Transcript The French and Indian War

vs.
1753 - 1763
The Seven Years War in Europe
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The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger
conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.
Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony,
Russia, Sweden and Spain.
Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and
committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in
North America.
The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.
Competing European Claims
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In the middle of the 18th century,
France and England had competing
claims for land in North America.
The French held trapping and trade
routes in the Ohio Valley.
The English colonies were
encroaching on French territory are the
population grew.
They also competed over trade issues
with the Native Americans in the
disputed region.
Competing European Claims
England and
France
were at war.
Some French people
began moving to the
American colonies
from Canada.
Canada
Colonies
England did not want to lose the colonies
to the French, so the English asked the
colonists to help them fight against the
French. The French asked some
American Indians to help them fight
against England and the colonists.
So, Let’s Get this Straight…
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Some of the French people were moving into
the English Colonies
Some of the English people were moving into
French Territory and competing for the fur
Trade
So, this war was over Land (Ohio River Valley)
Students need to create an illustration to
represent the cause of the French and
Indian War!
Student Assignment
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Iriquois Nation
Reading WS
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Albany Plan of the
Union Political
Cartoon WS
The Albany Congress
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Benjamin Franklin created the
Albany Plan to unite the colonies
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In 1754, war was inevitable.
The colonies sent delegates to Albany
to discuss strategy for common
defense.
Representatives approved a document
written by Benjamin Franklin
promoting a government below British
authority to govern the colonies.
The council would be comprised of
elected representatives from each
colony and headed by a PresidentGeneral appointed by the crown.
The colonies were not ready for
political union and it is unlikely that the
British government would have
supported the plan.
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"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
1754  The First Clash
The
Ohio Valley
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware & Shawnee
Indians
The Battle of Fort Necessity
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Young George Washington
The French set up forts along to
protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflicted with
English claims.
Virginia Governor Dinwiddie
dispatched a young George
Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest
to the French. This protest was
ignored.
The British sent a party to construct a
fort on the site of modern Pittsburg.
The Battle of Fort Necessity
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.
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The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on
the site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site.
Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American
numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to
surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian
War.
Braddock’s Defeat
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In July 1755, the British sent a force
from Virginia to attack Fort
Duquesne.
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The heavy force was defeated by the
smaller French force and their Native
American allies.
Both the British commander,
Braddock, and the French commander
Beaujeu, were killed.
23 year old George Washington won
accolades for rallying the defeated
British and preventing the battle from
turning into a rout.
The first two years of fighting were
characterized by humiliating defeats for
the British.
1.
Braddock and his army
moved very slowly, building
roads and bridges as they
headed through the
wilderness.
2.
Braddock believed that
fighting like the Indians was
cowardly.
* This led to his death!
1.
Washington learned that the
British were not unbeatable
in battle as many people
thought.
2.
Washington believed that the
key to winning the war was
to fight like the Indians.
(Guerrilla War)
* This led him to success during
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
• Indian-style guerilla
tactics.
British
• March in formation or
bayonet charge.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
Fortunes Reverse
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In 1757, expansion advocate
William Pitt became the British
Prime Minister and vowed to lead
country to victory.
Pitt concentrated on:
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expelling the French from North
America
buying the cooperation by the
colonists by stimulating the North
American economy with a massive
infusion of British currency
buying the support of the Native
Americans with promises of fixed
territorial boundaries.
Fortunes Reverse
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The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing
strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.
The British conquered Quebec in 1759.
In 1760, they captured Montreal.
In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French
colonies in the Caribbean.
The French Empire in North America came to an end.
French Defeat: Treaty of Easton
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The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758,
essentially sealed France’s fate.
In the treaty, the British promised the
Six Iroquois Nations to stop
settlements west of the Alleghenies in
exchange for their neutrality in the war.
This caused the French to abandon
Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit
and Montreal, the last two French
strongholds in North America, had
fallen.
This was the end of major fighting in
North America.
The Treaty of Paris
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The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its
territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.
1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions,
most of her empire in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of
the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but
lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in
Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean
slave trade, and commercial dominance
in India.
North America in 1763
1. England and the Colonists beat the French and the
Indians.
2. England expanded their territory in North America
3. This war was very costly to England, increasing her
debt. The British decided to tax the Colonists to pay for
the war!
4. Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the
“Proclamation Line.” (the Appalachian Mountains
was the “line”)
BACKLASH!
British  Proclamation
Line of 1763.
Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
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Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt
to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.
Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” (the
Appalachian Mountains was the “line”)
The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the
Revolutionary War.
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Students need now need to create an illustration
for the effects of the French and Indian War!
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Pontiac's Rebellion
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Native Americans quickly grew
disenchanted with the British.
The British exhibited little cultural
sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to
stop encroachments on Indian land.
This unrest culminated in a rebellion by
Pontiac, a Native American leader who
united various tribes with the goal of
expelling the British.
The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
Massacres and atrocities occurred on
both sides— most notably, British
General Jeffrey Amherst gave the
Native Americans blankets infested
with smallpox.
Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie
Indians
(May 5, 1763)
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“It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which
seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply
our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells
us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. …
When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our
comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers
do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses
with the reply that he has no use for us. …
Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”
Primary or Secondary???
Photo and Text Citations
Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg
Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpg
Slide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html
Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg
Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpg
Slide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm
http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2
Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpg
Slide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg
Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpg
Slide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpg
Slide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpg
Slide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg
Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.html
Slide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdf
Slide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpg
Slide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg