Transcript World War I

World War I
1914-1918
Red Text - CHAPTER 18
World War I and
the Russian Revolution
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Section 5:
Setting the Stage for War
World War I: A New Kind
of War
The Russian Revolution
The Terms of Peace
Creating a “New” Europe
2
Setting the Stage for War
Section 1:
Objectives:
• Explain why rivalries increased among
European nations.
• Identify the military alliances that existed
at the beginning of World War I and
explain how they changed by late 1915.
• Explain why the Balkans were a “powder
keg.”
Long term causes of WWI
M.A.I.N. •
•
•
•
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Militarism
• European nations
built large armies.
• Europe became an
armed camp as
countries began to
mobilize (prepare
for war).
• The only way for
European nations to
settle disputes was
war.
Militarism
The naval strength of the powers in 1914
Country
Personnel
Large
Naval Vessels
(Dreadn
oughts)
Tonnage
Russia
54,000
4
328,000
France
68,000
10
731,000
Britain
209,000
29
2,205,000
331,000
43
3,264,000
Germany
79,000
17
1,019,000
AustriaHungary
16,000
4
249,000
95,000
21
1,268,000
TOTAL
TOTAL
(Source: Ferguson 1999, p. 85)
• England’s status
as the number
one naval power
was being
challenged by
Germany.
The Alliance System
• In order to maintain a Balance of Power
Europe became divided into two camps.
The Sides
• The Triple Entente:
– France
– Russia
– England
• The Triple Alliance
– Germany
– Austria-Hungary
– Ottoman Empire
Imperialism
• Competition for colonies and
trade led to rivalry and tension
among European countries.
Nationalism
• Ultra Nationalism
• Europeans
supported their
governments even
if it meant war.
• France wanted
revenge against
Germany (from
losing the FrancoPrussian War).
The Balkans - The Powder Keg”
• Tensions were caused by the multinational
conflict between the Slavic peoples of the
Balkan region, who had Russian support,
the weakening Ottoman Empire, and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• All tried to control this region and limit
each other's expansionist ideas. These
tensions would ultimately lead to the start of
World War One
The Spark that set off the
“powderkeg”
• In June 1914 the
assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a
Serbian
nationalist group
lit the fuse that
set off WWI.
Setting the Stage for War
Section 1:
The Balkan “Powder Keg”
• Pan-Slavism – The movement to
unify the slavic people
• Balkan powder keg
state of unrest in the Balkans that
allowed the assassination of the
heir to the Austro-Hungarian
throne and led to World War I.
Why was the Balkan region referred to as the
“Powder Keg of Europe” prior to WWI?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The aggression of the Ottoman Empire
was disrupting the balance of power.
Yugoslavia was invading its neighboring
countries.
Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries
were increasing.
The area was the leading supplier of
military equipment to the rest of the
world.
A major cause of World War I was
1. a decline in the policy of
imperialism
2. the existence of opposing alliances
3. an increase in acts of aggression by
England
4. the spread of communism
throughout Europe
The Ultimatum
• ultimatum
demand in which
one party
threatens harmful
action to another
party if the other
party rejects its
proposals.
The Mobilization- Russia supported
Serbia – A fellow Slavic state
The Belligerents
…the Alliance system kicks in
• The crisis
became an
international
crisis when war
was declared and
the system of
alliances went
into effect.
Setting the Stage for War
Section 1:
The War Expands
• Japan joined Great Britain and France
• Italy signed secret treaty with Great
Britain, France and Russia for share of
spoils
• Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
Austria-Hungary and Germany
The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany
disregarded
Belgian
neutrality
The Schlieffen Plan
• The Schlieffen Plan - Germany’s plan for
WWI.
• It called for Germany to attack and defeat
France through Belgium.
• Germany could then turn and defeat Russia.
World War I: A New Kind of War
Section 2:
Objectives:
• Identify the advantages that each
side had in World War I.
• Explain how new technology
affected the way in which World
War I was fought.
• Explain what led the United States
to join the Allied Powers.
