Transcript Napoleon (Abridged) - sandestrange

Napoleon (Abridged)
Who was he?
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Born (1769) in Corsica
to poor aristocratic
family
Education: France
military school and
Ecole Militaire
 3 years in one year
Character traits from
the Enlightenment
 Creative,
scientific, nontraditional, liberal
Napoleon in the army
Artillery officer
 Back to Corsica
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 Paoli
 Exiled
to France
Victory at Toulon
 To Paris
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 Josephine
Beauharnais
Napoleon Takes Power
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Refuses command at
Vendee
Italian adventure
 Treaty of Campo
Formio
 Threat to Directory
Let’s get him out of here:
Egyptian adventure
Coup of 18 Brumaire VIII
(Sieyes)
#6 Napoleon’s Consulate
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1st Consulate
“Napoleonic Legend”
Constitution of Year VIII
 Real power one official,
though 3 consuls
(Napoleon 1st consul)
 Elimination of Declaration
of Rights
Plebescite (-1500 no,
but no secret vote)
Council of State
 Talleyrand
 Fouche (secret police)
“First Consul for Life”
Achievements:
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economic revival
End of war (temporarily)
Bureaucratic Reform
 “careers
open to talent”
 No tax exemptions for estates
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Truce with Church
 Concordat
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of 1801
Napoleonic Codes
 Equality
of all under law
 Divorce, but men control
property and children
Road to Empire
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Reminder:
 1st Coalition: AusPruss
 Later Brit and Spain
 Campo Formio
mess in Germany
 Partition of Poland
 2nd Coalition
 Spain and France
vs Aus Br Rus
 Defeat by Brit in
Egypt / Rus out
 Peace of Luneville
(Aus) and Amiens
(Brit)
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Peace 1802/3
 Napoleon to Haiti with
idea of American
Empire, too
 Disease +
defeat=Louisiana
Purchase
 Italian and Swiss
“Republics”
 Germans compete for
French favor =
enlarged Ger. States
at expense of HRE,
Austria
#7 Empire
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Formation of 3rd Coalition vs
France
 1804 Austria
+ Britain
 Add Russia 1805
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Tsar Alexander I
May 1804 Napoleon
pronounces self Emperor
Napoleon prepares invasion
of England
Trafalgar: British under
Nelson annihilated Fr/Sp
fleet: supremacy of Brit navy
War vs Napoleon: Land victories
 Austerlitz
Victory over Russ and Austrian armies
 Military genius evident
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 Peace
with Austria: Treaty of Tilsit
Venice goes back to France; dissolves HRE in
 Confederation of the Rhine: duchies “protected” by
Napoleon
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Expanding Empire
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Prussia wars with France alone
part of 3rd Coalition
 Forced into war after Austerlitz
 Jena and Auerstadt: French beat Prussia
 Not
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Alexnder I of Russia stands vs Napoleon
 Two
bloody battles vs Russ armies, Bonaparte wins
 Alexander, afraid of own nobles or serfs revolts,
negotiates
 Treaty of Tilsit: Russ and Fr allies vs Britain;
French occupy Berlin; rest becomes new kingdom,
Westphalia, united to Confederation of the Rhine
Continental System
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Napoleon couldn’t invade Britain, SOO economic warfare:
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political control of continent to squeeze out British goods and shipping,
destroy British exports to Europe
Aim: ruin British commerce, cause depression, lead to revolution in
Britain; Britain couldn’t finance continental enemies to France
Aim #2: develop integrated European economy with France at center
Berlin Decree
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Forbade any importation of Brit goods to any part of Europe allied with or
dependent on him
Lead to Prussia, Russ, Austrian declaration of war on Britain
Napoleon ordered neutrals, Portugal and Denmark, to obey
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Brit afraid of Danish compliance, bomb Copenhagen: allied to France
Portugal refuses: Napoleon invades
Put brother Joseph as ruler of Spain when manipulations cause Bourbon
Charles IV and Ferdinand to abdicate Spanish throne
Repercussions
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Peninsular War
 Spain:
horrible atrocities; saw Napoleonic soldiers
as godless villains despoiling churches
 Portugal: British expeditionary force under Duke of
Wellington with Spanish guerrillas defeat French
German Rebellion
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German anti French rebellion
 Austrian
war of liberation 1809: Austria loses again,
but people still support Habsburg monarchy
 Poland becomes “independent” Grand Duchy of
Warsaw allied to France; other parts become
Illyrian Provinces
Napoleon as Enlightened
“Reformer”
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Established “codes” as rule of law all over empire
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Established clear separation of church and state
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Equality under law
Manorial system liquidated: peasants free of manorial control
Fees and tithes abolished; taxes instituted
Guilds abolished or reduced in power, destroying town oligarchies
Church courts abolished
Inquisition outlawed in Spain
Tithes forbidden, church property confiscated, monastic orders limited
No self government, though
Bureaucracy, but not corrupt or aristocratic
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Officials paid enough to avoid corruption
New methods of accounting
Direct collection of taxes
Failure of Continental System
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America hated systerm: couldn’t trade with Europe or England
 Jefferson commercial isolation of US ruinous to economy
 Lead to War of 1812
Embargo vs British
 Replaced Brit products with other: Levant cotton, sugar
beets, etc
 BUT everything shipped by sea (British almost monopoly)
Tariffs : Empire gave up internal, but not between nations,
Didn’t break Britain: Increased trade with Latin America, India,
rest of empire
Demand went underground (insisted on tobacco, sugar, rum,
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Smuggling (esp Russia)
Consequences
 French ports and sea trade crippled and bankrupted
 Resentment vs Empire
Whoops! Invasion of Russia
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Alexander I (czar) upset with French alliance
 Got nothing but annexation of Finland
 No assistance with war with Turkey
1809
 Napoleon married Austrian Habsburg (Marie Louise)
 French oriented Poland nearby threat
 Landowners and merchants demanded open trade w
 Influence of French emigres in St Petersburg: SAVE
Brits
Europe!
