Transcript Nationalism and Imperialism PPT

Nationalism and Imperialism
Dividing the World

Focus Questions
Nationalism:
What factors might contribute to a desire for
national unification?
– How can a war or other conflict help unify a
country?
– How did the unifications of Germany and Italy
impact the world stage?
–

Imperialism:
What was the driving force behind the “Scramble
for Africa”?
– What impacts (positive or negative) did British
imperialism have on colonized countries?
– Is imperialism positive or negative, overall? Make
sure you can give examples…
–
These questions will appear later - as essay prompts or on a quiz or test!
Make sure you take them down and know how to answer them.

What is Nationalism?
We last talked about Nationalism during our
Napoleon unit. What does Nationalism mean?
Nationalism is support of one’s country - national
pride, patriotism etc - regardless of who is running it.

How did Napoleon’s conquering of Europe lead to a
rise in European nationalism?
After being taken over by a foreign (French) ruler, the
conquered countries began to see themselves as whole
units - as nations, many for the first time.

Following the fall of Napoleon, there were several
changes to Europe, designed by the old coalition
powers.
Coalition powers: Austria, Prussia, Britain, Russia
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna met from September
1814-June 1815.
 The purposes of the Congress were simple:




To put Europe back together after Napoleon had
been removed
To ensure that no European power could become
powerful enough to conquer the continent again.
The Coalition Powers were in charge of the
proceedings.

Other countries were involved to ensure that
everything remained fair for the less powerful
players. These included France, Spain, Portugal,
Sweden and Norway.
Congress of Vienna
There were many different treaties during the
Congress. However, they were summarized into
the Final Act
 The Final Act said:

Russia gets control of Warsaw (Poland) and Finland
Prussia is given some Germanic land including the
Rhineland and Danzig
 A German Confederation is created from 38
separate German-speaking states. This land is
technically Austrian and Prussian, but now they are
linked together.




This later becomes modern Germany.
All monarchs are restored to their thrones.
There were many other aspects of the Congress of
Vienna, but these are most important to the
development of Nationalism.
Congress of Vienna
Metternich System
During the Congress of
Vienna, the world leaders
followed the Metternich
System
 The Metternich System was
designed to make sure that
something like the French
Revolution could never
happen again.


The Metternich System was
put in place to make Europe
a continent of absolute
monarchies again.
Absolute Monarchy - when a king or queen has
complete (absolute) power over a country.



Klemens von Metternich
Metternich was a diplomat
and a politician.
Born in Austria but of
German background.
He has a varied political
career…





Arranged Napoleon’s first
marriage
Later led the Austrian portion of
the Coalition to remove
Napoleon from power.
Led the Austrian points during
the Congress of Vienna.
Created the Metternich System
(more on this later)
Was given the title of “Prince”
recognizing his services to
Austria.
Metternich System
-> The Metternich System
was designed to prevent
rebellions before they
happened.
 This meant that
government agents would
keep an eye on
discontented people, and
stop anything that
sounded like it might lead
to revolution.
The Metternich
System in Action
In 1819, discontent
flared up with some
German college
students. Metternich
called on the leaders
of the area to place
students and faculty
under strict watch,
censoring newspapers,
limiting speech, and
authorizing agents to
search for
Does the Metternich System
“revolutionary
remind you of any other period of
activities”.
history we’ve talked about?
Metternich System
As repression from the Metternich System increased,
people began pushing back.
 Underground movements sprang up in several
countries. Most were crushed quickly and violently.

SPAIN
Revolutionaries force the
Spanish King (Ferdinand VII)
to restore the constitution he
had abolished. This scared
the other national leaders.
They sent a French army to
Spain to crush the
revolutionaries and restore
Ferdinand.
KINGDOM OF THE
TWO SICILIES (Italy)
Revolutionaries force
the Sicilian ruler to
create a
constitution. An
Austrian army is
mustered to put
down this revolt.
Metternich System
-> 1821 - Greece
 At this point in history, Greece was being occupied by
Ottoman Turks.
 The Greeks rebelled against the Turks.
-> The Greeks asked other European powers for aid, but,
fearing a rise of nationalism, and the success of a
rebellion, no country offered help.
Why didn’t countries want to get involved in the Greek conflict?
The Ottoman Turks were not a European power - they
were Middle Eastern. Most people in Europe wanted to
support the “European” Greeks in their fight for
independence.
HOWEVER - the Metternich System said that no
other country could help with a rebellion. They did not
want Greece to set an example for other countries.
Metternich System
Even though no country
could help the Greek rebels,
several individuals sent aid to
Greece.
-> Ultimately, the pressure was
too much, and other
European countries had to
intervene. Russia, Britain,
and France all sent troops to
help.
-> Treaty of Adrianople 1829
Greece is now independent
from Turkey.

