Transcript age of napoleon - corvinahistory

AGE OF NAPOLEON
1796-1815
Napoleon Bonaparte
• 1769-1821
• One of the
World’s
Greatest
Military Leaders
• Emperor of
France
• Conquered
Most of Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte
Success in Toulon 1793.
1796-1797 The Italian Campaigns. He conquered most of Italy for France.
He captured 540 cannon He took Venice- ending 1,100
years of independence
Napoleon Bonaparte
He wants to destroy England (of course!) but
knows the French navy is not equipped to defeat
the strongest naval force on earth.
So Napoleon turns to Egypt where he hopes to cut
off the trade route between India and England.
(India, a British colony, provides wealth to
England...remember the British East India Tea
Company; the world’s largest corporation...with its
own army)
Napoleon Bonaparte
1798- Napoleon in Egypt
He took along 167
scientists,
mathematicians,
chemists, etc.
Their discoveries
included the Rosetta
Stone
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Speed and Surprise
•
Very mobile army - marched 500 miles in 5
weeks to capture Vienna, Austria
It was said, the emperor
Napoleon won his battles
with legs rather than
arms. He could calculate
the marching speed and
distance so exactly that he
knew with certainity when
his support troops would
arrive
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
Napoleon was brilliant at divide and conquer
• He could “see the field” and knew exactly
where the enemy would march - he often set
successful traps and he often deceived the
enemy as to his intent or the size of his troops
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
French Cannon could shoot an 8 pound
projectile (other armies used a 6 pounder) and
it was very mobile
Napoleon Bonaparte
What made Napoleon’s army so terrifying anyway?
But the PRIMARY WEAPON of the French
forces was Napoleon’s mind
Napoleon was a brilliant tactician. Duke of
Wellington said,
“Napoleon’s hat on the battlefield is worth
50,000 men”
Enlightened Napoleon
• Reform the French legal system in
accordance with the principles of the
French Revolution in Napoleonic Code
• Education Reform
• Government Reform
• Legal Reforms
• Protected Personal Freedoms
Napoleon Bonaparte
1799-1804 The Consulate
The Directory is overthrown in a coup d’etat
The Consulate (3 men- 1 of which is Napoleon) will
rule until 1804
Napoleon Bonaparte
1801-1802 Temporary Peace in Europe
France isn’t yet ready to
invade England
• A temporary peace is
signed
• Napoleon under the
Consulate issues
significant reforms
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
Napoleonic Code of Law
1. All people equal in the eyes of the law:
no special privileges for clergy, nobles,
etc
2. Feudal rights are ended
3. Trail by jury guaranteed
4. Religious freedom guaranteed
5. Wives could own her own property
(with her husband’s permission in
writing)
Did Napoleon preserve the
ideals of the French
Revolution, as he claimed,
in his domestic policies?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reforms Under Napoleon
1. Civil code of law- Napoleonic Code of Law was
clearly written and accessible
Its purpose was to
reform the French
legal code to reflect
the principles of the
Fr. Revolution.
Create one law code
for France.
Napoleon Bonaparte
1804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor
II. Napoleon’s reforms
1. Set up system of public schools- lycee
2. Napoleonic Code
•
•
Legal rights
Religious toleration
3. Made peace with Catholic Church through
Concordat of 1801
III. Building an Empire
1. Conquers Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, parts of
Prussia
2. Abolishes Holy Roman Empire and creates
Confederation of the Rhine
3. Conquers Spain and places his brother on
throne
4. Forced alliances on Prussia, Austria, and
Russia
5. Britain: strong navy. Napoleon imposed
Continental System
Napoleon Bonaparte
Battle of Austerlitz 1805
Napoleon held some troops behind the hill- knowing the Austrians would
take the bait and come forward into his hinged trap
French Coalition
They did
Napoleon ruled the
mainland of Europe
now!
men dead
1305
15,000
men captured
573
12,000
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Battle of Trafalgar 1805
The British Navy destroys
Napoleon’s navy
The British hero Horatio Nelson
achieves lasting fame
IV. Retreat and Defeat
1. Rise of “Nationalism” works against Napoleon
•
Resent foreign rule and Continental System
2. Resistance in Spain, brutal repression
3. Russia withdraws from Continental System
and Napoleon marches for Moscow on June
22, 1812
•
690,000 men largest army ever assembled
4. Russians used “scorched earth policy” as they
retreat deep into Russia.
5. Moscow is deserted, residents set fire to their
own capital!!!
V. The end of his success
1. Combined armies of Russia, Britain, Austria,
and Prussia defeat Napoleon at Battle of
Nations in Lipcse 1813.
2. Exiled to island of Elba…but he escapes in
1815!!!!
3. Battle of Waterloo is final defeat. June 18,1815
4. Died on island of St. Helena in 1821
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon meets his end
at Waterloo
vs
Duke of Wellington
Napoleon
VI. Legacy: Congress of Vienna 1815
1. Goal- create lasting peace. Established
balance of power and protected monarchies
2. Created Prussian buffer around France and
restored Bourbon line (Louis XVIII)
Revolutions Sweep Europe!
1. “National self-determination” sentiments spread
across the globe
–
–
Greece gains independence from Ottomans in 1820
Britain, France, and U.S. extend voting rights (franchise)
2. Nationalist democratic revolutions in Europe
1848