Transcript Imperialism
Imperialism
Chapter 21
AP European History
Imperialism
The building of an empire
“…the process by which one state, with
superior military strength and more
advanced technology, imposes its control
over the land, resources, and population
of a less developed region.” p 820
Motivations
“Dual Mandate”
– Civilizing
– Resources
Industrialization spurs imperialism
– Need for resources
– Need for markets to sell manufactured goods
Nationalism (empire=strength, power)
Types of Imperialism
Colonial Imperialism:
– “Old style” imperialism
– Common in the 16th and 17th centuries
– Complete takeover
– Colonial powers set up new governments
– Imposition of culture upon “natives”
– Migrations and settlement of people from the
mother country to the colony
Types of Imperialism
Political Imperialism:
– Use of diplomacy or military force to influence
internal affairs of a weaker nation
– The stronger nation doesn’t completely
control the weaker one, but has a great deal
of influence
Types of Imperialism
Economic Imperialism:
– Desire to control global trade and commerce
– The stronger nation attempts to control the
economy of the weaker nation so as to exploit
them for economic gain
Social-cultural Imperialism:
– Forcing (or encouraging…) a region to adopt
the language, customs, religion etc. of the
stronger nation
Imperialism and Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism and Racism would be
used to justify imperialism
– Herbert Spencer
– Houston Stewart Chamberlain
– “White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling
“New Imperialism”
In the 1800’s, a new wave of imperialism
began
– Focus on Africa and Asia
Known as “Neo-Colonialism” or “New
Imperialism”
British Empire
“…the sun never sets on the
British Empire…”
The British Empire
Great Britain would create a huge empire
with colonies and protectorates all over
the world
– India (see notes in section on British Raj)
– Egypt (see notes in section on Africa)
– South Africa (see notes in section on Africa)
– Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Scramble for Africa
Before the 1800’s, European contact was
largely limited to the coastal areas
– Europe forced to do business with the native
empires
Ie. Songhai, Asante, etc.
Europeans were largely ignorant of the
interior areas of sub-Saharan Africa
Scramble for Africa
South Africa was one of the areas of Africa
to experience European aggression.
First settled by Dutch
– Est. Cape Town as shipping location
1795: British seized Cape Town
– South African Dutch (aka Boers or Afrikaners)
fled into a region of South Africa known as
Transvaal (known as the Great Trek)
Discovered diamonds and gold
– British want the resources
Scramble for Africa
Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902)
– British fight the Boers (Afrikaners) for access
to resources
– British win; annexed the territory and added
all of South Africa to their empire
Africans forced to work in gold and diamond mines
Scramble for Africa
Although part of the British Empire, South Africa
exercised a significant amount of self-rule
– Drafted a constitution
Only white men could vote
– Africans had few rights
– System of legal segregation later developed
Apartheid (1948-1994)
(comparable to Jim Crow in the American South)
1912: Educated Africans created the African
National Congress to oppose European
colonialism
Scramble for Africa
Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire
since 1517
– Ottoman control was minimal
local rulers, called beys, had more power than the rulers
back in Istanbul
1798: Napoleon invaded in attempt to add Egypt
to his empire
– Muhammad Ali led Egypt to defend Egypt from
foreign domination
1805: Ottoman Sultan named Ali pasha or viceroy of Egypt
– Although the Ottoman Empire still saw Egypt as part
of its territory, Ali controlled Egypt
Scramble for Africa
Egypt begins to industrialize and
westernize
– Ali emphasized cotton production to give
Egypt a valuable trading commodity
1869: Suez Canal construction completed
to connect the Mediterranean to the
Indian Ocean
– France helped construct the canal, but Egypt
had to borrow from Europe to pay for
construction
Scramble for Africa
Attempts at industrialization and westernization
caused Egypt to accumulate debt
– Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay debts;
Britain biggest investor
– By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and had gotten
involved in Egypt to the point that Egypt was viewed
as a protectorate of Britain
Although it kept its own government, Egypt had been added
to the British empire
– Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until a revolution in
1952
Scramble for Africa
1884: Berlin Conference
– Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to
discuss Africa
Agreed to rules for colonization of Africa
Nations must notify each other of their claims
– “Effective Occupation” to avoid war among the rival
nations
Scramble for Africa
By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a
European power
– Except Ethiopia and Liberia
Impact of Colonization of Africa
– Europeans put into power positions
Britain allowed more self-rule b/c it was overburdened by colonies
elsewhere
– Western culture spread
Traditional African culture started to fall apart
Islam also grew in popularity due to competition with Christianity
– Africans were forced to work to produce cash crops for
Europeans
– European boundaries did not follow traditional boundaries set up
by the people of Africa
Rival tribal groups forced together, or communities split apart
Asia in an Age of Imperialism
Like Africa, Asia was also affected by
imperialism in the 1800’s.