World War I: A New Kind of War
Section 2:
The Belligerents
• Central Powers had more rapid
communications and movement,
and better army
• Allied Powers had more soldiers,
better industry, and better navy
World War I: A New Kind of War
Section 2:
•
•
•
•
Innovations in Warfare
Machine gun
U-boat
Poison gas airplane
Tank
Early Years of the War
Section 2:
World War I: A New Kind of War
• Fighting on Gallipoli
• Naval warfare
• The stalemate – a war of attrition
Section 2:
The United States and WW I
World War I: A New Kind of War
• Contraband
• Propaganda about German
atrocities
• Democratic ideals
Propaganda
Trench Warfare
• After Germany’s
failure to capture
Paris and end the
war quickly, both
sides started
digging trenches.
Trench Warfare
• Eventually
hundreds of miles
of opposing
trenches
stretched from
the North Sea to
Switzerland.
Trench Warfare
• British soldiers in
their trenches in
France waiting to
attack.
Poison Gas
• German troops
attack Allied
trenches with
Chlorine gas on
the Eastern Front
in 1917.
Poison Gas
• At first tear gas and
chlorine gas was
used.
• Then a more deadly
phosgene and
mustard gas were
employed.
• Carrier pigeons in the
service of the
German Army are put
in a gas protection
box.
Poison Gas
• Was first used by
the Germans in
1915.
• About 79,000
people died from
it’s effects.
The Machine Gun
• The machine gun
became part of
the infantry
during WWI.
The Machine Gun
• British machine
gunners in action
wearing gas
masks helmets in
1916.
Trench Mortar
• This type of
deadly shortrange weapon
was designed to
be fired from the
trenches.
Battlefield Communication
• German soldiers
set up a light
radio station on
the Western
Front, 1917.
The Airplane
• By November
1918 there were
over 11,000
aircraft in use on
the Western
Front.
The airplane had
many uses such
as: observation,
bombing,
fighting in the air.
The Tank
• First introduced
in 1917.
• The tanks of
WWI were slow
and easily
defeated.
• The tank would
be modified and
became an
offensive weapon
in WWII.
• Start Here
The Russian Revolution
Section 3:
Objectives:
• Identify the events that led to the
Russian Revolution.
• Explain how the Communists came
to power.
• Explain how Russia’s revolution
affected its participation in World
War I.
The Russian Revolution
Section 3:
Russia in World War I
• Poverty
• Suppression of democracy
• Weak Duma (Legislative Body)
• Russia’s involvement in World War One led
to a series of military defeats as the Russian
army was ill-equipped to deal with modern
battle conditions. Russia also experienced a
severe food shortage due to the war, which
in turn led to riots and the eventual
abdication of Czar Nicholas II in March of
1917. These events set the conditions for the
Russian Revolution.
The Russian Revolution
Section 3:
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
• Appealed to the poor Russian
masses
• Formed basis of communism
The Russian Revolution
Section 3:
Peace and Civil War
• Lenin signed peace treaty with
Central Powers
• Communists fought socialist
opposition
• V.I. Lenin ended Russian
involvement in World War in
March of 1918 when he signed the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This cost
Russia a large amount of land, but
allowed Lenin to focus on gaining
control of his newly won country.
U.S. Entry into the war
Revolution in Austria-Hungary
• The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire and the Ottoman empire left
many regions in turmoil. Newly
formed countries, such as
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were
multinational, which led to infighting
and ethnic violence.
In Eastern Europe after World War I,
the greatest obstacle to national
unity in many nation-states was the
1.
2.
3.
4.
great ethnic diversity found in the region
economic dependence of Eastern Europe
on Japan
acceptance of democratic traditions by
most Eastern Europeans
expansion of United States influence in
the region
Which statement best describes the
relationship between World War I
and the Russian Revolution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
World War I created conditions within Russia
that helped trigger a revolution
World War I postponed the Russian Revolution
by restoring confidence in the Czar
the Russian Revolution inspired the Russian
people to win World War I
World War I gave the Czar’s army the needed
experience to suppress the Russian Revolution
In 1917, Bolshevik leaders in Russia
sought peace with Germany because
the new Russian government
1.
2.
3.
