Transcript History Reviosn - InterHigh-History

History Revision
The Indian Raj
Recap of
(a) The early stages of the British East Indian
Company when they went looking for spices in
Bantam – why the EIC started, what the problems
with getting there, what were the issues that arose
about finding things to trade.
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+4.+The+coming+of+the+Raj
Y8HiU4A UK explores the worldPPwk20.ppt
Y8 History
Recall last week
• The East Indian Company (EIC) started right at the end of
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Elizabeth 1 reign (she died iin 1603).
It was all because the Portuguese had found a way to sail
round Africa to reach the ‘East Indies’ modern day Sumatra
and the Philippines – where they were buying all manner of
spices and selling to Europe at high prices.
As we said, spices were important to make not very nice
food taste a bit better and also preserve to prevent it going
bad.
At this time there was no money so you had to ‘trade’ – swap
something of yours for something of theirs. The only thing
the English has to swap was broadcloth – a really nice
woollen cloth – but not much use to those living near the
Equator! So their eyes turned to India, which had lots of
cotton goods – a really good to trade with!
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(b) The East India Company from
1608 to 1700
The early stages of the EIC in India until 1700 –
how they set up the factory at Surat, how they
managed to do achieve more than the
Portuguese and their attitudes to life in India –
important person Sir Thomas Roe
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+4.+The+coming+of+the+Raj
Y8HiU4B India 1 PPwk21.ppt
Y8 History
So they tries to set up a ‘factory’ in Surat
in NE India
• A factory then was a trading post. People who worked in
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factories where ‘ factors’ – people who bought and sold
things. But you needed permission for the government to do
this in a foreign country.
In 1608, in sea captain William to make an agreement with
the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. While Jahangir liked
Hawkins, a sea captain was not really significant enough to
sign an important agreement with.
So it was not until the arrival of a ‘proper’ ambassador, Sir
Thomas Roe, sent by King James I in 1615, before the
Company was able to set up a base in India.
Now the Mughal palaces were very grand, and Jahangir was
used to everyone doing what he wanted. But Roe was not
too impressed by it all and as a result Jahangir really
respected him for that and they got on well and soon made a
deal.
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So why did the English do better that the
Portuguese and other foreigners?
• Partly because Roe would not bow down to Jahangir, but
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also because, under Roe the British did not ever start a fight.
The Portuguese, and the French too, were always ripe for a
quarrel and this cost them lots of money in men, ships and
weaponry – Roe said It was the beggaring of Portugal –
but when attacked, the British were able to defend
themselves and win – which gained them enormous respect
from the Mughal court. For a while Surat was the main base.
But in 1641, another factory was set up in S India at St.
George . This, in time, became Madras.
Meanwhile, while Charles I was loosing his head and the
Commonwealth of Oliver Cromwell took over, there was
money and support for this trade, with the Navy committed to
helping them. Once Charles II took over, his new wife,
Catherine, a Portuguese princess brought Bombay (now
Mumbai) as her dowry. So our influence was growing and all
was doing well!
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(c) The East India Company Conquest and Corruption
The EIC in the 18th century – remember the title:
Conquest and Corruption – and remember Clive
as the important person. Why did the EIC change
from talking and negotiating to fighting? What
was the cause of all the corruption on the EIC?
What was the result?
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+4.+The+coming+of+the+Raj
Y8HiU3C Conquest and Corruption PPwk22.ppt
Y8 History
And thus it was for sometime …
• The British were busy trading. But then the French arrived in
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force, and for a while they were happy just to trade too.
But in 1741 a certain Joseph Duplex was put in charge and
he began to meddle in local politics. In Europe and America,
there were several wars going on, and in each the British
and the French were on opposite sides. So Duplex took the
chance to steal Madras from the British. The local Mogul
chief, known as the Nawab of Carnatic, demanded the
French hand back Madras to him.
When they refused, the Nawab’s army,10,000 strong,
attacked the French to teach them a lesson. The French with
less 1000 men but with superior technology beat them
roundly! Duplex took over as Nawab, and had not the French
refused to support him, India may well have become a
French colony. In the event, the French forced Duplex to give
Madra back to the British.
