Transcript Ancient African Societies

Four Worlds Collide
Reasons for Migration
In your words, explain the
following:
What is migration and why does it
occur?
Define the following
1. Push Factors
2. Pull Factors
What Environmental Factors Cause
People to Migrate?
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•
Push Factors
Climate changes
Exhausted resources
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Drought/famine
Pull Factors
• Abundant land
• New resources
• Good climate
What Economic Factors Cause People
to Migrate?
Push Factors
• Unemployment
• Slavery
Pull Factors
• Employment Opportunities
What Political Factors Cause People to
Migrate
Push Factors
• Religious
• Ethnic Persecution
• Political Persecution War
Pull Factors
• Political Freedom
• Religious Freedom
Effects of Migration
• Redistribution of the population may change population
density.
• Cultural blending of languages or ways of life may occur
• Ideas and technologies may be shared.
• People’s quality of life may be improved as a result of
moving.
• Clashes between groups may create unrest, persecution,
or even war.
• Environmental conditions may change, causing famine or
depleted natural resources.
• Employment opportunities may dry up, creating
unemployment and poverty.
Four Worlds Collide
The Bantu Migrations
Bantu Origins
• Bantu people originated in West Africa- part
of Nok people.
• After 500 B.C.E., iron technology allowed for
increased food production and population.
• The Bantus migrated to central and southern
Africa in three waves between 500 B.C.E. and
1500 C.E.
Bantu Societies
• Economy was based on hunting, fishing, and
farming
• In most, basic unit of household, or family
• Most Bantu people lived in villages of 5-200
families
• Gender roles were clearly defined
• Age grades defined specific responsibilities
• Village council of elders made decisions
Four Worlds Collide:
The Great African Kingdoms:
The Kongo Kingdom
How My Kingdom Came to Power
• Bantu migrated to Congo River basin
• Kongo natives easily assimilated Bantu
lifestyle
• Two Bantu clans united to form Kongo
Kingdom
Sources of our Kingdom’s Strength
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Waterways provide abundance of fish
Farmers grow and collect several crops
Animals are hunted for mean and hides
Taxes on trade goods are paid to the king’s
treasury
Reason’s Why We’re Concerned
• Portuguese greed sours trade relationship
• Rival African states ally with Portuguese to
raid Kongo for slaves
Reasons Why We, the Portuguese,
came to the Kongo
• Missionaries converted people of the Kongo to
Christianity.
• Traders traded European and Asian goods for
sugar, copper, and skins.
Four Worlds Collide:
Great Zimbabwe
The Shona build Zimbabwe
• Developed economy based on pastoral
agriculture
• Mastered iron making and mined great
quantities of gold
• Engaged in trade with coastal cities and taxed
visiting traders
• Built Great Zimbabwe, capital city, as sign of
the state’s prestige
Zimbabwe’s Decline
• Great Zimbabwe was abandoned after 1450
• Some provinces of Zimbabwe state declare
independence
• Monomutapa Empire replaced Zimbabwe as
dominant power
• Portuguese greed for slaves and gold
destroyed Monomutapa.
Four Worlds Collide
Sudanic Kingdsoms: Ghana, Mali, &
Songhai
The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia
and Ethiopia
• As Islam spread across north Africa, there remained
“islands” of Christianity in the midst of its civilizations.
• Christianity came to Africa before Islam.
• Originally tied to Byzantine Christianity, they eventually
split from them and developed their own unique
Christian practices (known as Coptic).
• When the Muslims came, they tolerated the Coptic
communities and gave them some limited rights.
• The most important Christian community in Africa
was Ethiopia .
• Surrounded by Muslims and pagans, they took to the
highland areas and became self-sufficient.
• In the 16th century, the Ethiopian Christians were
threatened by a neighboring Muslim state.
• The Portuguese arrived and drove the Muslims back
and in return attempted to convert the Ethiopians to
Roman Catholicism.
• This failed and Ethiopia remained an isolated,
Christian, and fiercely independent civilization.
The Golden Age Empires: Ghana,
Mali and Songhai
Ghana
• The best known of the Iron Age states is Ghana (no direct connection or
geographic overlap with the modern nation of Ghana that gained its
independence from Britain in 1957.
• Trans-Saharan trade was revolutionized between the 3rd-5th centuries
when the Berber people introduced the camel to the region.
• The traders from the Ghana area formed the link between the important
resources of salt from the northern part of Africa , and the gold from the
sub-Saharan region.
• This connection integrated them into the Mediterranean world and its
trade connections with the other (now weakening) classical civilizations.
• Their control of the trans-Saharan gold trade allowed them to fund a large
army and rise to empire status.
Mali
• In the early 1200s the chief of the Malinke people challenged
the authority of the ruling Soninke family.
• The king Sundiata triumphed over the Soninke people and
established the most legendary West African empire of all,
Mali .
• The story of Sundiata, also called the Lion Prince, is the most
famous epic from Africa , forming a rich literary tradition in
the same way that Homer did for the Greeks and the legend
of King Author did for the English.
• This story forms a good example for the syncretic nature of
African religion: Sundiata is described as a devout Muslim but
is still concerned with pleasing the traditional spirits as well.
Rulers
• The empire of Mali stretched for thousands of
miles from the west Atlantic coast of Africa
across the sub-Saharan savanna.
• The empire was more developed and oversaw
much more extensive agriculture than Ghana
did.
• It was ruled by kings called Mansas.
• Ibn Battuta, a famous Muslim traveler, visited
Mali ’s capital in 1352.
Mansa Musa
• The most famous Mansa of the empire of Mali
• In 1324-1325 he made his famous hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca
• He took 100 camels just to carry gold which he gave out as gifts
along the way. He was served by 500 slaves.
• In Cairo ( Egypt ) he gave away so much gold that the resulting
surplus caused its devaluation there.
• This famous pilgrimage was significant for 2 reasons:
– (1) it put Mali “on the map” of the medieval world. Word of his
wealth and extravagance spread quickly and brought attention
to Mali .
– (2) it shows the more serious role of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This display of devotion certainly denotes a more serious
attitude toward Islam than the mere toleration shown by many
of Ghana ’s kings.
Songhai
• As the Mali kings eventually lost power in the late
14th and early 15 century, rule moved slightly east to
the kingdom of Songhai along the Niger River .
• The founder of this new empire was Sonni Ali, a selfproclaimed Muslim, although many question his
devotion to Islam and it appears that he exploited
the religion to centralize his own political power
(think of the combined roles of military, religious,
and political authority taught by Islam).
• Ali was a military conqueror whose success, in part,
lie in his use of war boats along the Niger River .
• The primary opposition to Sunni Ali's rule
were the Muslim scholars at Timbuktu.
• Ali ruthlessly persecuted them when they
challenged his power.
• The Songhai ’s empire was finally destroyed in
1591 by invaders from Morocco .
• These troops brought with them a new
weapon that the Africans could not match:
firearms.
• Guns had arrived in Africa .
Age of Exploration
Define the following terms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BARTOLOMEU DIAS
PRINCE HENRY
VASCO DE GAMA
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
DUTCH EAST INDIA
COMPANY
6. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
7. COLONY
8. HERNANDO CORTÉS
9. CONQUISTADORS
10.MONTEZUMA II
11.FRANCISCO PIZZARO
12.MESTIZO
13.ENCOMIENDA
14.NEW FRANCE
15. JAMESTOWN
16. PILGRIMS
17. NEW NETHERLAND
18. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
19. METACOM
20. ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
21. TRIANGULAR TRADE
22. MIDDLE PASSAGE
23. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
24. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
25. CAPITALISM
26. JOINT-STOCK COMPANY
27. MERCANTILISM
28. FAVORABLE BALANCE OF
TRADE
Setting the Stage
• By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to
venture beyond their borders.
• The Renaissance encouraged, among other
things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity.
• This spirit of adventure—along with several
other factors—prompted Europeans to
explore the world around them.
Motives for exploration
• Resource-poor Portugal searched for fresh resources (Gold)
– From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century they
ventured out onto Atlantic
– Established sugar plantations in the Atlantic islands
• The lure of direct trade without Muslim intermediaries
– Asian spice trade
– African gold, ivory, and slaves
• Missionary efforts of European Christians (GOD)
– New Testament urged Christians to spread the faith
throughout the world
– Crusades and holy wars against Muslims in early
centuries
– Reconquista of Spain inspired Iberian crusaders
• Various motives combined and reinforced each other not to
mention those who sought fame. (Glory)
New Technology
– The technology of exploration enabled European
mariners to travel offshore
• Sternpost rudder and two types of sails enabled ships
to advance against wind
• Navigational instruments
– Magnetic compass
– Astrolabe (and cross and back staffs)
• Knowledge of winds and currents enabled Europeans to
travel reliably
– Trade winds north and south of the equator
– Regular monsoons in Indian Ocean basin
– The volta do mar
The Age of Exploration
The People
Bartolomeu Dias
An early Portuguese explorer, who in
1488, sailed down to the southern tip
of Africa.
Vasco de Gama
A Portuguese explorer who in 1498,
reached the port of Calicut, in the
southwestern coast of India.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
A Portuguese explorer who in 1500,
reached the shores of modern-day
Brazil.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian sailor who in 1492, who
sailed west and reached the shores
of an island in the Caribbean.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
A Spanish explorer who in 1519, led
an march through modern-day
Panama and became the first
explorer to see the Pacific Ocean.
Hernando Cortes
A Spanish explorer who in 1519,
landed on the shores of Mexico and
most famous for conquering the
Aztecs.
Ferdinand Magellan
A Spanish explorer who in 1519, led
expedition to sail around the world.
Francisco Pizarro
A Spanish explorer who in 1532, led
an expedition into South America
and conquered the mighty Inca
Empire.
John Cabot
A English explorer who in 1497,
landed near New Foundland.
Sir Francis Drake
A British explorer who from 1577 to
1580, led second expedition around
the world.
Jacques Cartier
A French explorer who in 1534,
reached a gulf off the eastern coast
of Canada that led to a broad river he
named the St. Lawrence.
Samuel de Champlain
A French explorer who in 1608, sailed
up the St. Lawrence river an claimed
Quebec
Henry Hudson
An English explorer who in 1609, who
sailed west looking for the northwest
sea route to Asia, instead he found
the three waterways near present
New York.
Amerigo Vespucci
A Italian sailor who in 1501, sailed
along the eastern coast of South
America.
Juan Ponce De Leon
A Spanish explorer who in 1521, was
the first to set foot in Florida.
World History
Age of Exploration:
China & Japan
Zheng He, the Explorer
• Parents were Muslims of Mongol and Arab descent.
• He was drafted into the army.
• He was later promoted to admiral when his
commander usurped the Chinese throne.
• He led his first voyage of exploration in 1405.
• His ships were the largest wooden vessels ever built,
measuring over 400 feet long.
• His voyages were not for discovery, but to display
Chinese superiority.
• He made a total of 7 voyages before China withdrew
into isolation.
Ming & Isolation
• To keep outside influence to a minimum, trade was only
conducted through 3 coastal ports.
• Despite the restrictions, many merchants smuggles in valuable
goods in and out of the country.
• The demand for Chinese goods grew, but they did not become
industrially advanced because (1) whole idea of commerce
offended Confucian beliefs and, (2) Chinese economic policies
traditionally favored agriculture.
• The Ming ruled for more than 200 years but years of
ineffective rules, corrupt officials, and debt grew.
• As a result, taxes were increased and bad harvests led to
starvation and rebellion.
Japan
• Only one port, Nagasaki, remained open to
foreign traders.
• Only Dutch and Chinese merchants were
allowed in the port.
• For more than 200 years, Japan remained
basically closed to Europeans.
• The Japanese were forbidden to leave so as
not to bring back foreign ideas.
• They would continue to develop, but as a selfsufficient country, free from Europe.
Age of Exploration
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange
• Biological exchanges between Old and New Worlds
– Columbian Exchange--global diffusion of plants, food crops,
animals, human populations, and disease pathogens after
Columbus's voyages
– Permanently altered the earth's environment
• Epidemic diseases--smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping
cough, and influenza--led to staggering population losses
– Smallpox reduced Aztec population by 95 percent in one century
after 1519
– Contagious diseases had same horrifying effects in the Pacific
islands
– Between 1500 and 1800, one hundred million people died of
imported diseases
Columbian Exchange Cont’d
• New foods and domestic animals
– Wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens went to
Americas
– American crops included maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes,
peppers, peanuts
– Growth of world population: from 425 million in 1500 to 900
million in 1800
• Migration of human populations
– Enslaved Africans were largest group of migrants from 1500 to
1800
– Sizable migration from Europe to the Americas
– Nineteenth century, European migration to South Africa,
Australia, and Pacific Islands