– India fell to British rule
– China was broken into Spheres of Influence
– Japan became an imperial power
British Raj in India
By 18th Century, Mughal Empire in decline
– Conflict among Hindus and Muslims weakened
the empire
French and British slowly made their way
into dominant roles
– France and Britain fight, France defeated
– Britain becomes the dominant European force
in India
British East India Company uses troops to conquer
Bengal (Bangladesh)
British Raj in India
Over next 100 years, British slowly take over India
– British East India Company used sepoys to guard their
administrative buildings
Sepoy: Indian troops who served the British
The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for Mughal rule
in India
– Sepoys revolted against the British East India Company, which
prompted the British government to get involved
– 1858: Britain declared India a royal colony and the last of the
Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) was exiled
The monarch of Britain was officially recognized as the
ruler of India (Queen Victoria)
British Raj in India
Indian government was administered from
London
– Sent people to govern in the name of Britain
– Tried to preserve Indian traditions, but difficult
Indian Civil Service supplied members of the
bureaucracy
– Mostly British
Britain helped to industrialize and modernize
India
– Railroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph lines
British Raj in India
Although Britain had a firm hold on India,
many dreamed of independence
Some middle class and educated Indians
formed the Indian National Congress
(1885)
– Call for greater Indian involvement in govt.
– Try to begin path toward independence
The British raj (British rule of India) would
last until 1947
Spheres of Influence in China
China isolated throughout much of its
history
Up until 1830’s, Europeans restricted to
Canton for trade
– Strict limitations on outside influence
As European nations grew more powerful
through industrialization and weaponry,
they were increasingly able to push China
around
Spheres of Influence in China
Opium was a major product the British
imported into China
– Chinese government eventually banned the
substance due to its addictive and harmful
properties
– British government reacted negatively
– Resulted in war (Opium Wars)
Two separate wars, both victories for Britain
China forced to open up to western influences
Spheres of Influence in China
Foreign nations began to see China as
weak
– They too demanded increased access to China
– Europeans created “Spheres of Influence” in
China
Invested money, built military bases, created
businesses, etc.
Open Door Policy: advocated by the
U.S.
– Called for equal access to Chinese markets
Spheres of Influence in China
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
(A.K.A. Boxers) organized a rebellion
– Goal to drive Europe and Japan out of China
– Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian
missionaries and attack foreign embassies
The Boxer Rebellion was eventually put down
China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol
– China forced to apologize and pay European nations
for costs incurred during the rebellion
The Fate of China
Chinese culture started to alter due to
foreign influence
– 1901: foot binding abolished
– 1905: Civil Service examination system
abolished after 2,000 years of use
And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to an
end
– 1911-1912: uprising resulted in end of Qing
rule and establishment of a republic
Japan Builds an Empire
During 17-18th Centuries, Japan avoided
foreign influence
– Even restricted its own citizens from traveling
abroad
Japan developed a highly ethnocentric
society
Downside, their isolation kept them from
adopting new technologies
Japan Builds an Empire
1853: U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to
Japan to negotiate ties
– Arrived by steamship- unknown to Japan
– Japan quickly realized their inability to compete with
western powers
Begins plans to industrialize and modernize
– Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign influence
Signed treaties with Europeans granting them access to
Japanese markets
Japan emerges as a world power as result of
changes and Meiji Restoration
Japan Builds an Empire
Many grew resentful of foreign influence
and revolted against the shogunate
Known as Meiji Restoration
– shogun was overthrown and power given to
the emperor
Began widespread changes to modernize
Japan
Japan Builds an Empire
By 1870’s, Japan had started its own Industrial
Revolution
Under the emperor a new bureaucracy was formed
– Even drafted a constitution and created an elected legislature
However, voting rights were restricted
Transportation and communication systems implemented
Samurai class abolished and modern military organized
Economic transformation
– End of feudalism, industry implemented, private corporations
Increased emphasis on education
Japan Builds an Empire
Japan’s new power made them nearly equal with
the Europeans
– Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with
Europeans
Began to turn its eyes to other nations in Asia
– 1895: war with China- gained control of Taiwan and
Korea
– 1904: Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia and
gained access to Manchuria and established a sphere
of influence there
This war helps to solidify Japan’s place as a world power