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Russia withdrew from Continental System-12/ 31/1810
Napoleon concentrates Grand Army in E Germany
and Poland to crush the czar.
 700,000,
largest ever assembled at that time for military
operation
 European: 1/3 French, 1/3 German (Confed of Rhine with
few from Austria and Prussia,) 1/3 from rest of Empire,
including 90,000 Poles
Invasion Foiled: Borodino
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Napoleon’s Army masses on borders of Germany and
Poland
 700,000,
largest ever assembled at that time for military
operation
 European: 1/3 French, 1/3 German (Confed of Rhine with
few from Austria and Prussia,) 1/3 from rest of Empire,
including 90,000 Poles: not dedicated to Fr
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Plans for “business as usual” battle
 Usual:
lightening strike, short war
 Carried only 3 weeks supply
 Russian “scorched earth policy” meant hard to get supplies
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Marshall Kutuzov thwarts French
 Russians
withdraw without
fighting from border,
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draws Napoleon from supplies into
Russia by “strategic retreat”
 Borodino
(70 mi from Moscow):
too many deserted on march
 losses from hunger, exhaustion,
 Russian guerrilla fighting;
 Forces down 2/3);
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Napoleon wins,
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but 30,000 lost (50,000 Russians);
not decisive victory
Invasion Checked: Retreat
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Occupation of
Moscow
 General
Kutuzov
refuses to fight
 Scorched earth:
Moscow evacuated,
burned as French
troops enter
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Alexander I refuses
to negotiate
5
weeks of autumn
wasted
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Retreat by same route, but disastrous
 Horrible,
severe winter (“General Winter”)
 Freezing, starvation, dying horses, discipline broke
down, harrassed by Russ army
 Of 700,000: 400,000 dead of battle, starvation,
disease; 100,000 prisoners of Russ
Beginning of the End
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Abdicated in 1814
and sent to Elba
Became “Emperor of
Elba”
But Louis XVIII
WEAK, people
dissatisfied,
government
disorganized
Napoleon sees his
chance to return
The One Hundred Days
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Escape from Elba
Troops sent to imprison him joined him
Napoleon’s army
•Army increased as he
approached Paris
•King Louis XVIII fled
France
•Ruled for short period
•BUT allies joined together
and outnumbered
More of the End of Napoleon
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Battle of Waterloo (fields in Belgium)
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Allied forces commanded by British Duke of Wellington
Napoleon pressed the fight to finish before Prussian forces
arrived
Nay attacked frontally with cavalry over and over, almost
broke through British lines
Blucher arrives with Prussian forces; Napoleon defeated
This Time it really is the END
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Surrendered and asked
to live out rest of days in
London
No such luck: sent to St.
Helena
 Isolated,
humid
 Small farm, no one else
there except few servants,
British guards
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Death
 Arsenic:
from wallpaper?
 1840—Napoleon’s remains
moved to Paris
Reinstating Europe
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Congress of Vienna
6
heads of states
 Met 1814-15
 Strongest: Metternich of Austria
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Guiding principles
 Legitimacy
 Restore
boundaries
 Hedge-in France
Specific Provisions:
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France deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon
The Dutch Republic: united with the Austrian Netherlands to
form the Netherlands, monarchy under the House of Orange.
Norway and Sweden: joined under a single ruler
Switzerland: declared neutral
Russia got Finland: control of kingdom of Poland
Prussia: given much of Saxony and important parts of
Westphalia and the Rhine Province.
Austria: given back most of the territory lost; also given land in
Germany and Italy (Lombardy and Venice)
Britain given several strategic colonial territories; also
recognized as controlling seas.
France restored as a monarchy under the rule of Louis XVIII.
Spain restored as a monarchy under Ferdinand VII