Transcript Africa

I.
Empire Building in Africa
(1880 – 1914)
Ch. 6, Sec. 2
Shaka Zulu and the Zulu Nation
Zulus fought the Boers in the 1830s when the Dutch settlers
(Boers) moved into Zulu land to escape from the British
during what became known as “The Great Trek.”
Zulu land became a part of British-controlled land in 1887.
Shaka Zulu
Distribution
of African
language
families
British Egypt
►
►
►
The Suez Canal was built
with French money &
Egyptian labor and
opened in 1869.
With Egypt in debt, the
canal was turned over to
the British in 1882.
Egypt became a British
protectorate in Egypt in
1914 to control access to
the Suez Canal.
A.
The Suez Canal, 1869.
1. “Lifeline of the
British Empire”
2. Faster access to
Asian & African
colonies.
3. Saved 4,000
miles; 2 weeks
travel.
B. The Berlin Conference (1884).
1. Bismarck hosted the Western powers
to set rules for dividing up Africa.
Only 36
years later.
1914
Map is on
Page 344 in
Textbook
The scramble
for Africa.
C.
European Motives for Imperialism.
Gold, Glory,
and God.
1. Gold: Economic Motive.
a) Raw Materials: Gold, diamonds,
rubber, copper, tin, oil, etc.
b) Markets: Africans would buy
European goods.
Rubber tree
In Liberia
2. Glory: National Pride
a) Measure of national superiority.
b) Plant flag on as much of the world
as possible.
3.
God: The Missionary Impulse
a)
b)
c)
Europeans to Christianize the world.
End the Arab slave trade.
Wanted to “civilize” the “savages.”
D.
Dr. David Livingstone, Scottish minister.
1. Explored Africa’s interior, 1860’s.
E. The Congo
1. Henry Stanley – American
who found Livingstone in
Africa in 1871.
2. By 1882, signed treaties
w/ local chiefs of Congo
River Valley giving control
to King Leopold II of
Belgium.
“Dr. Livingstone,
I presume.”
- Henry Stanley
Belgian Congo
► King Leopold II
► Used forced labor to collect sap
from rubber
plant, but
willed his
colony to
Belgium
upon his
death in 1908.
A young boy (Impongi) with a severed hand
and foot, mutilated by sentries after his village
failed to meet its rubber quota.
The Belgian Congo under King Leopold II
employed mass forced labor of the indigenous
population to extract rubber from the jungle.
As the demand for rubber grew King Leopold's
private army of 16,000 mercenaries were given
leave to use any method to coerce the
population into meeting quotas, including
random killing, mutilation, village burning,
starvation and hostage taking.
This photograph forms part of the Harris
lantern slide collection. Alice Seeley Harris and
her husband John Harris were missionaries in
the Congo in the early 1900s. Their
photographs formed part of what was probably
the first orchestrated multimedia campaign
against widespread human rights abuses.
Rubber Plantations
Small slits are cut by
hand into trunks of
rubber trees.
► White latex is collected
into small bowls.
► It is later collected into
large vats, then dripped
onto a rotating mass of
rubber being cooked over
a slow, smoky fire.
►
F.
“The sun never sets on the British
Empire.”
1. Rudyard Kipling – moral responsibility.
The White Man’s Burden
Rudyard Kipling (1865 –
1936).
► English poet.
► Justification for European
imperialism was the idea
that the “more advanced”
peoples had the moral
responsibility to raise
“ignorant” native peoples
to a “higher level of
civilization.”
► Poem addressed to the
United States.
►
Social Darwinism
► Cecil
Rhodes was the
driving force behind
British Imperialism in
South Africa
► He believed Europeans
had the right & duty to
bring progress to other
countries: Social
Darwinism
G.
Military Technology.
1. Hiram Maxim, an American, invented
the “Maxim Gun” in 1889.
2. World’s 1st automatic machine gun.
The Steam Engine
Railroads and steamboats
allowed Europeans to
advance into the interior
of Africa.
