Transcript WWI

WWI
Canada and World War I
The War Game: Reflection
Task:
Reflect on the war game and answer the following
questions;
• What was your impression of the war game?
• What did you learn about war and concepts of war?
• How did you interact with the other players?
• What did you notice about relationships and power
within the groups (countries)?
• Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Recapitulate
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Confederation 1867
Relationship building, the Dominion of Canada
Urbanization—
Immigration
Industry, trade, farming
Forming of Canadian Identity (a young but
determined country)
• British Imperialism
Sir Wilfred Laurier
• 1896, Liberal Party, 15 years—”The golden age of
Laurier”
• Saw both the French and the English Canadian points
of view (fairness, equality & compromise)
• “faithful to the nation who gave us life
(France)…faithful to the great nation that gave us
liberty (Britain)
• Distinct Identity
Imperialism
• While Canada was it’s own independent
governing body, Britain still controlled
Canada’s foreign affairs
• Britain defended, Britain negotiated the
treaties
• French did not feel the same sense of loyalty
to the British empire that English Canadians
did
Navy Race
• Britain and Germany racing to build the
largest navy
• In 1900, the British had a 3.7:1 tonnage
advantage over Germany; in 1910 the ratio
was 2.3:1 and in 1914, 2.1:1.
• Canada helped with ship building in the St.
Lawrence sea-way
Militarism
• The Arms Race
• The speculation of war (I think therefor I am)
• The only way to guarantee peace was to
prepare for war
• Attack and defense
• Battleships, guns, explosives
Alliances
• Countries band together against a common
threat
• Pledge to support each other in times of war
• France and Germany had been in conflict
• Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
Alliances
Nationalism
• Deep Loyalty
• Each Country trying to prove their dominance and
power
• The Great Powers: (Italy, France, Germany, the British
Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire and Russia)
• Tensions over territory in the Balkans (Serbia, Austria,
Hungary and Bosnia--province)
• Power struggle erupted because Bosnia wanted to be
part of Serbia
Chain Reaction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfIwY4Ej9aM
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Archduke Ferdinand—Read the article on Franz Ferdinand and answer the
following:
1. How did his assassination lead to WWI He was the heir to the throne of the AustroHungarian Empire.
2. List 3 important points from the article that tell us something about WWI
• On August 1, after hearing news of Russia’s general mobilization, Germany
declared war on Russia.
• The great war involved Italy, Japan, the middle east and the United States, among
other countries.
3. How does this article relate to CANADA Canada is part of the British Empire so if
Britain were to enter a war, Canada would automatically join alongside Britain.
4. What would happen if Jason serenaded us with his guitar?
• Armageddon
Canada goes to WAR
• Since Canada was not a fully independent nation we
went to war alongside Britain as part of their Empire.
• The extend of our involvement—war declared on
August 4th, 1914 we offered 25,000 trained men on
August 6th
• Recruiting campaign (Minister of Militia) $1/day
• Canadian economy was slow (depressed)
• Steady job, pay, free room and board, sense of
purpose & patriotism
• http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/reaction-war-e.aspx
Trench Warfare
• Canadians Head Overseas: The First Canadian Contingent
sailed for England in October 1914 with over 30,000
volunteers
• Cold and Wet Training: Canadians trained for four months,
most of it in terrible mud, as England experienced one of its
wettest winters in decades. While most of the troops stood up
well to the awful conditions, Canadian equipment did not.
Much of it was soon discarded in favour of British types.
• The Canadians learned basic soldiering in England after a
hasty mobilization and a difficult, uncomfortable winter. Their
real training would come at the front.
Life in the Trenches
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Rats, lice, exhaustion and trench foot
Stand to, day to day work
Night time danger
Steady trickle of death
“Shell Shock”
Battle of Ypres
• Ancient city in Belgium,
first major battle of the
war 1915
• Important: poison gas!
• And Canadians were the
only ones able to hold
their position and
mount a counter attack
• 6000 men died
The Canadian Government sold Victory Bonds to
Canadian citizens, private corporations and
various organizations in order to raise funds to
pay for the war. The bonds were a loan to the
government that could be redeemed with
interest after 5,10, or 20 years.
Socio-Political issues during
WWI
• “Enemy Aliens”
– The best and the worst (suspicion, intolerance, greed)
– United like never before
– 1914, 500 000 German, Austrian & Hungarian living in
Canada
– War Measures Act—panic—internment camps
– Register with police, remote areas, language,
discrimination, vandalism
War Measures Act
• To control the civil liberties of those from enemy nation states
(Germany, Austria, Hungary)
• provided for the declaration of war, invasion, or insurrection,
and the types of emergency measures that could thereby be
taken.