Why is this Significant?
This is the first failure of the Metternich System. It shows
the system isn’t perfect, and that revolutions can be
successful and permanent. Nationalism cannot be
suppressed forever.
Metternich System




Positive or Negative?
The Metternich System is now both praised and
criticized.
PROS
-> Prevented any major wars in Europe from about
1815-1914 (this statement excludes many
revolutionary attempts, however, which we will
touch on later).
 Prevented an early World War.
CONS
-> The Metternich System is seen as oppressive censoring press and speech, and generally
preventing any negative action against the
monarchies of Europe.
 Led to the repression of many rebellions, where
people were seeking more representative
governments.
Critical Thinking- Quiz Grade
In the next few minutes, answer the following
questions. These are some of the key points we
discussed this class!
1. Define nationalism in your own words.
2. How did the French Revolution lead to a rise
in nationalism in European countries?
3. What were the purposes of the Congress of
Vienna?
4. Why was the Metternich System created?
5. What were some of the repercussions of the
Metternich System?
6. What was one big failure of the Metternich
System? Why was it a failure?
Unifications
In the 1800s, when many
countries were beginning
to industrialize, growing
nationalism also led to
political change in
Europe.
 Drives to unify people,
and to solidify countries,
started to change the
continent.
-> There were two main
unifications that we will
discuss - Italy and
Germany.

Germany and Italy in
Pop Culture
Following their
unifications, Italy and
Germany eventually
become allies. This
alliance has become the
topic of a series of
cartoons.
Italy Background
-> After the fall of the
Roman empire, Italy was
no longer unified.
 It was made up of a
bunch of small citystates and kingdoms.
 Other countries,
including Austria and
Prussia, tried to
conquer Italy.
 Napoleon (France)
eventually successfully
conquered Italy.
-> After Napoleon is
removed from power, the
Congress of Vienna
restored the old city
states, and the old
monarchs.
Early Attempts to Unify
-> Risorgimento - The Italian
nationalistic movement. Italian for
“resurgence”. Nationalists could not
support their cause openly, and so
formed secret societies.
Why did the societies have to be
secret?
-> Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of
one of these societies.

Mazzini was arrested several times,
and also exiled for his revolutionary
activities, but nothing stopped him.
-> In 1831, Mazzini started a
movement called the Young Italy
Movement.
Early Attempts to Unify
-> Young Italy Movement 1831
 Mazzini called for all
Italian patriots to join the
Young Italy Movement.
-> This was the first
democratic movement
open to all classes. It
wasn’t just the
bourgeoisie, it was anyone
interested in democracy.
-> The Young Italy
Movement insisted that
“neither Pope nor King”
but rather a republic
should rule Italy.
Early Attempts to Unify
-> Rebellions - 1848 and 1849
-> In 1848, liberal rebels led revolts in several of the
Italian city states.
 They overthrew Austrian rule in Lombardy and
Venetia, and forced the rulers of Sardinia, the
Two Sicilies, and Tuscany to grant constitutions
to their subjects.
Why is a constitution important to developing a
unified country?
-> A constitution is often the first step to a more
fair, and more democratic or republican government
- it ensures that a monarch is limited by a set of
laws, and that citizens know their rights.
Early Attempts to Unify
Revolutionaries seized
Rome in 1849 and set up
a republic. Mazzini
helped govern the new
republic.
-> However, all but one of
these early revolutionary
movements failed.
Austria regained its
holdings in Italy.
Mazzini lost control of
Rome.
-> Only Sardinia remained
an independent state.

Early Attempts to Unify

After these failures, there
were a lot of issues with
the revolutionary
movements.
-> Liberals continued
their efforts with little
success. Their
movement began to fall
apart.
-> Many Catholic clergy
members wanted a
united Italy headed by
the pope, and didn’t
agree with the liberals
attempt for a republic.
SUCCESS IN SARDINIA
The only place that
managed to gain its
independence was the
Kingdom of Sardinia.
The liberal rebels
managed to get their
voices heard.
The King of Sardinia
-> Sardinia was ruled by a
King, (Victor Emmanuel
II), however, he was
supported by a democratic
parliament.
 King Victor was not
sympathetic to the liberal
rebels, however, he wanted
to keep his kingdom happy
and together.
-> King Victor also saw an
opportunity to expand
Sardinian territory into
Italy, by making Sardinia
the basis of unification.
Cavour in Sardinia
Even though King Victor was not liberal, his chief minister
Camillo Benso di Cavour was liberal. Cavour supported
the goals of the liberals.
 Even though Victor was king of
Sardinia, Cavour was the real
power in the kingdom.
-> It was Cavour who governed the
kingdom of Sardinia.
Cavour was well-educated, and
an aristocrat.
 He edited a nationalist
newspaper Il Risorgimento
(resurgence) and published his
theories on Italian unification.
-> By 1852, Cavour was premier
(Prime Minister) of Sardinia.

Cavour in Sardinia
Cavour hated
absolutism and absolute
monarchies. He
preferred parliamentary
government.
 England had a Queen
(Victoria) but also a
parliament. Cavour
thought this was the
ideal government.
-> Cavour wanted Italy to
be unified, and
industrialized, again,
like England.

INDUSTRIALIZING ITALY
- Cavour reorganized and
strengthened Sardinia’s
army
- He established banks
- He built railroads,
factories, and encouraged
ship-building
- He negotiated treaties
with other countries. This
was two-fold, it increased
trade, and also made
other countries recognize
Sardinia’s independence.
The Crimean War
-> In the 1850s, Russia and France both claimed
jurisdiction over holy land in what is now Palestine.
-> Russia thought it was its responsibility to protect
Eastern Orthodox people from the Turks.
-> France thought it was its responsibility to protect
the Catholics.
SARDINIA
- The Ottoman Turks gave more
freedoms to the Catholics than
to the Orthodox Christians.
-> This led Russia to declare war
on the Ottoman Empire. Britain,
France, and Sardinia supported
the Ottoman Turks.


