Transcript Early Kingdoms of Africa

Early Kingdoms
Nile
Kush
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
Nile
• Settled around the Nile river – fertile
soil
• Egyptian Empire developed from
here and expanded their power.
• Trade, conquest brought cultural
diffusions and advancements
• Polytheistic, belief in the afterlife,
pyramids, pharaohs, and
hieroglyphics
The Story of Nubia/Kush
Nubia (Land of Gold): The Kingdom of Kush (also
called Nubia - the Land of Gold)
Hey Day: Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow.
Because their archers were expert and fierce.
Major Exports: They had gold mines, ivory, incense,
and iron ore.
Resources: Unlike Egypt, in Nubia, they were not
dependent upon the flooding of the Nile for good soil
to grow crops and long growing seasons. They
enjoyed tropical rainfall all year long.
Exports:Trade was very important to Kush. They
established flourishing ports on the Red Sea. They
tried to work out trade agreements with Egypt that
would allow them free access to the Mediterranean via
the Nile River. Egyptians depended on Kush for iron,
gold, and for exotic goods like incense and ebony.
Kush wanted Egyptian manufactured goods,
especially their cotton, an export for which Egypt is still
famous today.
Industry: As the demand for iron grew, Kush ran into a
problem. To make iron, they needed to wood to burn.
They had wood, lots of wood. But they burned so
much wood in the process of making iron, and they
used up supplies so fast, that the forests could not
Kush looked around for new avenues of trade.
They had incense. They had ivory. Certainly
someone would want these wonderful products.
The leaders of Kush began to turn their eyes
towards the vast Sahara Desert. Whas it
possible? Could they develop a trade route to
the far away kings of which they had great
things?
Achievements
• Developed their own religion and
alphabets after the Egyptian gods and
heiroglyphics
• Learned to make iron weapons and tools
– Wasted iron is still left in the capital city Meroe
(in the ruins)
• Trade – Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean,
East Africa, and India
Axum
• Where?
– South of Kushites, developed on the plateaus of
Ethiopia
• Power?
– King Ezana conquered Kush (350 BC)
• Achievements:
– Trading Empire: close to the Red Sea allowed
for great access and control of spices, gems
and ivory to Egypt, Asia, and Arabia
– Christianity: one of the few African kingdoms to
convert to Christianity, and became isolated
later on by the Muslim dominated Africa
Ghana
• The kingdom of Ghana had its heyday from 900 CE
through 1230 CE
• Major Export: Gold
• Natural resource: Niger River, Gold Mines
• Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
• Agricultural crops: Yams (sweet potatoes), beans, rice,
onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep,
goats, poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
• Economic specialization: Traders, miners, farmers,
blacksmiths, soldiers
• Famous Ghanians: Anansi the Spider, Griots
• People: Happy. The common people worked very hard.
Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made time for
music, art, and the griots.
• Religion: Many gods and goddesses
Mali
• The empire of Mali had its heyday from 1200 CE through
the late 1400's.
• Major Export: Gold
• Natural resource: Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt Mines
• Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
• Agricultural crops: Beans, rice, onions, sorghum, millet,
papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and
peanuts.
• Economic specialization: Traders, miners, farmers,
blacksmiths, soldiers
• Famous People: Sundiata, Mansa Musa
• People: Happy. The common people worked very hard.
Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made time for
music, art, and the griots.
• Religion: Nobles – Muslims; Common People - Many gods
and goddesses
Songhai
• The empire of Songhay had its heyday from 1400's through
the late 1500's.
• Major Export: Gold
• Most Sought After Import: Books
• Natural resource: Fish, Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt Mines
• Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
• Agricultural crops: Beans, rice, onions, sorghum, millet,
papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and
peanuts.
• Economic specialization: Fishermen, traders, miners,
farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers, witchdoctors
• Famous People: Sonni Ali the Great
• People: The common people worked very hard. The nobles
were more comfortable.
• Religion: Nobles – Muslims; Common People - Many gods
and goddesses
Trade Routes Develop
Camels (Ships of the
Desert):
– Around 750 CE, Islamic
traders began to use camels
to transports goods across
the desert.
– Camels were the perfect
answer.
– Every trader knew his
camels were the best!
Camels soon were
nicknamed the "Ships of the
Desert".
• The Trans-Sahara Trade Route:
– Caravans of camels were loaded with trade
goods. (spices from India, iron tools and
weapons from Kush)
– The day the first caravan of camels
headed west into the Sahara Desert was
the day that marked the opening of the
Trans-Sahara Trade Route.
Timbuktu
• Where:
• What:
• How:
• Whom:
Complete the questions based
on the reading
Mansa Musa
• Create a Bio Board of Mansa Musa based
on the reading provided.
– Must include a picture
– Must include important facts and dates
Trading States Quiz
• What was the downfall to the Kingdom of
Kush? Explain how that caused their
downfall.
• What benefits were there to the trade
between African states?
• Explain the Trans-Sahara Trade Route and
its importance.
• Describe what Mansa Musa did for Africa.
• Explain why Timbuktu saved Northern
Africa from the Europeans.
What do we know about
slavery
•
Seminar: Questions to
Ponder…
• Captive Africans resisted slavery from the moment
they were first captured through their arrival and
existence on plantations in the New World.
Describe some of the ways they resisted. What
does “mutiny” mean? What part did mutinies play in
the slave trade?
• How were slaves treated in the markets once they
arrived in the New World ? What do you suppose
was the most humiliating aspect of being sold as a
slave?
• What did these captive Africans bring to the New
World? How did they help build the economy of
America?
Seminar: Questions to ponder…
• How did African leaders work with European
slave-traders? What did the Europeans have
that the African leaders wanted? What role did
technology play? How did this effect the balance
of power in the interior of Africa?
• One historian says that the most significant
impact of the slave trade was the “psychological
impact.” Do you agree or disagree? Why or why
not?
Slave Trade
The Journey
• From the 1400s to 1800s, approximately 20
million people were kidnapped from interior
areas of Africa and made to walk hundreds of
miles to the coast.
• Those who survived the grueling hike -- only
about half -- then boarded ships that would take
as long as four months to sail the Atlantic Ocean
and deposit them as slaves in North America,
South America or the Caribbean.
Why the Middle Passage?
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3
2
Effects of the Slave Trade
• European Presence in Africa – leading to
their eventual overtaking/colonization of
Africa.
• African culture is changed at home and its
perception in the world is changed.
• Trade Routes are changed and the
distribution of wealth is changed.
• Destruction of the Western Coast –
deforestation
What is Imperialism?
• The domination of a country by another
country
– Political, Economic, and Cultural life is
changed and controlled
How did it begin?
• The slave trade brought Europeans into
Africa
• David Livingstone proved Africa to be a
place for more than just slaves – gold,
diamonds, natural resources, etc.
• King Leopold II of Belgium started
imperialism
• “Scramble for Africa” – European
Countries race to colonize Africa
How did it begin?
• Explorers such as David
Livingstone, John Speke, Richard
Burton, and Henry Stanley
explored and claimed the land for
their mother country
• Europeans had technological
superiority: THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
– Guns allowed Europe to conquer
Africa from 1880 to 1890
Motives of Europe – 3 G’s
#1 Need for raw materials and a market for
goods – Industrial Revolution
#2 Nationalism (feelings of national pride)
sparked desire for an empire and to
boost their place in the world
#3 Power and Prestige
#4 White Man’s Burden” to spread
Christianity to the natives
Mad Scramble
• 1870s is when the scramble begins
• Gold discovered by Cecil Rhodes in
Johannesburg (S. Africa)
• Europeans divide the continent amongst
themselves
The Scramble for Africa
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Which European nation controlled much of
West Africa?
In what period did southern Africa come under
European rule?
Which conclusion is accurate based on the
information in the map?
(1) In 1900, only two nations in Africa remained
independent.
(2) Germany and France controlled most of East Africa.
(3) The first colony seized by Britain was Uganda.
(4) The stiffest resistance to European rule occurred in
North Africa.
Berlin Conference (1884-85)
• African Resistance to European Dominance
– Ethiopia and Liberia remained free for now
– Colonial regions we set up
– Great Britain and France largest Africa empires
– Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Germany got some
control
– Tribal chiefs signed treatise relinquishing control of
people and land – did not understand what was
being done to them
The Struggle for South Africa
• Three groups of people engage in
a struggle: local African groups,
Dutch settlers known as Boers,
and the British
• The Zulus (native African group)
were expanding south and the
Boers were expanding north –
conflict ensues for years
• The British step in and the Zulus
were defeated eventually take
over South Africa and setup their
own government which only
allowed white people the vote –
eventually the Boers controlled the
government
How the Colonies were ruled
• Directly: colonial power controlled the
government at every level
– French
– Belgian
– Portuguese
• Indirectly – left tradition rulers in place. Officials
made decisions, local rulers were expected to
enforce them
– Great Britain
Effects of European Rule
[New political and economic systems]
• Discussion and consensus (Africa) vs.
principles of right and wrong (Europe)
• Money economy is introduced to Africans
– Europeans required payment of taxes in
money rather than goods
– Encouraged individual ownership of land
How Imperialism Changed Africa
1. Downgraded traditional African culture and
weakened family/tribal ties
2. Led to forced labor and abuses of human
rights
3. Created artificial boundaries that cut across
historical, ethnic, and cultural boundaries
4. Improved medical care, sanitation, and
nutrition
How Imperialism Changed Africa
5. Expanded transportation and
communication – opened remote areas
6. Increased agricultural production with
new seeds and fertilization (Green
Revolution)
7. Created new educational and career
opportunities
8. Population explosion
How Imperialism Changed Africa
9. Increased production of cash crops need
in Europe (Africa became more
dependent on importing food)
10. Exploited natural resources (minerals,
lumber, rubber)
11. By the mid 1960s most of Africa broke
away and was independent
Imperialism Quiz
1 – List three effects of Imperialism on Africa
2 – Name three European countries that
controlled Africa
3 – Explain why Africa was ripe for the
taking
4 – Explain what the Berlin Conference was
and did
5 – What was the lasting effect of
imperialism that is still being felt today
Independence
• Journal Entry #2
– You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1
year and then the annual competition between the
seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to the
seniors in the war and help them win the
competition. When the competition is over you ask
for some repayment of your services – in the form
of freedom. Some of the seniors give you some
freedom and some refuse to hear your requests.
– One freshmen versus the whole senior class will
not work. What are your options, tools to resist
and what are your reactions?
African Independence
• WWII breaks (1939-1945) out
and European powers ask
African colonies to supply men
for the war
• After the War Africans do not
want to suffer under European
rule any longer
• After WWII Africans - Scramble
for Independence
• Africa was very weak and needed
strength in order to push the
Europeans back to Europe
Effects of European Rule
• Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy
– Were not trained in how to run a government,
just told what to do
– Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and
dependent upon it
– Borders that were drawn by Europeans
grouped ethnic rivals together and separated
ethnic groups that were similar – disunity
“Africa for Africans”
• Unity before Independence
• Negritude Movement and PanAfricanism develop
– Negritude Movement: celebrate African
culture, heritage, and values through the
arts
– Pan-Africanism: unity of all Africans
– Nationalism
Independence?
Without European guidance
could Africa survive in the
world and could it progress
with the world?
How was Independence Gained:
A look at 4 country’s struggles
• Ghana (British) (Gold Coast – former
name)
– Kwame Nkrumah
– Nonviolent Independence movements
– 1957 independence gained
– Strong Start
• Gold, cocoa, diamonds
– 1966 Nkrumah ousted
– Since 1981 military rule/dictator
How was Independence Gained:
A look at 4 country’s struggles
• Kenya (British)
– Jomo Kenyatta united the
many different ethnic groups
– Mau Mau
– 1963 Independence
– Kenyatta President
– University students
– 1990s
– Moi’s
How was Independence Gained:
A look at 4 country’s struggles
• Congo
– 1960 by Belgium
– Weak and unprepared
– Mobutu Sese Seko
– Wastes and steals
money and resources
– Laurent Kabilia
How was Independence Gained:
A look at 4 country’s struggles
• Algeria (French)
– Violent means to bring about freedom
– 1962 France gave independence
– Government tried to modernize and
industrialize
– Islamic
– Civil War
How was Independence Gained:
A look at 4 country’s struggles
• Angola (Portugal)
– 1975
– Couldn’t afford
– Not prepared
– Rebel groups
– Soviet Union and Cuba
– USA
– NO strong government
Independence Quiz
1 – Explain the two means that African used to
seek independence
2 – What country was the first to receive
independence from Europe
3 – Explain how Europe turned Africans against
Africans in the fight for Independence
4 – What decade saw the most independent
African countries
5 – Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do
Origins of Apartheid
• 1910 South Africa free
– But ruled by a white minority
until 1994
• 1948 Nationalist party takes
power in Africa
– Dutch Settlers
– Strong belief in white
superiority
– Set up a system of rigid race
separation (apartheid)
•
Logistics of Apartheid
• Categories:
– White
– Black
– “Coloured” (mixed race)
– Asian
• Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain
areas to live and work - infertile
• “Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed
each group to develop its own culture”
Logistics of Apartheid
• Pass system – All blacks living in town had
to carry to control their movement
• “Black” schools, buses, restaurants, etc.
Struggle Against
• Leaders of Nonviolence
approach: Albert Luthuli,
Archbishop Desmond Tutu,
Nelson Mendela, African
National Congress
– Protests, demonstrations, rallies
• Government used violent means
– Sharpeville Massacre
• World Responds: UN, USA,
Olympics
– Embargos, banned, sanctions
The End
• Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted
– 1989 President F.W. de Klerk
– 1990 New Constitution
– 1994 new elections
• Mandela President, 1994
Effects of Apartheid
• People from rural areas are looking for work;
high birthrate
• People cannot afford to eat a nbbalanced diet
• Smog from cars; smoke from coal and wood
fires
• Floods; rainforest deforestation
• Unemployment; chronic illness
• Poor sanitation; lack of affordable healthcare
Africa Today
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Recovery
Urbanization and Modernization
Continent Unity
International Ties
Africa’s Challanges
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AIDS Epidemic
Famine
Status of Women
Debt
Civil War
Genocide