4.
decided to join forces with Germany and the
Central Powers
needed to concentrate its troops and resources
on its war with Turkey
wanted to retain power and avoid German
occupation
needed to control the Baltic Sea and wanted a
warm water port
The Armistice
• On the eleventh
day, at the eleventh
hour of the
eleventh month the great war
ended.
• On Nov. 11, 1918
Germany agreed to
an Armistice (an
end to the fighting.
The Armisitice
• On November
11, 1918
Germany
agreed to an
Armistice.
Fourteen Points
•
•
•
•
•
Open Covenants (agreements)
Freedom of the seas
Reduction of armaments (weaponry)
League of Nations
Adjustment of European boundaries in
accordance with the principles of Self
Determination (self rule).
The Terms of Peace
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4:
Objectives:
• Define the Fourteen Points.
• Explain how the war ended.
• Identify the disagreements that the
peacemakers faced.
Woodrow Wilsons
Fourteen Points
• President
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson presented
his plan for world
peace
The Terms of Peace
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4
The Fourteen Points
• Six general points to ensure a just
and safer world
• Eight points dealt with specific
regions and countries
The Fourteen Points
The six general points could be summarized as follows:
1) no secret treaties
2) freedom of the seas for all nations
3) removal of all economic barriers, such as tariffs
4) reduction of national armaments
5) adjustment of colonial claims so they were fair to
both the
imperialist powers and the colonial peoples
6) establishment of "a general association of nations"
to guarantee political independence and protection
to small and large states alike. (this became the
League of Nations.)
The Paris Peace Conference
• In January 1919 the victorious
Allied nations met at Versailles,
outside Paris to discuss the treaty
(An agreement between 2 or more
countries).
The Terms of Peace
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4
The Paris Peace Conference
• Problems facing the peacemakers –
some countries were excluded;
territorial conflicts
• Reparations and peacekeeping –
Allies wanted Germany to pay;
League of Nations
The Terms of Peace
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4
What Kind of Peace?
• Paris Peace Conference –
conflicting viewpoints
• United States wanted fair
settlement
• Many Allies wanted to punish
Germany and break it up into
regions occupied by Allied forces
Creating a “New” Europe
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 5
Objectives:
• Identify the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles.
• Explain how territories were
redivided after the war.
• Explain how the League of Nations
was structured.
• The Treaty of Versailles was a humiliating
end of the war for Germany.
• The treaty contained unrealistic monetary
reparations, large territorial losses, and most
importantly, the "war guilt" clause.
• The war guilt clause blamed Germany
entirely for the war.
• This in turn led Germany to seek a return to
its former status as a leading country.
Creating a “New” Europe
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 5
The Treaty of Versailles
• Germany’s limitations according to
the treaty
• No draft
• Maximum of 100,000 men
• No heavy artillery, military planes,
or submarines
The Terms
• Germanys forced to
accept:
• War Guilt Clause
• Reparations
• Loss of its colonies
• Loss of European
territory.
• Disarmament
Creating a “New” Europe
Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4
Fates of Former Territories
• Ethnic populations
• Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and
Russia
New Nations
•
•
•
•
Hungary
Poland
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
• The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire and the Ottoman empire left
many regions in turmoil.
• Newly formed countries, such as
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were
multinational, which led to infighting
and ethnic violence.
League of Nations
• An international
peacekeeping
organization.
• U.S. did not
become a member.
• The league was
doomed to fail.
Creating a “New” Europe
Section 5:
The League of Nations
• Organization – assembly, council,
secretariat, World Court
• Mandates – colonies of defeated powers
ruled by “advanced” governments
• The start of the League – 42 member
nations grew to 59 by the 1940s
Effects of World War I
• Germany had to pay “war
reparations” and accept
responsibility for starting the war.
• Austria and Hungary were split up
into separate nations.
• U.S. retreated into an isolationist
nation.
Effects of World War I
• Treaty of Versailles creates many
economic problems which
eventually set the stage for events
to escalate into another world war.
• Democratic governments were not
able to solve these economic
problems.
The major impact of the Treaty of
Versailles on Germany was that the
treaty led to
1.
2.
3.