Cavour allied with
France and Great
Britain during the
Crimean War.
Sardinia’s alliance with
these two big powers
helped them recognize
that it was a legitimate
power.
The Crimean War
-> The Crimean War is now called “The Most Unnecessary War
in History”.
≈ It took two years for Russia to be defeated.
-> However, there were huge losses on both sides, and ultimately
no gain for either side.
The Lady with the Lamp
-
Despite the negatives of the
Crimean War, there were two
positive outcomes.
1. The use of modern field
hospitals to care for wounded
soldiers.
2. Florence Nightingale (The Lady
with the Lamp) established
professional nursing.
Cavour and Austria
-> Austria was still controlling some of the Italian city
states.
≈ Cavour saw Austria as the biggest obstacle in helping
Italy unify as a whole country.
≈ Cavour needed backup.
Cavour and France
-> Cavour contacted Napoleon III of France and
asked him for France’s support.
-> Napoleon III thought that, if he helped push
Austria out of the Italian land it controlled, HE
could rule over Italy.
-> Cavour thought that, with Austria out of Italy, other
Italian states would quickly join Sardinia and unify.
Cavour and Austria
Napoleon III of France thought he could gain control of a
weak Italy.
-> Cavour planned to have France help drive Austrian forces
out of Italy, and then have Italy unify behind Sardinia.
Then they would have an alliance against Austria and
against France.
≈
Napoleon III of France
-
Napoleon III was the nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte.
-
Like his uncle, he was first elected
president and then led a coup
d’etat and became Emperor.
-> However, he did not try to expand
France, so the other countries left
France alone, and allowed Napoleon
III to remain Emperor.
War with Austria
-> At first, the war went really well for Cavour and
Napoleon III.
≈ Combined French and Sardinian forces quickly
drove the Austrians out of Lombardy, and marched
on to Venetia.
≈ Italian nationalist
The Deal
and patriots in
Tuscany, Modena,
-> Napoleon III would help
and Parma
Cavour drive Austria out of
overthrew their
Italian city states.
Austrian rulers and
(Lombardy, Parma, Venetia)
asked to be annexed
to Sardinia.
Annexed = added
-> In return, Napoleon III would
get Austrian possessions Nice
and Savoy (French-speaking,
French-cultured)
War with Austria
Napoleon III wasn’t expecting the Italian city states to
unify so quickly.
-> He was worried that Austria would want to get its
territory back, and that it might ask for help from
Prussia (its ally).
-> Napoleon III decided to back out of his deal with
Cavour and Sardinia.
-> Napoleon III made a secret treaty with Austria.
≈
-
This treaty said that Sardinia would keep Lombardy,
but would return everything else to Austria.
-
It also said Sardinia would still give Nice and Savoy
to France.
This isn’t fair to Sardinia and Cavour.
They only got half of what they asked for,
and had to “pay” full price.
Do What
Nowis the Young Italy Movement?
1.
1.
Neither pope nor king would rule Italy.
Open to all classes. Democratic.
2. What role did Mazzini play in these
attempts for unification?
Started the young Italy movement
3. How did Cavour help to industrialize
Italy? What did he do?
Made railroads, factories, banks, stronger army.
Drove Austria out of Italy
4. What are two positive impacts of the
Crimean War?
Modern nursing, field hospitals
5. Who did Cavour ally with to push
Austria out of Italy?
Napoleon III (France)
War with Austria
Sardinia was afraid that they
would lose even this partial
victory, and so they agreed to
France’s terms.
≈ The Italian people, however,
refused to abandon the idea of
unity.
-> There were rebellions in Parma,
Modena and Tuscany again
which expelled the Austrian
rulers and set up temporary
governments.
-> All of these city states were
overwhelmingly in favor of
joining Sardinia and creating a
unified Italy.
≈
Garibaldi and the Thousand
-> Giuseppe Garibaldi was
born in Nice, and, when in
his 20s, originally joined
Mazzini’s Young Italy
movement.
≈ Garibaldi led a revolt when it failed, he ran to
Latin America.
-> He would later return to
Italy, and after leading
another failed attempt, flee
to the US and Peru.
≈ Finally, Cavour arranged to
have Garibaldi brought
back to Italy.
Garibaldi and the Thousand
-> With Cavour’s support,
Garibaldi recruited an army
of 1,100 soldiers.
≈ Cavour saw how popular
Garibaldi was, and decided
that together they could unify
Italy.
-> The plan was to have
Garibaldi’s Red Shirts move
through Italy and take over
the other city states.
≈ The city states would then
unify as one Italy.
-> Victor Emmanuel II would be
king of Italy, Cavour would be
prime minister, and Garibaldi
would be a war hero.
Members of Garibaldi’s
army were called “Red
Shirts” because of
their colorful
uniforms.
Garibaldi and the Thousand
-> In the spring of 1860,
Garibaldi and his Expedition
of the Thousand started
attempting to unify Italy.
≈ They started in the South.
First, they took the island of
Sicily, then moved to the other
half of the Kingdom of the two
Sicilies.
≈ They then seized Naples.
≈ The plan was to continue
North.
-> Cavour, however, was worried
that Garibaldi would get too
powerful, and that he might
take over the newly-united
Italy.
Garibaldi and the Thousand
Cavour sent an army from
Sardinian land in the North to
meet with Garibaldi’s, and to
stop Garibaldi from getting any
more land.
≈ Sardinia was now in control of
most of Northern Italy.
≈ Cavour and Garibaldi met in
