Transcript World War I - CP World History

World War I
The Uneasy Peace
TERMS TO KNOW
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
Map of European Alliances Before the
Outbreak of War
M.A.I.N. Factors Leading to War
 Militarism: Building the strength of one’s army.
Willingness to use military to resolve problems.
 Alliances: agreement between nations to uphold
peace.
 Imperialism: Countries competing around the globe
for territorial control.
 Nationalism: Strong patriotic belief in the superiority
one’s culture; devotion to one’s country; and
 Self Determination: People with the same ethnic origins,
language and political ideals have the right to form
sovereign states
Militarism
Belief & willingness to use military power and
prowess as an effective diplomatic tool.
Nations begin increasing their military
 Germany & France  arms race
 Germany seeks to surpass British
naval dominance
 Britain responds w/  defense $$$
 Develop 'Dreadnaughts' – massive
naval vessels
 Ottoman & Russia   defense $$$ to
modernise
 Arms race creates tension &
destabilises region
Alliances
 European countries used alliances
to uphold peace.
 Conflict between countries due to
nationalism, imperialism and
militarism.
 Alliances often due to historical
animosities
 Ex. French vs. Germany
 Franco-Prussian War & loss of
Alsace-Lorraine
 German attempts to destabilise
French control over Morocco
 Ex. Austria vs. Russia
 Russian support for Serbian panSlavism threatens Austrian lands in
Balkans
 Ex. Britain vs. Germany
 arms race & German aggression in
N. Africa
The Allied Nations
Triple Alliance – "Central Powers"
Triple Entente -- "Allies"
 Germany
 France
 Austria-Hungary
 Britain
 Ottoman Empire replaces Italy
(in 1914 Italy joins Entente)
 Russia
Later – Serbia, Australia,
NZ, India, Belgium,
Japan, African
Colonies, U.S. join
alliance (+20 nations)
Imperialism
 Britain & France want to
protect colonies in Africa & Asia
 Germany, Italy  left out of
Great Scramble for colonies in
Africa
 Italy tries to take Abyssinia 
fails
 Germany tries (2X) to convince
Morocco to break from France
 Wants to control African side of
Straits of Gibraltar
 Pushes GB & France into alliance
A Quiet Game
'I wonder what card Uncle Sam has in his hand
 Russia  'Great Game'
competes w/ GB over Central
Asia
 Serbia wants to expand t/o
Balkan Peninsula
 Threatens Austrian possessions
Nationalism
 Devotion to nation so strong that challenges/threats result
in desire to protect nation at all costs!
 State pride is more important than the individual
 Balkan areas are stirring up commotion because the rule of
the Ottoman Empire is starting to break down (Powder Keg)
 Bulgaria, Albania, Romania
 Ethnic nationalism in Austrian & Ottoman Empires
 Push among ethnic groups for greater autonomy or
independence
 Pan Slavism: Ethnic and cultural kinship for the Slav peoples
of eastern and central Europe. Serbian push to unite all
Slavs in Balkan Peninsula. Challenges Austrian possessions
in B-H, Croatia, & Slovenia
Assassination & the Beginning of WWI





Archduke Franz Ferdinand (AustriaHungary) is shot down by Gavril Princip
(A Serbian Nationalist)
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
Germany also declares war on France
WWI has begun (1914)
Trench Warfare

Western Front & Eastern Front

Trench Warfare: Trenches are
created so that soldiers can protect
themselves from enemy fire. Living
conditions bad. Rats and sickness,
mud, unsanitary conditions

Western Front: Ran from English
Channel to Switzerland

Eastern Front: Ran along Russia

Stalemate: No advances can be
made. Massive carnage
Technologies
 Mustard Gas: Liquid agent that
turned yellow. Rotted the body
internally and externally. Death
occurred in 5 weeks
 Tanks: Broke down defensive
trenches
 Airplanes: Speed, range and
altitude. Could not carry enough
weapons.
 Machine Guns: Defensive Weapon
War Affects the Home Front
 War had gone on for 3 years!
 Result: Millions died
 Govt’s support TOTAL WAR
 Govt’s tell what to produce
(Economics)
 Rationing: Buy a small amount of
things in support of the war
 Propaganda: One sided info to
persuade people to support the war
 Women in the War
 Women join the workforce / see
horrors of war/attitudes change
towards women & work
Triple Alliance (Central
Powers)
 Germany declares war on
Russia (Aug 1st 1914)
 Germany declares war on
France (Aug 3rd 1914)
 Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire
join to reclaim lost territory
 Triple Entente (Allies)
 Japan joins
 Wants to been seen as
major world player
 Italy leaves the Triple
Alliance & joins the Allies
 Wants land in S. Austria in
Alps & N. Adriatic Sea
L to R. Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany, Enver Pasha
Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Emperor Franz Joseph,
Austro Hungarian Empire (Austria/Hungary).
Bulgaria also took part
Gallipoli
 The Aussies, Japanese, Brits & the Kiwi’s (New
Zealand) fight in Gallipoli (Turkey) against the
Ottoman Empire




Why? To Establish a supply line to Russia
Bloody Stalemate/Trench Warfare
250,000 Casualties
Allies retreat (Movie: Gallipoli Clip)
 Battles rage in Africa & Asia
 Japan captures Germ’s Pacific Island Colonies
 India helps England w/ Soldiers
Americans Join the Fight