4.
an era of peace and international good
will in Germany
a stable Germany that was both
democratic and strong
an increase in Germany’s desire to regain
its power and prestige
a leadership position for Germany in the
League of Nations
“Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!”
“Germany Declares War on Russia and
France!”
“Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!”
Which event is referred to in these headlines?
1. Franco-Prussian War
2. Crimean War
3. World War I
4. Cold War
• Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany
lost large areas of land, was forced to pay
large reparations, and accept complete
responsibility for the start of World War
One.
• The German people felt humiliated by this
treaty, which led them to readily accept the
Fascist, who promised a return to
Germany's former position of world power.
• Fascist government is rule
by a one party dictatorship,
which is both nationalistic
and imperialistic.
• Fascism glorifies the state
over the individual and
often uses terror and
violence to maintain
control of its population.
• Totalitarian governments
use terror and violence in
an attempt to control all
aspects of the lives of the
citizens.
• Tools of this type of
regime are usually
censorship and a secret
police force.
• The Great Depression
caused many people to lose
faith in democracy and turn
toward more radical ideas,
such as fascism and
communism. People were
willing to give up individual
freedoms for the promise of
stability offered by these
totalitarian regimes.
In the 1920’s and 1930’s, the rise of
totalitarian governments in
Germany, Italy, and Spain was
largely the result of
1. the success of the Communists in
establishing a command economy in the
Soviet Union
2. severe economic and social problems that
arose in Europe after World War I
3. the active support of the United States
4. movements demanding the return of the old
monarchies
The harsh conditions imposed by the
Treaty of Versailles after World War
I helped lay the foundation for the
1. rise of fascism Germany
2. uprisings during the French
Revolution
3. division of Korea along the 38th
parallel
4. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
Which idea was included in the
provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
to show the intent of the Allies to
punish the Central Powers for their
role in World War I?
1. all nations shall maintain open covenants of peace
2. freedom of the seas will be maintained
3. Germany will accept full responsibility for
causing the war
4. territorial settlements shall be made along clearly
recognizable lines of nationality
Fascism in Europe during the 1920’s
and 1930’s is best described as a
1. demonstration of laissez-faire capitalism that
promoted free enterprise
2. form of totalitarianism that glorified the state
above the individual
3. type of economic system that stressed a classless
society
4. set of humanist ideas that emphasized the dignity
and worth of the individual
Censorship, mass arrests, and a
secret police force are most
characteristic of
1.
2.
3.
4.
parliamentary democracies
republics
totalitarian regimes
constitutional monarchies
What was one reason the Nazi
programs and policies of the early
1930’s appealed to many people in
Germany?
1. the people were frustrated with their current
economic and political situation
2. Germany had been denied membership in the
United Nations
3. a coup d’etat had forced communism on the
German people
4. the German people feared that the French of the
British would soon gain control of the Polish
corridor
One reason the Fascist governments
of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
came to power in Italy and Germany
was that these nations
1.
2.
3.
4.
were threatened by the United States
supported civil liberties for all
failed to join the League of Nations
faced economic and political
difficulties
• Under the
leadership of
Joseph Stalin, the
Soviet Union
became a powerful
police state.
Russia Under Lenin
• In 1922 the Communist leaders
renamed Russia the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR).
• The people of the USSR became
known as the Soviet people.
• The country's name indicated that the
soviets, or revolutionary councils, now
held power.
• The USSR was divided into
separate political republics joined
in a federal union.
• Eventually the USSR included 15
of these republics.
the New Economic Policy (NEP).
• In 1920 Russian farmers produced
significantly less grain than they had grown
before World War I.
• Factory production was less than one-sixth
of its prewar levels.
• By 1921 the Communist leadership faced
economic collapse and social disorder.
• In response, Lenin announced the New
Economic Policy (NEP).
the New Economic Policy (NEP).
• The major industries—heavy industry,
communications, transportation, and the
credit system—remained under government
control.
• The NEP allowed some free enterprise
• Individuals could buy, sell, and trade farm
products.
• Some private business, especially among
peasants, was allowed.
• Comintern - Communist
International, an organization
founded by Lenin to spread the
communist revolution throughout
the world.
collective farms
• During the revolution farmlands
had been seized from wealthy
landlords and divided among the
peasants.
• The government tried to persuade
peasants to form collective farms.
• Purge - large-scale elimination of
people from an organization or
area.
• New Economic
Policy
Lenin's policy to
deal with the
economic
collapse in
Russia that
allowed some
free trade.
• In 1928 Stalin ended the NEP. He
returned Russia to a command
economy,
• When Lenin died in 1924, a power
struggle took place within the
Communist Party.
• The main rivals for power were
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
• Trotsky was a talented party organizer.
• He had almost single-handedly created
the Red Army that defended the
Bolshevik Revolution.
• Stalin was a leader of the party.
• By 1928 Stalin had emerged as the
leader. Trotsky, in turn, was exiled
from the Soviet Union.
• He was later murdered in Mexico
on Stalin's orders.
• command economy
economy in which the government
controls all economic decisions.
• Stalin wanted to make government
control of the economy a
permanent part of Soviet life.
• collective farms
land pooled into large farms on
which people work together as a
group.
• On a collective farm, peasants
shared the scarce modern farm
machinery.
• Five-Year Plan
plan of Stalin's government for
economic growth during the 1920s.
• In 1928 the government released the first
Five-Year Plan for economic growth.
• The plan set ambitious agricultural,
industrial, and social goals for the next five
years.
• Stalin wanted to double the production of
oil and coal, and triple the output of steel.
• Politburo
Political Bureau of the Communist
Party that held most of the power
in the Soviet Union.
Women's roles
• The Communists claimed to
believe that men and women in
Soviet society should be equal.
• In 1917 they declared that women
should receive equal pay for work
equal to that of men.
Education
• Soviet leaders
emphasized
education.
• They hoped to
increase literacy
rates and to teach
socialist doctrine
in the schools.
• Both countries had a totalitarian
system of government.
• This is where the government
attempts to control all aspects of
the lives of their citizens.
Censorship, mass arrests, and a
secret police force are most
characteristic of
1.
2.
3.
4.
parliamentary democracies
republics
totalitarian regimes
constitutional monarchies
During the mid-1930’s, which
characteristic was common to
Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and
Communist Russia?
1. government ownership of the means of
production and distribution
2. one-party system that denied basic human
rights
3. encouragement of individual freedom of
expression in the arts
4. emphasis on consumer goods rather than
on weapons
Which was a characteristic of
Germany under Adolf Hitler and the
Soviet Union under Josef Stalin?
1. an official foreign policy of
isolationism
2. governmental control of the media
3. public ownership of business and
industry
4. the absence of a written constitution
The Phony War
• Japan became imperialistic during
this time period, seeking colonies
as a source of raw materials and
new markets for their products.
After World War I, Japan attempted
to solve some of its economic
problems by
1. establishing extensive trade with the
Soviet Union
2. expanding its influence in Asia
3. practicing the principles of Marxism
4. refusing to rely on Western
technology
In the 1930’s, the Japanese
government followed a policy of
imperialism primarily to
1. acquire new sources of raw materials
2. spread Zen Buddhism throughout
Asia
3. sell more consumer goods to
European nations
4. spread the ideas of bushido
The imperialist policies followed by
Japan after World War I were based
on a desire to
1.
2.
3.
4.
convert people to Shinto
acquire markets for its oil industry
compete with Chinese trade policies
obtain natural resources for
manufacturing
Between the Meiji Restoration and
World War II, Japan tried to solve
the problem of its scarcity of natural
resources by
1. exporting agricultural products in
exchange for new technology
2. establishing a policy of imperialism
3. building nuclear power plants
4. cooperating with the Soviet Union to
gain needed resources
• Under the policy of appeasement,
Britain and other European nations
allowed Germany to annex the
Sudentenland and Czechoslovakia in
hopes of preventing further conflict.
• But, this only allowed Germany to gain
strength and eventually challenge the
appeasing nations.
Which policy shows that
appeasement does not always
prevent war?
1. British policy toward Germany in
Munich during the 1930’s
2. French policy in Indochina in the
1950’s
3. United States policy toward Cuba in
the early 1960’s
4. Iraqi policy toward Iran in the 1980’s