Naples, to discuss what to do.
-> They agreed that Italy would
be unified under Victor
Emmanuel II.
-> Garibaldi asked to be governor
of Naples, but Cavour said no
he was worried that Garibaldi
was too popular, and might try
to take more power.
≈
ITALY IS UNIFIED
Fall of 1860
-
-
Kingdom of Italy is
established
Victor Emmanuel II is
King.
-
Votes (plebiscites)
were held everywhere
in Italy. People voted
overwhelmingly to
unify under Sardinia.
Garibaldi and the Thousand
Problems with a United Italy
Italy still had
significant problems.
-> Many parts of
the country were
divided culturally,
especially between
the industrialized
North and the
agricultural South.
≈ Modernization was
slow, because the
country was so
newly put together.
≈ Few Italians had political experience, and so much
was trial-and-error.
-> By 1912, Italy was geographically unified, but still
politically unstable.
≈
Quiz Time!
≈
≈
≈
≈
You have 30
minutes to do
the quiz.
There are 16
questions.
You may use
your notes.
BUT…
≈ No Talking!
≈ No Phones!
≈ No Ipods!
≈ No Textbooks!
Germany
-> By the mid 1800s, Germany
was still pretty much a
patchwork of relatively
independent states.
≈ What meeting created the
German Confederation?
Congress of Vienna
-> In the late 1800s, Prussia led
the fight for unification of the
German states.
Why Prussia?
For centuries, Prussia and Austria had been competing for
control of the German-speaking states. However, Prussia
was culturally and traditionally more “German”.
Unification of Germany, under Prussia, made sense!
Prussia and Napoleon
Under Napoleon’s rule,
Prussia was limited.
≈ They were only allowed to
have a small army.
-> After joining the Coalition
Powers, and defeating
Napoleon, Prussia regained its independence.
-> German nationalism
favored Prussia.
-> Prussia was Germanspeaking, and had a
common culture with the
German states.
≈
Control of Germany
-
Austria was run by
the Hapsburg family.
-
Technically, the
Hapsburgs, as Holy
Roman Emperors had
control of all the
German states.
-> Napoleon dissolved the
Holy Roman Empire.
-> It was not restored by
the Congress of Vienna.
-> The German states now
had their chance to unify
under Prussia.
The Zollverein
-> The first steps towards German
unification dealt with the
economy.
≈ There were huge taxes when
goods were transported across
the borders of the German
states.
-> The Junkers helped get these
tariffs removed.
-> This resulted in a Customs
Union called the Zollverein.
What are unions?
Groups of workers who protect
each other, and work for each
others’ benefit.
Junkers
(say Yoon-kurz)
Aristocratic
landowners who
thought the
tariffs (taxes)
were too high,
and were
hurting their
sales. They
persuaded the
King of Prussia
to abolish tariffs
in his territory.
The Zollverein
Thanks to the Zollverein, it was now very easy
to trade between the German States.
-> The Zollverein also led to…
-> Same currency in all German states
-> Standard weights and measures
-> Protection from foreign traders
-> Encouragement to trade within the German
states.
≈ A lot of things were becoming standard across
the German states. The German economy was
moving toward unification.
≈
Otto von Bismarck
-> Otto von Bismarck was a
conservative Junker
politician.
≈ He built the Prussian army
into a powerful war machine.
-> He saw that German
unification was going to
happen, eventually, and
wanted Prussia to control
the future German country.
-> He thought this would be
through battle - not through
politics.
≈ Bismarck had a lot of support
from the King of Prussia William I
Otto von Bismarck
-> Bismarck was not a fan of
democracy, and often ignored
the rules set by Prussian
parliament.
≈ He wanted to raise money for
the army. Parliament wouldn’t
allow it, so Bismarck simply
instated a tax anyway.
≈ Bismarck had a plan to unify
the German states - through
war.
-> Bismarck would wage three
wars, all with different goals, in
order to make sure that Prussia
was on top when Germany
unified.
Bismarck’s
Wars:
The Danish War
The Seven
Weeks’ War
The FrancoPrussian War
Bismarck’s Wars
≈
The Danish War - 1863, 64
->
There were two small duchies (Schleswig and Holstein)
on the border of Denmark and the German states.
- When Denmark made a new constitution for these
states, there was a war between Prussia and Denmark.
-> An eventual peace treaty gave the two duchies to Austria
and Prussia. Austria got Holstein. Schleswig was added to
Prussia.
≈
≈
Bismarck’s leadership during
this war helped add territory to
Prussia.
It also helped define what
country controlled what
territories - drawing the line
between Austria and Prussia.
Bismarck’s Wars
≈
The Seven Weeks’ War
-
Bismarck wanted to confront Austria.
-> He was smart. He made a series of treaties to make sure
that no one would bother him if war broke out.
-> Bismarck hinted that he would give Napoleon III (France)
some territory on the Rhine river.
-> He also agreed to give Austrian-controlled Venetia to the
new Italy, in return for Italy’s support.
-> Bismarck provoked Austria to
declare war on Prussia.
≈ Austria was taken by surprise. The
Prussian army was extremely well
trained, thanks to preparing against
Napoleon.
-> Nearly every male in Prussia had at
least 3 years of military training.
Bismarck’s Wars
≈
The Seven Weeks’ War - 1866
-> Prussia defeated Austria in only 7 weeks completely crushing them.
-> The Treaty of Prague ended the Seven Weeks’
War. It dissolved the German Confederation.
-> Prussia got: Holstein.
-> Italy got: Venetia
-> Several north-German states joined