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:
 Lusitania Sinking: 128 U.S. Citizens died
 Germans suspected weapons being carried

Was true
 Germans end sinking of American vessels

Germany announces early 1917 the resumption of
unrestricted submarine warfare
 Everything at sea is fair game
 America very unhappy
 America supplies to England & France hurting
Germany

Zimmerman Telegraph


Germany sends a telegraph to Mexico to ally w/ Germany
against the U.S. to reconquer land lost in Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo
U.S. joins the war in 1917
Allies Win the War
 U.S. has fresh troops & balances things out (1917-1918)
Russia Withdraws (1917)
 Civil unrest in Russia





War costs $
Millions have died
New govt takes over / Revolution
Communist leader Vladimir Lenin takes power
Tsar of Russia is forced out
 Germany & Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 Russia must give up Finland, Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Allies Meet at Versailles
1
Those present at the end.
THE BIG FOUR
1. United States (Woodrow
Wilson)
2. France (Clemenceau)
3. England (Lloyd-George)
4. Italy (Orlando)
Other participants (+20)
 Japan
 Representatives from Africa,
Middle East, European
nationalist groups
3
4
2
Countries Absent from Peace
Negotiations
Who is Not Present
1.
Russia
(Russian Revolution)
2.
Germany
3.
Austria-Hungary
4.
Ottoman Empire
Was this Fair?
President Wilson’s 14 Points
(Major Points Below) 1918
Among Wilson’s 14 Points:
•
Peace w/o Victory
1.
End Secret Treaties
2.
Reduction of Armies and
Navies
3.
Adjust Colonies (fairness to
colonial people)
4.
Freedom of Seas and Trade.
5.
Changing borders of Europe


6.
Self-determination for
ethnic groups
No territorial gain due to
war
League of Nations
What objections would some nations have to these proposals?
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
 Signed in June 1919
 Adopts the “League of Nations”:
 Keep peace
 Use diplomacy to resolve conflict
 Punishes Germany
 War Guilt Clause – Germany held
responsible for War
 Pay reparations (Pay $24 million –
mostly to France)
 France occupies Germany’s industrial
centre
 German disarmament &
demilitarisation of land west of Rhine
River
 German colonies in Africa lost to
France, GB, etc.
Bitterness
Conditions of the Treaty leave Germany bitter &
humiliated.
Seen by many as the reason for Germany’s economic
woes in the 1920s & early-30s
Contributes to the rise of ultra-nationalism, Hitler and
Nazi Germany
League of Nations
 U.S. considered to be the
dominant nation in the
world after WWI
 Many Americans object
to U.S. involvement in
the League of Nations
“Stay out of Europe’s
affairs”
 Americans want to
return to isolationism or
non-interventionism
 Senate rejects US role
in League of Nations
 Absence of US in League
of Nations makes it fairly
ineffective
Map of Europe is Re-Drawn
Map of Europe redrawn to include 8 new nations
Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Hungary, Poland, & Yugoslavia
Austria & Russia lose territory; Romania enlarged
Monarchies in Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Russia end & are replaced by
Democratic or Communist governments (Russia)
• Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 @ 11 am
• 10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded
Casualities of WWI
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead
Civilian Costs
 Homelessness, food shortages & high prices
 •13 million civilians killed: disease, famine & injuries
 Outbreak of Spanish Flu kills millions in the aftermath of
the war.
Economic Costs
 Industry & manufacturing dropped 25% below 1914 levels


Agriculture decimated  imported food from U.S., Canada, & Argentina
~1924 restored agricultural output
 Cities lay in ruins, transportation in some areas was impossible
 Estimated total cost: $350 billion
Psychological Cost

Ideals were destroyed & most Europeans were ashamed as
they looked at the devastation & huge cemeteries.

Entire towns & villages had lost all their able bodied men in
the war.

Post-war trauma leads to growth of cynicism, Existentialism,
‘Lost Generation’, Surrealism
Reshaped the map of Europe
• 8 new nations in Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, Finland, & the Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, &
Lithuania)
• 4 new mandates in Middle East from Ottoman Empire
• Syria, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, Palestine
• Administered by Britain & France
• Anger among local groups over European foreign rule
• Wanted independence
• Provision to gain independence once able to show “ability to
govern” -- up to GB & France to decide when
• League of Nations--attempt to create an international
organization to settle disputes before they escalated to war
• Lack of U.S. presence in League made it ineffective
Animosity
 Middle East -- Countries angry at becoming Mandates. Had hoped for
independence.
 Japan -- Humiliation at lack of status & rejection of the Twenty-One demands
leads to discrediting of Liberal gov’t & rise of ultra-nationalist militarists. Able to
retain German colonies in Pacific
 Germany -- humiliated at having to bear brunt of blame & cost of war plunges
country into emotional & economic depression.
Loss of Alsace-Lorraine
Demilitarise- no submarines, aircraft, army=100K
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
Polish Corridor, isolates Danzig from rest of Germany
Huge war reparations  mostly to France
 Russia -- failure in the war leads to rise of Bolsheviks and Communist
Revolution towards end of war.
Allies join fight by Whites against the Communist Reds at end of WWI.
 India -- promise of Home Rule rejected & leads to call for independence.
 Women -- in Europe and U.S. expected to return to their homes and return
jobs to men returning from war. In some cases, not enough men for available
jobs. Long-term effectWomen’s suffrage (U.S. 19th Amend [1920])