused by standing in cold, wet,
and unsanitary trench conditions. It is a severe condition if the
skin is blackened and the underlying bone is dead. that severe of
45
a condition could result in the need of amputation.
Trench Fever which is caused by Lice Excrement is a disease which soldiers
got that had the symptoms of the following; headaches, skin rashes, inflamed
eyes, and leg pains. The recovery time was usually between five days to
several weeks with hospitalization.
Trench Fever
• C – Why do you think soldiers were
rotated in the trenches?
– To maintain their morale by changing their
surroundings periodically.
SECTION
1
Americans Question Neutrality
Divided Loyalties
• Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people against
U.S. in war
• Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on
country of birth
• Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
democracy, legal system
• U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies than
with Central Powers
NEXT
AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY
 In 1914, most Americans saw no
reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles
away – they wanted neutrality
 Some simply did not want their
sons to experience the horror of
warfare
 German-Americans supported
Germany in World War I
 However, many American felt close
to the British because of a shared
ancestry and language
 Most importantly, American
economic interests were far stronger
with the Allies
French propaganda poster portrayed
the Germans as inhuman and impacted
American attitudes toward the Germans
Guided Reading:
• Why did the following groups of Americans
tend to oppose US participation in the
war?
– Naturalized citizens –
• Had close ties to their home nations.
– Socialists –
• Saw the war as an imperialist struggle
– Pacifists –
• Believed that all wars are evil
– Parents –
• Didn’t want their sons to experience the horrors of
warfare and to die.
• D – Why did the United States begin to
favor Britain and France?
– The US favored France and Britain because it
traded extensively with them,
– and because Germany had been the
aggressor.
SECTION
1
The War Hits Home
The U.S. Prepares
• By 1917, U.S. has mobilized for war against
Central Powers to:
- ensure Allied repayment of debts
- prevent Germans threat to U.S. shipping
Continued . . .
NEXT
SECTION
1
The War Hits Home
The British Blockade
• British blockade, mine North Sea, stop war
supplies reaching Germany
- also stop food, fertilizer
• U. S. merchant ships seldom reach Germany
• Germany has difficulty importing food, fertilizer;
by 1917, famine
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE WAR HITS HOME
 During the first two years
of the war, America was
providing (selling) the allied
forces dynamite, cannon
powder, submarines, copper
wire and tubing and other
war material
 Both the Germans and
British imposed naval
blockades on each other
German U-boat 1919
 The Germans used U-boats
(submarines) to prevent
shipments to the North
Atlantic
 Any ship found in the
waters around Britain would
be sunk
SECTION
1
continued
The War Hits Home
German U-Boat Response
• Germany sets up U-boat counterblockade of Britain
• U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128 Americans
among the dead
- U.S. public opinion turns against Germany
• President Wilson protests, but Germany continues
to sink ships
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food
blockade
- otherwise will renew unrestricted submarine war
NEXT
THE LUSITANIA DISASTER
 United States involvement in
World War I was hastened by the
Lusitania disaster
 The Lusitania was a British
passenger liner that carried 1,198
persons on a fateful trip on May 7,
1915
 A German U-boat sank the British
passenger liner killing all aboard
including 128 American tourists
 The Germans claimed the ship
was carrying Allied ammunition
 Americans were outraged and
public opinion turned against
Germany and the Central Powers
May 7, 1915
The N.Y. Times reports on the Lusitania
• E – How did the German U-boat campaign
affect U.S. Public opinion?
– Because the U-bout campaign killed
Americans and destroyed American property
– It turned public opinion against Germany.
SECTION
1
continued
The War Hits Home
The 1916 Election
• Democrat Wilson defeats Republican Charles
Evans Hughes
NEXT
1916 ELECTION
 The November 1916 election
pitted incumbent Democrat
Woodrow Wilson vs.
Republican candidate Supreme
Court justice Charles Evans
Hughes
 Wilson won a close election
using the slogan, “He kept us
out of war”
 That slogan would prove
ironic because within a few
months the United States
Wilson would be embroiled in World
War I
SECTION
1
The United States Declares War
German Provocation
• Wilson tries to mediate, calls for “a peace
between equals”
• Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in
British waters
• Zimmerman note—proposes alliance of
Germany, Mexico against U.S.
• Four unarmed American merchant ships sunk
• Russian monarchy replaced with representative
government
- war of democracies against monarchies
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AMERICA EDGES CLOSER TO WAR
Several factors came together to
bring the U.S. into the war;
1) Germany ignored Wilson’s
plea for peace
(Zimmerman note)
Encoded message from Germany
to Mexico
2) The Zimmerman Note, a
telegram from the German foreign
minister to the German
Ambassador in Mexico, proposed
an alliance
 Germany promised Mexico a
return of their “lost territory” in
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
3) Next came the sinking of four
unarmed U.S. merchant ships by
German subs
Zimmerman
note
intercepted by
a British agent
and decoded
SECTION
1
The United States Declares War
America Acts
• Wilson calls for war to make world “safe for
democracy”
NEXT
AMERICA DECLARES WAR
 A light drizzle fell on
Washington on April 2, 1917,
as senators, representatives,
ambassadors, members of the
Supreme Court, and other
guests crowded into the
Capital building to hear Wilson
deliver his declaration of war
 Wilson said, “The world
must be safe for democracy”
 Congress passed the
resolution a few days later
• What did the following nations do to
encourage US participation in the war?
– Britain –
• Cut the transatlantic cable between Germany and the
US.
• Took out large loans from American Banks.
– Germany –
• Engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Promised Mexico American territory.
– Russia –
• Overthrew the Czar and established a representative
govt.
• F – Why did the Zimmermann note alarm
the U.S. government?
– It raised the possibility of spreading the war
into the Americas.