Prussia in a new North-German
Confederation.
-> Only three southern states were not
a part of Prussia’s control.
Bismarck’s Wars
≈
The Franco-Prussian War - 1870
-> Bismarck thought the best way to get the rest of
the German states to join him was to unite against
a common enemy.
- Bismarck then went to provoke a war with France.
≈
≈
Napoleon III thought he had been
cheated during the Seven Weeks’
War.
Napoleon III (France) met with
William I (Prussian King) to discuss
what to do. They met at a place
called Ems.
Bismarck’s Wars
The Ems Telegram.
Bismarck received a telegram telling him what had
happened at Ems. He edited the message to make it
look like the French had tried to humiliate the
Prussian King, and that William I had insulted the
French ambassador.
≈ This provoked WAR.
≈ The Prussian army, led by Bismarck, won the
war in only a few months.
-> France was humiliatingly defeated.
Germany is now UNIFIED - 1871
- France was occupied by German troops
- The remaining German states joined with Prussia
Homework
≈
Do Now! Answer the following questions
1. What conditions helped make the German
states more likely to unify?
2. What is the Zollverein?
3. Why was Prussia more likely than Austria
to be the center of this unification?
4. Who is Otto von Bismarck?
5. What were “Bismarck’s Wars”?
Causes of Imperialism
Imperialism may have been caused by many
things, or a combination of them.
1. Desire for self-sufficiency
≈
≈
Almost all of Europe was in its industrial
revolution, but not every country had all of the
material it needed.
-> These countries had 2 options: A) Trade with
other industrializing countries. B) Colonize places
where the raw material was abundant.
≈
Most countries did not want to give other
countries and advantage by relying on them for
trade. Most of the more powerful countries
therefore stared colonizing, especially in Africa and
Asia.
Causes of Imperialism
2. Need for new markets
With a rise in mass production - high quality
goods being produced quickly and cheaply soon most European markets were saturated.
-> Merchants looked for a new market in
countries that had not industrialized yet. They
could sell their mass produced goods in these
new markets with little to no competition.
≈
3. Nationalism
-> Nationalism was now spread throughout
Europe. Many nations wanted to add to the
nationalism by colonizing other countries, and
spreading their language and culture.
Causes of Imperialism
4. Outlets for Population
≈
With the industrial revolution happening,
and with advances in medicine, many
European countries were experiencing huge
population booms.
-> This led to overcrowding, especially in the
cities. People moved to other areas, and started
colonies, to relieve this pressure and to have
more room.
≈
This is also when people started moving to
the Americas in large amounts. They saw the
United States, especially, as a place where
they could practice their culture.
Causes of Imperialism
5. Missionary Motives
-> Another motive for Imperialism was a
missionary one. Missionaries spread the
Christian religion to other cultures.
≈ Many people though it was a Christian’s duty
to spread the “correct” religion to people, so
that they would be saved, according to
Christianity.
However,
missionaries also did
positive things. Many
set up schools, and
hospitals in colonized
countries
Causes of Imperialism
6. Cultural Motives
-> Rudyard Kipling called this the “White Man’s
Burden”. This is the attitude that Europeans owed
it to other countries to spread their culture.
= European countries
were industrialized and
often had more resources,
however, this did not
mean that their cultures were
more advanced or better than
other countries.
-> Many Europeans thought it
was their job to “civilize” the
“uncivilized” nations that they
colonized.
Causes of Imperialism
6. Cultural Motives
-> This idea: that one culture is naturally “better”
than others is sometimes called “Social
Darwinism”.
-> According to Social Darwinism:
“Everywhere, civilized nations are [overthrowing]
barbarous nations. Advanced civilization, obviously,
has inherited valuable traits from its ancestors.
Underdeveloped cultures…will soon die off.
Therefore, natural order obligates powerful, civilized
nations to appropriate the limited resources of the
weak.”
- This reasoning was used by many industrial
countries (Western Europe, later the United States)
to justify them conquering other countries.
Imperialism Claims
Because of Imperialism, and because of these
many issues - spread of culture, missionary
motives, overpopulation etc. - European
countries, began colonizing other areas.
-> The British colonized Egypt, and the Sudan.
-> The Italians colonized Tripoli (now Libya)
-> France colonized Algeria and Tunisia
≈ Because of this competition, especially for
African land, the European powers realized
that they were going to continue to go to war
with each other.
-> To prevent this, representatives from each
country met at the Berlin Conference.
≈
Berlin Conference
-> In 1884, Otto von Bismarck
Berlin Conference:
called the Berlin Conference.
Positives and
≈ At this point, Portugal,
Negatives
France, Great Britain, Spain,
Italy, Belgium, and Germany
The Berlin
were all competing for land in
Africa.
Conference did
-> Bismarck realized that this
prevent wars between
competition could lead to war
European powers,
between the European powers.
but it also ignored
≈ He proposed that, instead,
ethnic groups in
representatives from all of
Africa, existing
the interested European