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It would appear that this gave ideas to a
young Englishman Robert Clive…
• A local dispute between 2 princes gave him his
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chance. As Chanda Sahib, was laying siege to
another one, Muhammad Ali , Clive snuck into
Chanda Sahib's capital of Arcot with 200 English
and 300 sepoys (local soldiers) and took the town!
He then installed Muhammad Ali as Nawab and he
got the reputation for being a great organiser.
Follow the much reported event of the Black Hole of
Calcutta, it which, supposedly 123 out of 143 men
died in an airless hole. A dispute between the local
nawab and the British commander of Begal, the
nawab of Bengal, Siraj overcame and took the
remaining soldiers and the Black Hole of Calcutta
incident was reputedly the result. This was a red rag
to the British, and led Clive into further exploits. 8
So first he …
• …sorted out the French, who he saw as the root cause of the
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original dispute. This removed French influence from the
region of Bengal once and for all.
He then turned his sights on Siraj. The English history at the
time told of the Battle of Plassey as a great victory of a small
army against a huge one.
But it was not quite like that. In fact, Clive was much cleverer
than that!
First of all he decided on a suitable replacement Nawab, Mir
Jafar, and also bought off some influential people. When it
came to the battle between his 2700 soldiers against 50,000
of Siraj’s, it looked bad. Not so, once you realise that the
friends of Mir Jafar, a large portion of the army, had every
intention of changing sides half way through!
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It is now that we come to the seamier
side of things …
• On winning the battle, Clive kept his word and gave
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the Nawab to Mir Jafir. But he also gave himself a
huge a mount of land that had been own by Siraj.
This might seem to be less than honest.
But the point of this, is that it was very common
practice among British officials of EIC. In fact, it was
well know about this time, that many men were in
India to make their fortunes! This was often by
taking some of the taxes due t the EIC for
themselves. So corruption was rife.
This was such a problem, that while the officials led
a very rich lifestyle, the EIC was rapidly going broke.
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• From the British government's point of view, this was leading
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to an extremely bad press. The EIC officials were getting rich
from this system while the EIC itself was not making any
money at all.
By the 1770s the EIC were unable to pay for the use of
British armed services and then had to ask the British
government for a one million pound loan to keep the
company going.
Many people in Britain saw that, while the officials returned
home wealthy, the tax payer was having to bail out the
company itself.
So one condition of the grant was that the government got
involved and tried to stamp out corruption .
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• Another problem the British government had was
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that the EIC was more concerned with tax collection
than for the betterment of civil society in the subcontinent.
This way of making money made perfect sense to
the EIC, but liberals in Britain were far from happy
as they saw that India was kept poor and their
people were suffering.
 [This was about the time when anti-slavery was
becoming an issue and treating native peoples badly
was seen as blameworthy if not downright wicked.]
• The result was the creation of a 'Board of Control' in
1784 whose president was a member of the Cabinet
and was directly answerable to parliament.
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(d) The East India Company –
Towards Mutiny
India in the 19th century – how did the way the English
thought about the Indians change and why was that? This
led to unhappiness among the Indians who made up the bulk
of the army and finally to the ‘Indian Mutiny’ – what was the
actual spark that lit that particular powder keg? Know that
the Indians were not all good (they did some fairly bad things
– know about 2 of them) but how did the British respond?
[This ended with the British parliament being disgusted with
the EIC and taking over.]
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+4.+The+coming+of+the+Raj
Y8HiU4D pre mutiny PPwk23.ppt
Y8HiU4E The Great Punch Up PPwk24.ppt
Y8 History
How did the British behave towards the
Indians until the 19th century/
• Many people, including influential people like Warren
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Hastings, believed that the Indian institutions and laws
worked well for the Indians. Although the British remained in
charge, local matters were dealt with locally using customs
that had been in place for some time.
This showed the British had great respect for the local
people
Also in the early days, only men from Britain came out to
work. Originally their first task, before they could get paid
work, was to learn the language. So often Englishmen, stuck
out in India for years at a time, would marry local girls and
have families.
So there was a lot of inter–racial socialising and mutual
respect on that level too.
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So what changed around the beginning of
the 19th century
• Several things did, but the main causes were the arrival of
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the wives and an influx of missionaries.
Given the long and dangerous sea journeys, unless you had
to be in India, you did not come for the ride! So very few
wives and families arrived before 1800.
At about this time, the church began to see India as a great
place to go and save these poor ignorant Indians.
So there were 2 new groups of people arriving, who brought
with them very different ideas about what was right and what
was not.
To start off with, the arrival of white women reduced the
social contact between the races. The families were housed
in compounds and only visited each other. There was social
mixing between the Indian Princes and the higher level
administrators, but not between regular people.
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So what changed around the beginning of
the 19th century
• So as the white women had never met
Indians socially, and saw them primarily in the
role of servants, and did not learn the
language, they did not understand their ways
of life and did not approve of their religion at
all.
• And some of the things that the Indians did
was very disapproved of. With the support of
the missionaries, for example, they wage d
war on these practices, and eventually got
them outlawed.
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Examples of practices that the British
hated
• An example of this from the early nineteenth century was the
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discovery and condemnation of female infanticide, which was
believed to be very widespread in parts of northern and
western India. This infanticide was caused by the concept of
dowry – in which a father had to give a lot of money or goods
to husbands of his daughters. All their inheritance could
leave the family as a result of their daughters, so many
families killed their female babies as they could not afford the
dowry.
The practice of suttee, the burning of widows on their
husbands funeral pyres, which the British actually formally
outlawed in 1829, caused outrage. It was seen as a very
good reason to bring in the missionaries to persuade the
Indians to reform their ways.
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In India
• So towards 1800, opinions among the British were changing.
• India seemed to be suffering not merely from an unfortunate
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recent history but from deeply ingrained backwardness.
[ This was largely though ignorance and lack of contact and
basic lack of understanding that different did not necessarily
mean worse]
It needed to be 'improved' by firm, benevolent foreign rule.
The legal system was not working efficiently
Superstition, in the guise of their religious beliefs needed
challengingly by missionaries propagating the rationality
embodied in Christianity
All obstacles to free trade between Britain and India should
be removed, thus opening India's economy to the stimulus of
an expanding trade with Europe.
Education should be remodelled.
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So this led to a split between the 2 races
• As you can imagine, this bred some discontent
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among the Indians, from being respects equals,
they were demoted to ignorant peasants with no
real morals.
While many willingly joined the army and took jobs
in the civil service, because it suited them, there
was a simmering resentment, that was fed by the
issues mentioned and others too.
It was this split that eventually fed into the ‘Indian
Mutiny’ as it was called by the British.
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What was supposed to have firework that
started it all off?
• One day in January 1857 a low-caste labourer at Dum-Dum
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asked a sepoy (Indian soldier) for a drink of water from his
bottle.
The soldier, being a high caste Indian, had naturally refused.
His caste would not allow him to as the low cast man would
defile it by his touch.
[Ever heard of the untouchables?]
‘You will soon lose your caste altogether,’ the labourer told
him, ‘For the Europeans are going to make you bite
cartridges soaked in cow and pork fat. And then where will
your caste be?’
[The significance of this was that Hindus cannot eat beef and
Muslims cannot eat pork, so greasing the cartridges in either
would demonstrate a complete lack of honour towards both
religions by the British]
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What was supposed to have firework that
started it all off?
• News of the warning had soon spread throughout the
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barracks;
At least one British Officer foresaw trouble and suggested
that the Indian soldiers should add their grease to their own
cartridges in ways they saw fit.
However, the majority did not take this view. Some
approached their men, promising them that would never be
asked to do anything against their religion, and there was no
wish by the British to turn them all into Christians (which was
another worry both Hindus and Muslims had).
While others foolishly just told them off for being silly!
But too few attempted to talk to them at all and soon
rebellion was bubbling up.
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Next…
• One man, on drugs, tried to attack his commander,
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but this was forestall by a sepoy soldier.
On another occasion, a number of soldiers refused
to load their cartridges as they believed the
pork/beef fat rumour and were dismissed from the
army in a very publically humiliating way.
This led to a rebellion in the ‘lines’ [where the Indian
soldiers lived]. When the Colonel went to
investigate, he was shot. Then followed a rampage
of killing against all the Europeans they could find.
This included 2 of the women as well. [For the gory
details do read the PP from wk44]
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As result of this another incidents …
• Henry Havelock was put in charge. He said:
• Mutineers must be attacked and annihilated; and if there are few in
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any regiments, and not immediately announced to be shot or
hanged, the whole regiment must be deemed guilty and given up
to prompt military execution.
And this is just what happened!
In some places, gallows were immediately erected after they had
been subdued and scores of natives suspected of rebellion were
hanged on them. Hanging parties also went out into the
surrounding districts and amateur hangmen were busy. One
gentleman boasted of the numbers he had ‘finished off in an
artistic manner’ with mango trees for gibbets and elephants for
drops, the victims of this wild justice being strung up, as though for
pastime, in ‘the form of a figure of eight.’
The British response generally to the uprising was ferocious and
bloodthirsty.
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• Back home in London, the Government had already
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decided that harshness was not to inform their
policy.
On the 1st November 1858 a proclamation was read
out all over India that the East India Company was
to be abolished, to be replaced by the British
Government, and that the Queen offered pardon to
all those rebels who had not taken part in the
murder of Europeans.
Religions toleration would be respected as would
ancient customs. Queen Victoria became Empress
of India.
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History Revision
Slavery
(a) An example of the slave trade
occurring before the 15th century, know
its name and dates, and 5 important
things about it e.g. where the slaves
came from, how they were treated etc.
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+5.+Slavery
Y8HiU5A History of slavery PPwk26.ppt
Y8 History
Now many of you – like Alex - have your
own work tucked away
• Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization between the 8th Century
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B.C and the 6th Century A.D.
There may have been as many, if not more, slaves than free people in ancient
Greece. Of the 250,000 to 300,000 people in Athens (at its biggest), between a
quarter and a third of them were slaves.
The slave masters were the wealthy Greek households.
Some slaves were captured in wars. Others were born slaves. Some people were
forced into slavery when they could not afford to pay money they owed. if a family
needed money, they might sell one of the children into slavery. Kidnapping was
another fairly common way in which one could have been sold into slavery.
Slaves were purchased at a slave market. The price one might have paid for a
slave in ancient Greek times varied depending on their appearance, age and
attitude. Those who were healthy, attractive, young and submissive, could sell for
as much as 10 minae. Those who were old, weak and stubborn might have sold
for as little as 1/2 a mina.
They worked as domestic servants, factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers,
farmworkers and as ship's crewmembers. Some slaves were owned by the state,
like slave-archers from Scythia, who were used as "police" by the Athens
government.
A few slaves had special skills, such as nurses, teachers, or pottery painters.
Most slaves did the hardest and most unpleasant jobs. A lucky slave might save
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enough money to buy his freedom.
But for those who cannot find theirs here
is one to help!
• Slaves in the Middle Ages: 6th - 15th century AD in the Muslim World
• Captured in the region around Lake Chad, they were sold to Arab
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households in a Muslim world which by the 8th century stretched from
Spain to Persia.
Slavery was an accepted part of life in Arabia during the time of
Muhammad, in the 7th century, and the Qur'an offers no arguments
against the practice. It merely stated, particularly in relation to female
slaves, that they must be well treated. In general that has been the case,
compared with the barbaric treatment of slaves in some Christian
communities.
But slaves were not always the losers!
The Muslim habit of using slaves in the army has led to one unusual
result - in itself an indication of the trust accorded to slaves in Middle
Eastern communities.
In 1250 the slave leaders of the Egyptian army, known as Mamelukes,
deposed the sultan and seized power.
A succession of rulers from their own ranks control much of the Middle
East, as the Mameluke dynasty, for nearly three centuries.
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History Revision
Slavery
(b) Explain fully how the Trade Triangle
worked
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+5.+Slavery
Y8HiU5B From Africa PPwk28.ppt and again at the start of
Y8HiU5C Middle passage PPwk29.ppt
Y8 History
The workings of the triangular trade
• The transatlantic slave trade is often described as the
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triangular trade, which summarizes the movement of goods
first from Britain to West Africa, then across the Atlantic
Ocean to the Americas, and finally back to Britain.