(a) censorship and the control and suppression of publications, writings, maps, plans,
photographs, communications and means of communication;
(b) arrest, detention, exclusion and deportation;
(c) control of the harbours, ports and territorial waters of Canada and the movements of
vessels;
(d) transportation by land, air, or water and the control of the transport of persons and
things;
(e) trading, exportation, importation, production and manufacture;
(f) appropriation, control, forfeiture and disposition of property and of the use thereof.
• Only 3 times in Canadian History
Missing Faces
of Canadian History
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First Nations
Black Canadians
French
Ukrainian, Polish, German and European
Canadians
• Read Pg. 75 together
• Article: Medals and Memories
‘Total War’
• Enlisted the efforts, energies and passions of civilians as well
as soldiers
• The Canadian government issued advice for the home during
war;
• Pg. 107 “Spotlight”
The Home Front
• No sacrifice spared to ensure a victory Europe
• Victory Gardens—Less meat—food sent over seas
• Women organized card games, dances, bazaars &
variety shows to raise money
• Chinese, Japanese, Jewish, Italian, Aboriginal and
Black women
What effects would the war have on your life? How
would it be different than normal?
The Changing role of the
Government
• Increasing number of controls: day-to-day lives,
“heatless days”, “Meatless Mondays”, “Fuelless
Sundays”
• Victory Bonds
• Income Tax –”temporary measure”…Wha happened?
• Factories for ammunition, airplanes, shells, ships
• Booming economy
Women
• Nurses, ambulance drivers in field hospitals behind
the front lines
• 30,000 Canadian women worked in munitions
factories
• Drove buses, streetcars, banks, police
force, civil service jobs
• Women brought in the harvest, city
women recruited to help
• Knit sox, roll bandages,
Women
• Making decisions about the country
• Suffragists (beginning of 20th century)
• Nellie Mclung—”women should have exactly the
same freedom as men”
• Point proven when WW1 broke out
• 1916 Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 1917 Ontario, British Columbia
• Wartime Elections Act
• Dominion Elections Act (Parliament)
Do you think Aboriginal, Black, Japanese or
Chinese women were given the vote?
Conscription
• 1917 death toll was mounting, volunteers
dwindling, Prime Minister Robert Borden
• Conscription Bill: all able-bodied men
required to join the army. No Choice.
A Country Divided
• Protest among French Canadians
• English Canadians believed that Quebec was not
doing it’s part in the war
• Quebec had only 20% volunteers compared to 92%
in Alberta and 63% in Ontario
• Quebecois were farmers, needed for the war effort
• French did not share the same enthusiasm for war,
did not believe their sons should be forced to join
France
• Quebec did not feel a strong tie to France
• Felt they had been deserted by France when
they were conquered by British forces in 1760
• French felt they were being treated like
second class citizens (i.e. French language
rights taken away in Manitoba, Ontario)
Debate
British for Conscription
Quebecois against
Conscription
“You are Sir Robert Borden and have seen
first hand the low morale, high death toll
and threat of the German army against
the Triple Entente. The very lives of
Canadians and our freedom is
endangered. You believe that honour,
valour and the draw to protect our
country will encourage and support your
decision for conscription.”
“You are a farmer in rural Quebec, you
have been breaking your back to produce
food for the war effort and your family is
important not only for food production
but you fear for your sons lives. Canada
has already made a military display (men
and money) proportionately superior to
any nation engaged in the war. Further
weakening of the country would seriously
handicap agricultural production and
other essential industries.”
The Air
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Airplane—a new and unproven invention
British Air Force (Canada didn’t have one)
Canadian air men talented—pilot training program
1918 40% of British Air Force were Canadian
Fokker, Zeppelin, Sop
Trench warfare vs. Air
Percentage of pilots killed higher than any other branch
Dogfights: aerial duels “flamer” no parachutes
Billy Bishop & The Red Baron
• Billy Bishop, Canadian, 5-13 planes (pg.96)
• Red Baron, German, 80 planes
The War at Sea
• U-Boat (submarine)
• Lusitania—British luxury liner torpedoed, 1198
people drowned
• The sinking of American ships brought the U.S. into
the war against Germany…turned the tide
The Last 100 Days
• Spring 1918—U.S. had entered against
Germany
• Germany tried a massive sweep in France
before the U.S. could arrive
• 80 Km from Paris, Canadian sweep against
Germany
• The allied effort that finally broke the German
military was called “The Hundred Days”
November 11th, 1918
• At pre-dawn Germany formally surrendered
• Hostilities ceased at 11:00am that morning
• 10:55 a sniper killed George Price, the last
Canadian to die
• Belgium at Mons—”Vive les braves
Canadiens!”
In Flanders Fields
• Lieutenant Colonel John Mccrae, a Canadian
physician
• Battle of Ypes