boundaries, and the
powers should meet, and
opinions and rights
literally divide up a map of
of the people already
Africa.
living there!
Berlin Conference
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
General Act:
1. Slavery is officially abolished
2. All countries have access to all rivers
3. Free trade in the Congo basin
4. Before taking possession of a new area
of African coast, a colonizer must inform
the areas around it.
5. The European countries have the “legal
right” to pursue colonization in the areas
delineated to them
Imperialism Claims
≈
BERLIN CONFERENCE ACTIVITY!
≈
≈
≈
≈
After the
Berlin
Conference,
Africa was
completely
divided.
What do you
notice about
this map?
Who “got”
the most
land?
What are
some unique
features you
notice?
Berlin Conference:
Positives and
Negatives
The Berlin
Conference did
prevent wars between
European powers,
but it also ignored
ethnic groups in
Africa, existing
boundaries, and the
opinions and rights
of the people already
living there!
Berlin Conference
≈
Exceptions and Victories
≈
Liberia: established with help
from the United States as a
haven for free slaves who
wished to return to Africa.
Ethiopia: Ethiopia was
originally to be ‘given’ to Italy.
However, when Italy tried to
invade, Ethiopia resisted
successfully.
Eventually, Italy had to retreat,
and Ethiopia became the only
independent African country
that was not conquered or
influenced by a “western”
power.
≈
≈
≈
Antibiotics and
Africa
For years, nations in
Africa had remained
relatively untouched
by Europeans.
HOWEVER
Once a malaria
vaccine was
discovered, there was
nothing stopping
Europeans from
conquering the
continent.
Oppression in Africa
The average European citizen
believed that it was the
responsibility of “civilized”
Europeans to “help” other
nations.
≈ However, those Europeans
who actively invaded Africa
found some resistance…
≈ Most of the people already
living there were not okay
with the outcome of the Berlin
Conference.
≈ The Berlin Conference made it
so that there would be no
conflicts between European
powers in Africa, but it
allowed war as part of the
“civilizing mission”.
≈
Battle of Omdurman
The Year: 1888
40,000 Sudanese
vs.
400 British
The battle lasted only 5
hours.
Losses:
British - 28
Sudanese - 11,000
-The British had one big
advantage: guns.
- By this point, early
machine guns were in
use in the field.
- The biggest problem
the British faced: numb
trigger fingers.
Oppression in Africa
The Europeans had several
advantages in Africa, all
technological.
≈ Machine guns
≈ Machine guns were in their
infancy, but could still do
much damage.
≈ Medicines and field hospitals
≈ Because of their advanced
medical technology, injured
Europeans were more likely
to survive.
≈ Organized armies
≈ Most European countries
had national armies, that
were formally trained and
well organized. The armies
also had technological
innovations not available to
Africans.
≈
The Dum Dum Bullet
- One of the advantages
that Europeans had when
conquering Africa, India,
and the Middle East was
the Dum Dum bullet.
- Invented in the Indian
town of Dum Dum, this
bullet had a snubbed nose.
- If you were shot with it, it
exploded inside of you.
- It was considered so
inhumane that there was a
rule that it could only be
used in the colonies, and
not against other
Europeans.
Dum Dum Bullet
The Dum
Dum Bullet
Example of
the
expanding
dum dum
bullet.
1888 ammunition
with expanding
point.
≈ Dum dum bullets
only had partial
casings. These are
also called softpoint bullets.
≈
Imperialism and Asia
≈
≈
≈
Until the 1840s, Asia had
China was also the
been relatively isolated from
Europe.
powerhouse of the
Pacific. Other East
With the collapse of the
Ottoman empire, there was
Asian countries,
no longer a safe trade route
specifically Korea and
from Europe to East Asia.
Japan, were
In Asia, China was the center pressured by China to
of the world.
adopt aspects of the
China had been relatively
isolated, and so was able to
develop an almost unbroken
history with no European
conflict.
Chinese alphabet,
Chinese culture, and
to become trade
partners.
Chinese map of the World
China had been relatively
isolated, and so was able to
develop an almost unbroken
history with no European
conflict.
Korean map of the World
Imperialism and Asia
China was also used to being
able to control its trade with
European countries.
≈ China had only one port where
it conducted trade with Europe.
The port was Canton.
≈
This all worked well for a
while, until there was an
increase in demand for tea.
In an industrialized world, tea
provided a kick of caffeine, and
also a way to get calories from
sugar.
However, China controls the
vast majority of the tea trade.
Imperialism and Asia
The British wanted to force
China to be more open to trade
with them, and also wanted to
monopolize the tea trade with
Europe.
≈ They proposed that, instead of
buying the tea from China, they
would trade it for Opium.
≈ China said “no way!”
≈ The Chinese government (Qing
Dynasty) had seen how
addictive opium was, and did
not want it in the country.
≈ The British countered with an
ultimatum - either trade the tea
for opium, or go to war.
≈ The Chinese chose war.
≈
The Opium Wars
≈
≈
This led to the Opium Wars.
≈ First Opium War: 1839-1842
≈ Second Opium War: 1856-1860
First Opium War
≈ British victory.
≈ China is used to being the center of the
world - the most powerful country on the
Pacific.
≈ They did not see this coming.
≈ The British had a huge navy, and
importantly, armored steam ships, with
mounted guns.