Copper, cloth, glassware, ammunition, guns and manila
(fibre used for rope and matting) went from Britain to West
Africa;
People were then transported as slaves from Africa to the
Americas. This was called the ‘Middle Passage’.
Finally raw sugar, rum, rice, coffee, tobacco and cotton from
the plantations were then shipped from the Americas back to
Britain.
Why was triangular trade so controversial? The Middle
passage (from Africa to the Caribbean with slaves as cargo)
was seen as barbaric in its treatment of the cargo.
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The trade triangle
The Middle
Passage. Why?
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History Revision
Slavery
Remember, choose only 2 of (c), (d) and (e)
(c) Concern about the Middle Passage gave rise
the 1807 Abolition Act. Be able to explain how the
2 sides of the case argued for and against the
banishment of slave trading.
Have 2 good points each, made by named groups
or individuals.
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+5.+Slavery
Y8HiU5B From Africa PPwk28.ppt and again Y8HiU5D Abolition PPwk30.ppt
Y8 History
Recall that the owners on the plantations
were desperate for workers
• So the plantation owners said:
• As the white workers died because of the hot conditions they
HAD to have people who were used to the climate.
• And if they had to pay wages, the whole British economy
would collapse if they were not allowed to use slaves. That
Britain would become a poor, third rate country.
• There were others like Colonel Phipps said that Africans
made slaves of their own people, so what was the harm of
buying slaves from them. After all slaves were slaves
wherever they were!
• Then there was Mr Knox, a sea captain, who argued that the
slaves were well cared for and – even happy perhaps?
 [This is a brief summary of some of the ideas – please look at the
PowerPoint for enough to get you by]
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But there were many against it
• Sir William Dolben's Act was passed. This stated
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that there should be a maximum number of slaves
on each ship according to its size – quite a lot fewer
than had been carried before.
There was Equiano’s evidence that was used to
persuade people that slave trading was bad. Look
at the PowerPoint to find a point or 2 that he made.
Or perhaps the evidence from the homework you
did
http://old.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/up_from
_slavery/stage1_intro.htm
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History Revision
Slavery
Remember, choose only 2 of (c), (d) and (e)
(d) Following the 1807 Act, more changes
were still needed to be made. Be able to
summarize what happened as a result of
acts in Parliament in 1807, 1833 and 1838.
http://interhigh-history.wikispaces.com/Year+8-+5.+Slavery
Y8HiU5D Abolition PPwk30.ppt
Y8 History
1807 – The Abolition Act passes
• The act abolished the slave trade* in the British Empire, but
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not slavery itself.
Slavery had been abolished in England itself in Somersett's
Case in 1772,
 Legal decision made in 1772 by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield with
regard to slavery on English soil.
 African born slave James Somerset had been brought to London by
his owner Charles Stewart from Boston. 1771 Somerset ran away
from his master, was caught and placed in irons on a ship bound for
Jamaica.
 Mansfield ruled that English law did not support the keeping of a slave
on English soil.
• But slavery remained legal in most of the British Empire until
the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
* the transportation of slaves from one place to another in boats.
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Slavery Abolition Act 1833
• Abolished slavery throughout most of the British
Empire
 (with the notable exceptions "of the Territories in the
Possession of the East India Company," the "Island of
Ceylon," and "the Island of Saint Helena")
• But in practical terms, however, only slaves below
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the age of six were freed, as all slaves over the age
of six were redesignated as "apprentices".
Apprentices in the UK were trainees but were not
free but were bound to their master for a fixed
number of years – just like slaves.
The Act also included the right of compensation for
slave-owners who would be losing their property –
this amounted to claims worth £20 million – 40% of
the Government’s income for that year! Equivalent
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to £270 billion if it was today’s government.
1 August 1838
• As apprentices they would have gained their
freedom after 7 years.
• But peaceful protests continued until a
resolution to abolish apprenticeship was
passed and de facto freedom was achieved
for many earlier than anticipated.
• Full emancipation for all was legally granted
ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838, making
Trinidad the first British colony with slaves to
completely abolish slavery.
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