Transcript Imperialism - White Plains Public Schools

IMPERIALISM
WORLD DOMINATION
Hegemony
Rise of European
Powers
Pattern of change
Enlightenment/Age of Reason
Scientific Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Logic & Reason
Need for Colonies
Romanticism/Emotions
New Weapons
Glory/Honor/Pride
French Rev/Napoleon
Nationalism
Cultural Pride
Restoration of Old Order
National Competition
Imperialism
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Mixed motives. Imperial powers claimed economic necessity, strategic imperatives, and a highminded "civilizing mission."
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Competition between imperial powers.
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In practice, the new imperialism varied considerably; including settler colonies such as Australia, indirect
rule as in British Africa, direct rule as in French Indochina, and even the private fiefdom of Leopold II in
the Belgian Congo. In all cases, ultimate authority rested with the imperial state, and local rulers had little
real power.
Economic colonialism.
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The scramble for Africa and later for the Pacific islands illustrates the intense competition between
imperial nations.
The United States took over the Philippines in order to be on an equal footing with other powers already
in China. Japan seized Korea and Taiwan for the same reason.
Different models of colonial rule.
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Frequently motives were confused, so it became "the white man's burden" to convert Africans to
Christianity while at the same time enslaving them.
The purpose of the colony was to supply cheap raw commodities to the imperialist state and to be a
market for manufactured goods.
All resources, natural and human, were directed to this effort. Forests were transformed into plantations,
and workers impressed into service.
There was no effort to develop a colonial industry that might compete with the imperial state.
Contempt for local cultures.
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With few exceptions, the imperial powers regarded colonial people as their inferiors and treated them as
such. The French made an effort to convert and educate colonial peoples.
The British also employed colonials as soldiers and minor civil servants, but made little provision for
education.
This disrespect contributed to a growing nationalism in India.
Imperialism
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Reasons Economic-raw materials for industry,
markets for goods
 Military-bases for ships
 Humanitarian-help under developed
cultures, spread Christian religion
 Racism-”social darwinism”
Success Based on military might
 Social, Religious, and Economic
justifications
Types of governance
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France
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Great Britain –England
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direct rule
indirect rule
protectorates
Spheres of influence
Mandates
Settler colonies
Tropical
Proprietory colony – area granted to one or more
individuals
Dominion – British Commonwealth of Nations
transmigration
Differs from puppet states or satellite states
Imperialism – Neo Imperialism (post Franco
Prussian War)
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Old Imperialism beginning with the Age of Exploration until
the early 1700s with Spain and Portugal acquiring territory in
Central and South America while mostly trading companies
established for Britain, France, Netherlands, Russia)
Revolutions severed political ties but maintained the series of
economic dependencies and trading stations during 1700s
and by 1800s new pattern occurred and intensified following
the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 which upset the balance of
power as we have Germanic and Italian unity.
The Berlin Conference legitimized both the scramble for
Africa and the solidification of the Europeans in Asia
1st period of Imperialism the companies used the local
political entities to gain entry and establish their trading posts
in the New phase they conquered the area and had to
occupy to control.
1st phase had more economic ramifications while the second
phase became more political and because they had to hold
the territory – more military.
Direct - Indirect
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Direct Rule- (usually the French method)
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The imperialist power controlled all levels of government.
A French man or a German would be the head of the government.
Sultans or chieftans in the areas of Africa would be subservient to the
chosen imperial governor (often a military general then later a person
of noble lineage that may have been in government service).
The French assimilated many peoples into their own society, often
giving citizenship much like the Romans did at their first conquests.
This was an easier process because the peoples in French colonies
were required to learn French and adopt the French educational
system and government.
Although many areas resented the change and this caused problems
is did allow for greater integration.
It also allowed for greater culture exchange in that the French often
adopted the colonial ways and the colonist who were granted
citizenship often moved to France or were sent to France to study.
There were greater numbers of marriages between French nationals
and colonists than British nationals and their colonists.
Direct - Indirect
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Indirect Rule-(Usually the British method)
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The British advisors and a Governor made colonial laws that
were almost always in favor of Great Britain but they did allow
some local rule.
In Africa the Sultans would consult with the Governor on
international and economic issues but often local issues were
decided by the area rulers.
The British did not wish for these people to become part of their
society and kept them very separate.
In India the peoples who worked for the British were required to
act British but not every allowed into British circles.
They were not invited into each others homes partially because
of the intolerance of the British to recognize or understand some
religious differences or cultural taboos.
World before WWI
South and East Asia
Imperialism
Africa
Africa
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Reasons–
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Closeness to Europe
History of Slave Trade
Religious
No unified countries to resist
Romanticism or lure of interest in Africa
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Edgar Rice Burroughs
David Livingston
Africa
African
Resistance
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Many tribes fought back
but were no match for
the European weapons
Only Ethiopia, led by
Menelik II, resisted
Defeated Italy
Imperialism
Middle East-Egypt
Ottoman Empire
Southwestern Asia
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Ottoman Empire (Turkey)- Muslim
Armenia-Christian
Ottoman’s thought the Armenians were plotting with
the Russians to attack
1890-1914 massacre or “genocide” of Armenians
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Wanted to separate from Ottomans
Issues with expansion and Russia
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Treaty of Adrianople – 1829
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was settled between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman
Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and
additional territory on the Black Sea, opened the Dardanelles to all
commercial vessels, commerce is liberated for cereals, live stocks and
wood, granted autonomy to Serbia, promised autonomy for Greece,
and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Walachia until the
Ottoman Empire had paid a large indemnity.
Crimean War
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Pan Slavism
Religious conflict
France and Great Britain side with Ottomans
1852-1855
Southwestern Asia
Egypt
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Remained independent from
Europe due to efforts of
Mohammed Ali
Used Europeans to build army
Modernized irrigation, taxes,
trade
Died in 1849
Successors not as strong
Egypt
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France builds Suez
Canal
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Eventually controlled by
Britain
Egypt becomes a
protectorate of Britain
Imperialism
India
Britain and
India
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Britain uses military
force to subdue local
independent rulers in
India
British East India
Company
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Traded Indian drugs
to China for tea for
English
The Good and the Bad
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Britain improved–
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Hospitals
Transportation
Communication
Road
Canals
Education
Laws & safety
Improved status for women
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Britain ruined
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Freedom
Self-determination
Social system
Habits/customs
Increased racism
Economic exploitation
India-Sepoy Rebellion 1857
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Sepoys- Indians who
became British
soldiers
Hindu & Muslim
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Travel
Social customs
Rifles
Massacre of British
British retaliation
brutal
British Government Take Over
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After the Sepoy Rebellion-British government
takes control
Viceroy or governor set up
India becomes main source of cotton for
English textile mills
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Finished goods were resold in India
Destroyed local hand-made clothes
India Independence
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1880’s India sets up a
national congress to
work towards
independence
Britain reluctant to give
up prize
World War I and World
War II interrupt India’s
independence
Mohandas Gandhi leader
in peaceful movement to
gain independence in
1848
India divides into
Pakistan (Muslim) and
India (Hindu)
Imperialism
China
China
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China trade with Europe
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Silks, tea, porcelain
Britain brings Indian opium in
exchange for tea
China demanded it stopBritain says no; Opium War
1839
Britain wins easily
Demands–
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Indemnity
Extra-territoriality
Europe and China
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Once Britain got it’s
special right with
China, all major
European powers got
the same
To get rid of the
Europeans, the
Society of Righteous
and Harmonious
Fists, or “Boxers”
rebelled and attacked
in 1900
Boxer Rebellion (Harmonious Fists)
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Rebellion Failed
Empress Ci Xi loses power,
dies 1908;
Nephew, Henry Pu Yi-”last
emperor”; is driven into exile
by Japanese
Pay indemnity of $300 m
China forced to adopt more
European customs and
ideas
China expands economically
But dominated by
Europeans
China in Transition 1908-1949
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Nationalism grows in China
Sun Yixian sets up new
republic based on–
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Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood-economic
Through WWI and WWII China
is torn apart by civil war and
invasion.
Eventually Communists led by
Mao Zedong take over in 1949
Communists still in power
today
Imperialism Review
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European countries
dominate world using–
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Military superiority
Need for raw materials &
markets
Belief in racial superiority
Religious ideas
Competition between
powers
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Results
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Spread of European culture and
ideas
Destruction of local cultures
Resentment of European
countries
Arms race between European
countries
Spread of Nationalism in weaker
countries
The Conference of Berlin (1884-1885)
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There was a risk of conflict between colonial countries in
the "Scramble for Africa". Like our own games of Monopoly,
Diplomacy or Risk, some rules had to be written down if
the game was to be played in an orderly manner.
All the European powers and the USA met in Berlin in
1885. It was decided that King Leopold of Belgium could
have his claim to the huge Congo Basin. It was also
decided that new colonies had to be "effectively occupied".
It was not enough simply to put up a flag and say the
region was yours. You also had to officially defend and
administer the area if you wanted other countries to
recognize your claim.
Berlin Conference
Making a new map of Africa
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Sphere’s of Influence were legitimized
Buffer states were established to prevent
intervention of other European nations in their
territory
Hostile tribes were thrown together.
Conflicting loyalties had grave consequences for the
African tribes.
Natural dividing lines such as rivers or mountains
were not considered
The Fashoda Crisis (1898)
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The Berlin Conference set the rules for the division of Africa, but it also
made the colonial powers even more aggressive in their pursuit of
unclaimed territory. A pattern was emerging between the two greatest
colonial countries.
France was clearly expanding in a west to east direction, from French
West Africa to French Somaliland, while Britain had expanded in a northsouth direction, from Egypt to the Cape. The point where the two axes
crossed was the Sudan. Here a small French expedition, under Major
Marchand, reached Fashoda, on the Upper Nile, in 1898. This was
followed, only two months later, by a much bigger British force under
Lord Kitchener. The two leaders did not know whether to sit down and
have a drink together or fight. Both claimed Fashoda and the Sudan for
their own countries.In London and Paris, for the last time in their
histories, there was talk of war between Britain and France. However, the
diplomats knew it was absurd for their countries to go to war over a
distant African village. Quietly, an agreement was reached. France would
recognise the British presence in Egypt and Sudan and Britain would
recognise France's presence in Morocco. With colonial differences
settled, the two countries could concentrate on a far more pressing
subject; coming together in an Entente Cordiale to face a common
danger -Germany.
King Leopold’s Ghosts
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The Congo provides the most curious and the most bloody example of
European colonisation in Africa.
Belgium had only become independent in 1830 and was obliged by law to
be a neutral country. Consequently, it could not engage in any adventures
in Europe alongside the big powers. Although the Belgian people and
government were not particularly enthusiastic, the king, Leopold, was
desperate to give the country an Empire. "There are no small nations ....
only small minds", he is quoted as saying.
Creating an "Association Internationale Aticaine", he had, by 1875, laid
claim to a huge territory, eighty times the size of his own country, in the
Congo basin. It was the king's own property, paid for entirely out of his own
pocket. By the 1880's, however, his finances were in difficulty and, by a
series of royal ordinances, the colonial tax-collectors were authorised to go
into villages and extract quotas of rubber from the villagers as taxation.
The British Consul in the "Congo Independent State", Roger Casement,
produced a famous report in 1903, in which he revealed how Congolese
natives were being systematically mutilated (hands, ears, noses cut oft),
',whipped and executed for not 'producing enough wild rubber for their
(taxes. The scandals grew so great that ithe Belgian parliament demanded
that their king relinquish his private colony and hand it over to the Belgian
state (1908). The Congo had become the most notorious of all European
colonies in Africa.
White Man’s Burden
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'Take up the White Man's burden
The savage wars of peace
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch Sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hope to nought ....
'Take up the White Man's burden
Ye dare not stoop to less
Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloak your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your Gods, and you.
'Take up the White Man's burden
Have done with childish days
The lightly proffered laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Come now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with
dear-bought wisdom,
The judgement of your peers!'
Rudyard Kipling
Trade and Territory
Social Darwinism + Capitalism +
Nationalism = Imperialism (increased
need for military ergo militarism which
fed back into nationalism or jingoism)
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Colonialism one hundred years ago, then, had several
causes. One was strategic, when it was essential for a
trading nation, such as Britain, to guard its trade routes.
Another was national prestige, to build a nation at a time
when expanding population, growing cities and class
differences seemed to be dividing the Western European
societies.
This was the period when compulsory state education
was being established. If school children could be shown
a map of the world and told that all the areas in red were
British, or all the areas in green were French, they would
feel proud to be part of the nation and less likely to be
attracted by dangerous new ideas, such as socialism.
The White Man's Burden
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Some colonists really thought they were having a civilizing effect on Afiica
and Asia, bringing not only the benefits of ports and railways, but also a
justice system and the Christian religion. It is less likely that economic
factors played a large part in the "Scramble for Africa".
It is true that the African colonies supplied raw materials (metals, food
stuffs, timber etc.), but they never became the markets for manufactured
goods that some had hoped for. The colonies were expensive to
administer and expensive to defend. They never really made any money.
As a famous English historian, A.J.P. Taylor, wrote after the Second World
War:
"Tot up the national balance sheet of any imperial country over the last fifty
years and you will find the community is staggeringly out of profit."
Interestingly, some of the biggest overseas profits were made in countries
which were not colonised. China, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, Brazil and
Argentina, for example, offered some of the best sources of raw materials
and markets for manufactured goods, without Europeans having to pay the
costs of colonization.
PHASES OF ONGOING INCORPORATION
INTO THE WORLD SYSTEM
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FORM OF CAPITAL - POLITICAL ORDER1450-1750
1st Age of Imperialism
colonization of Latin America and limited colonization in Asia the
Dutch
MERCANTILE
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Age of Informal Empire
decolonization of Latin America
Industrial England1875-1945
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Classic Age of Imperialism
Africa and Asia cut up into colonies, informal empire in Latin America
Finance
North Atlantic Rivalries (and Japan)1945-1970s
Decolonization and Development
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Iberia
(Spain and Portugal)1750-1875
TransnationalUS/USSR
Cold War1970s-present
Globalization
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Transnational US
(EU/Japan)
Africa before Partition
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New States and Stronger Empire
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New Trading Patterns
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1. Due to loss of slave trade, Africa offered major exports of Ivory and Palm Oil to industrial
Europe
The Foreign Presence in Africa
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1. Muslim leaders started new states in west Africa that depended on the heavy trade of
the Sahara
2. The Sokoto empire, in 1804, took over many small kingdoms in West Africa
3. In 1819, Shaka and the Zulu Empire took over most of the southeastern Africa by using
new kinds of spears
4. Egypt gains land and prospers through the rule of Mohammed Ali and his grandson,
Ismail
1. Liberia, in 1847, is Africa's first republic, with it's govt. being modeled after the govt. of
the US
2. Missionaries come to Africa to offer medical treatment and education
3. Many explorers set off to Africa to find new goods
early Colonization of Africa
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1. Dutch colonized a supply post at the Cape of Good Hope and called it Cape Colony.
They later lost it to Britain in the Napoleonic Wars. Britain outlaws further expansion into
Africa and, in 1833, ends slavery
2. Between 1835 and 1845, Dutch farmers migrated Northeast, which is know as the Great
Trek
3. In 1830 through 1848, france takes over Algeria and guides Tunisia and Morocco,
gaining almost total control of the Barbary Coast
US Intervention
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Monroe Doctrine
US Platt amendment – US attempt to legalize
control over Cuba after an initial three year
occupation
Cultural Life
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Romanticism
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Science
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Literature and poetry
Art
Music
Technological advances
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Realism
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Literature
Art
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Impressionism
Post Impressionism