≈ Comparatively, the traditional Chinese
junk boat didn’t stand a chance.
The Opium Wars
Chinese Junk
British Steamship
The Opium Wars
≈
During the First Opium War, Commissioner Lin
(China) wrote this letter to Queen Victoria (England):
“... Let us ask, where is your conscience?
I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden
by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is
clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your
own country, then even less should you let it be passed onto the
harm of other countries. Of all that China exports to foreign
countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial when
eaten, or of benefit when used, or of benefit when resold: all are
beneficial. Is there a single article from China which has done
any harm to foreign countries?”
The Opium Wars
≈
The Treaty of Nanking
≈ The first Opium War was brought to a
conclusion with the Treaty of Nanking
≈ The treaty said China was forced to pay
Britain for their losses during the war.
One of these losses was 6 million dollars worth of
Opium that Commissioner Lin had thrown into a
river
in protest.
≈ It also forced
China
to open 4 ports to
Britain, and declare Queen Victoria as
ruler of Hong Kong.
≈ It also said that Britain was an equal
to China.
≈ It gave British citizens extra territorial
privileges in the treaty ports - which
meant that British were exempt from
Chinese law while in the ports.
The Opium Wars
≈
The Treaty of Nanking
≈ Why would the Treaty of Nanking be especially
humiliating to the Chinese?
For hundreds of years, China had believed itself to be the most important
country in the world. The treaty was embarrassing because it forced them
to recognize Britain as an equal, which they did not believe!
≈
What other problems might arise from the points in
the treaty?
- It meant British were exempt from Chinese law
- It also meant that the Chinese would be forced to trade Britain for their
opium.
≈ Additionally, the treaty was signed with the city at
gunpoint. The British sailed one of their steamships
up the river and had it poised outside the city. The
Qing Emperor had no choice but to sign.
Taiping
Rebellion
In the time between the First and Second Opium
≈
≈
≈
wars, a group of people called the Taiping.
The Taiping planned to overthrow the Qing
Empire.
≈ Many people were very unhappy with the Qing
Emperor and his court.
≈ There were tensions between ethnic groups,
social classes etc. Trade shifted to the
European-controlle ports, and China was
weakened by the first Opium War.
The Taiping saw this as an opportunity for change.
“Taiping” means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”. Many
modern historians see the Taiping as proto-communists.
Taiping
Rebellion
The Taiping called for several things:
≈
≈
≈
≈
- Land redistribution / abolishment of feudalism (land taken
from richer landowners and given to working peasants)
- Abolition of foot binding
- Prohibition of alcohol, opium, and “sexual misconduct”.
- Other “modernizations”, such as cutting of long braids.
At first, because people were so unhappy with the
way things were after the First Opium War, the
Taiping were very successful and popular.
They took many major cities, and had people
declare against the Qing Emperor.
However, their goals fell by the wayside when they
began gaining more and and power. They stopped
to regroup, which gave the Qing Empire time to
rise back to power.
Taiping
Rebellion
The results of the Taiping Rebellion:
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
20 million people were killed.
There was economic devastation of key
regions, especially those areas that had been
conquered by the Taiping.
The weakened Qing court became paranoid,
and became more conservative and more
anti-foreign. This meant that they were even
more angry at the British.
The Empire starts collapsing from the inside
out.
The leader of the anti-rebellion, Zeng Guofan,
began to adopt western weapons. This is why
he was able to defeat the Taiping rebels.
Second Opium War
≈
≈
The Second Opium War
happened from 1856-1860
Major cause: China had been
ignoring the treaty of Nanking,
and there was a lot of internal
pressure following the Taiping
rebellion.
≈ 1856 - Series of skirmishes
between the Chinese and
British navies.
≈ Britain wins, and seizes the
port of Canton.
≈ 1860 - Qing court is forced
into another treaty, but again
ignore it.
≈ To punish the Chinese, the
British burn down the Qing
Emperor’s summer palace.
Second Opium War
≈
The results of the Second Opium War
≈ China is severely weakened, and takes a very
long time to recover.
≈ They have completely lost control of the Pacific,
leaving a power vacuum.
≈ Later, Japan will step up as the new Asian
powerhouse.
≈ China is forced to trade for opium.
≈ By the end of the Second Opium War, the vast
majority of the Chinese population was addicted
to opium - exactly what Commissioner Lin had
been trying to prevent.
≈ France, Britain, and Russia establish port cities
in China.
≈ By this point, China ultimately becomes a
colonized state, controlled by the British.
Japan
Seeing the British
“success” in China, the
United States wanted to
try something similar
with Japan.
≈ Commodore Matthew
Perry sailed into Japan
with a small fleet,
intending to see if Japan
would be a viable area
for colonization.
≈ This leads to the rapid
industrialization and
westernization of Japan.
≈
Matthew Perry
Japan
Matthew Perry planned to
force Japan to open trade
ports.
≈ The British (and now other
European countries) had a