► Technology allowed
Europeans to maintain
close communications
within a colony as well as
b/w the colony & the
mother country.
►
Current Geographic Malaria Locales
► Europeans developed a cure for Malaria, allowing them to stay and take
control of Africa.
Effects of Malaria
Britain: “The Sun Never Sets on the
British Empire”
Queen Victoria of England
(1819 – 1901).
► Ruled over the largest
colonial empire, including
African colonies in
Nigeria, Egypt, South
Africa, among others.
► India was her “crown
jewel” of the empire.
►
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”
1900
► From 1788-1868, approx. 160,000 male, female, and child convicts were sent from
England to the colony of Australia (independence in 1901, but still strong Ally).
British Imperialism: 19th-20th C.
British South Africa
“I think what God would like me to
do is to paint as much of Africa British
red as possible.”
- Cecil Rhodes, 1896.
H. Boer War (1899-1902).
1. British fought
the Boers (Dutch
settlers).
2. 1st modern war:
used concentration
camps.
3. British won &
created South
Africa.
French Colonies
The French colonized much of
North & West Africa, including
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and
French W. Africa.
► The majority of the population
living there were Arab
Muslims.
► The French used direct control
over their colonies, and used a
policy of paternalism in ruling.
► The French wanted colonial
peoples to assimilate to French
culture.
►
Eugene Delacroix: Mid-19th century North African travels
produced series of paintings reflecting French attitudes
towards African peoples.
Algerian Women in their Apartments,
1834
Sultan of Morocco & His Entourage,
1845
Delacroix (1766–1863) believed beauty existed in the fierceness of
nature, especially animals, which he painted in scenes of violent & exotic
tiger hunts. Romantic ideals of Africa appealed to the Europeans, and
encouraged exploration and, later, colonization.
The Tiger Hunt, 1854.
I.
African Resistance.
1. Liberia.
2. Ethiopia.
African Resistance Movements:
Ethiopia
Menelik II of Ethiopia was the only
successful African to defeat the Europeans.
He defeated the Italians in 1896. He used
modern military technology supplied by
the French & Russians to defeat the
imperialists.
By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia
were the only two countries in
Africa that remained independent.
Percentage of Africa Controlled by European Countries in 1913.
Which country controlled the most land in Africa?
Who controlled the least?
European empires: British in red, French in green, German in purple.
Blue arrows show the flow of raw materials; purple arrows show the
flow of manufactured goods.
Satirical cartoon from the mid-19th century, the imperial British lion (its tail holding a
box marked “Carrying Trade” indicating the source of Britain’s wealth in the flow of
trade among its colonies) muses that the American eagle, while holding a scroll
marked “Monroe Doctrine” (to indicate President Monroe’s policy that no European
power should make territorial claims in the Americas).
This small brochure was produced by the German government in 1940.
How Were Europeans Able to
Conquer?
European Advantages:
 Maxim gun (1889) made
it easier for Europeans to
put down resistance
movements.
 Steam engine made it
possible explore &
colonize deep within the
interior of the continent.
 The cure for malaria
provided Europeans with
a longer life span to stay
and conquer.
African Disadvantages:
 Diversity of population
made it difficult to unite
to fight against
Europeans.
 Low technology made it
difficult to resist
advanced weaponry.
The Legacy of Imperialism
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
► Africans lost control of
their land & independence.
► Many died from diseases
like smallpox.
► Thousands died resisting
the Europeans.
► Famines resulted in
switching to cash crops.
► Lost traditional culture.
► Identity problems.
► Divided continent with
artificial boundaries.
POSITIVE EFFECTS
► Reduced local warfare.
► Humanitarian efforts.
► Improved sanitation.
► Improved schools,
transportation & hospitals.
► Lifespan increased.
► Literacy rates increased
(whose language?).
► Economic expansion and
infrastructure built.