foothold in Asia (through
control of China), and
Matthew Perry was sent to
gain a foothold for America.
≈ Prior to this point, America
had not been very involved
in imperialism. However, the
country was becoming
strong enough that they
realized the advantages of
having colonies, and trade
ports, around the globe.
≈
Perry arrived to Japan
accompanied by steam
ships. These ships were
painted black, and
compared to Japanese
ships, were gigantic.
Perry also brought with
him examples of
industrial technology –
as incentive for the
Japanese to open its ports
to the Americans.
Japan
≈
≈
≈
Perry planned to immediately
establish some sort of trade
agreement.
Using intimidation tactics
(pointing the guns of his boat
at the Japanese capital), he
convinced the shogun to meet
with him.
At the Convention of
Kanagawa, a trade agreement
was made. This agreement
allowed American soldiers
access to 2 Japanese ports,
and guaranteed the safety of
any American sailors that
might be shipwrecked.
-At this point in history,
Japan was controlled by
a Shogunate – A feudal
system of control.
- Under this system, local
feudal lords (samurai)
reported to the Shogun,
or military leader of
Japan.
-There was an Emperor,
but he had very little
control. The real power
rested in the Shogun.
Perry
-These are
images that
Japanese artists
made of Perry
while he was in
Japan.
-What do you
notice about
these pictures?
- What do these
images say about
the Japanese
opinion of Perry?
Perry
Blue-Eyed Barbarians
-A common depiction is of Perry with
blue tints in the whites of his eyes.
There are three possible reasons for this:
1. Some Japanese artists knew that
westerners had “blue eyes” but were
unsure where the color would be.
2. Throughout Japanese written history,
westerners are often called “blue eyed
barbarians”. Even though Perry does not
have blue eyes, painting him with blue
eyes would underline his “barbarian”
status.
3. Many demons and ghosts in Japanese
paintings were painted with blue in their
eyes as a “creepy” aspect.
Japan
Perry planned to
immediately set up more
permanent American
control in Japan,
however, there were
problems in America.
≈ It was 1855, and America
was on the brink of Civil
War. They couldn’t afford
to have some of their
ships in Japan. Perry was
called back to America.
≈
- At this point, many
Japanese leaders had
seen what happened to
China.
- They wanted to make
sure that America saw
them as equals and not
as a country that should
be conquered.
- By the time American
representatives returned
to Japan (30 years later)
they found a “modern”,
westernized country.
Japan
This period of rapid
industrialization is called
the Meiji Restoration.
≈ Within 30 years, Japan
developed innovations that
took European countries
over 100 years to do.
≈ The Japanese asked the
Dutch – their only
European trade partners
before the Americans – to
provide them with
blueprints for the
locomotive, steam engine,
etc.
≈
- The Meiji Restoration is
also considered a military
coup.
- The shogunate was
overhauled, and the
government instead focused
behind the Emperor.
- The Emperor was still just
a figurehead, but people
supported him.
- Because of this, Japan
quickly industrialized! They
became a “western” power
in less than half the time of
other countries.
Japan
Perry’s Black Ships
- Though the ‘opening of Japan’ with the Convention of
Kanagawa could have led to the oppression of the Japanese
by American imperialists, this did not happen.
-Rather, Japan became an equal trade partner with America.
- Japan industrialized extremely rapidly, declaring itself a
“western” power.
- This choice of industrialization instead of war meant
that Japan protected its independence!
Because of the ultimate
success of this treaty, a
Black Ship Festival is
celebrated in Newport,
Rhode Island, and
Shimoda, Japan.
Because of this treaty,
the two are sister cities.
Russo-Japanese War
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
Why is this Important?
1904-1905
- Japan is an Asian power, and it
The Japanese are now
has now defeated Russia (a
industrialized and
growing in power.
European power).
There is debate as to
This shocks Europe.
who owns/controls a
- They ask themselves: “How
chain of islands in the
could an Asian power defeat a
Pacific.
European power?”
This leads to the
- The only way they can
Russo-Japanese War.
rationalize it is to say that Russia
Japan wins.
was never “European” anyway.
Russia is utterly
defeated.
This embarrasses Russia. The
This sends shockwaves
Tzar (Nicholas) wants a
through Europe.
chance to redeem himself, to
prove that Russia is European.
Problems in Russia
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
There are other
problems in Russia.
Huge inflation and
lack of jobs lead to a
mass of people who
cannot afford food.
Peasants blamed the
Tzar’s advisors.
Peasants marched on
the palace. The palace
guards fired on the
unarmed peasants.
This was the start of
serious internal
issues.
These problems will eventually
lead to the Russian Revolution,
the rise of Communism, and the
creation of the USSR.
Run up to WWI
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
There are serious conflicts in Europe.
Because of imperialism and internal
problems, many people are afraid of
foreign invasion.
This led to many countries making
binding (and secret) alliances.
By 1907, almost all of the countries in
Europe were in these secret alliances.
The sides for WWI were now set.
There only needed to be one spark to
set it alight, and start WWI.