Transcript Chapters 28-29

1914-Present: Where We
Are And Where We’re Going
(Maybe!)
Chapters 28-29
AP World History
Mr. Bartula
Introduction 1914-Present
► Did
the twentieth century begin a new era
in world history, or was it a continuation of
past periods?
► It
now seems clear that the twentieth
century was one of those rare breaks in
human history, but its still difficult to
determine the final results and ultimate
directions.
Key Features of the Twentieth
Century
► The
Decline of the West
► Intensification of International Contacts
► Traditional social, cultural, and government
systems undermined by change
Periodization of the Twentieth
Century
► 1914-1945:
World conflict and depression
► 1945-1990: Cold War and decolonization
► 1990-Present: multipolar systems, rapid
technological change, uncertainty
Major Changes
►
1.
2.
3.
Three Waves of Technological Transformations:
Telephone, automobile, radio: invented in late
1800s, widespread use in 1920s & 1930s
Television, commercial aviation: 1940s & 1950s
Networked computers and information
technology: developed in 1960s, widespread use
beginning in late 1980s
Major Changes
► These
technologies were slow to expand at first,
then took off rapidly.
► Politicians who used new technologies effectively
quickly developed mass followings
► Populations with access to these technologies
were able to travel, communicate, and exchange
information faster than ever before
► Access was limited: in 2000 60% of the US used
the Internet regularly. Less than 0.1% of
Nigerians did so.
Major Changes
► Faster
communication and transportation led to
greater cultural diversity and also to a cultural
shakeout: by 1990s a language went extinct every
two weeks. Similar processes influenced dress,
sport, music, etc.
► Religions underwent similar shifts: local and
traditional faiths were often marginalized.
Christianity declined in Europe but spread in Africa
and Asia. Fundamentalism influenced Christianity
in the Americas and Islam in the Middle East.
Major Changes
► Population
grew from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.2
billion in 2000. Growth strongest in the Americas
and Africa, slowest in Europe.
► Better health care lessened threat of pandemics
and increased lifespans.
► Urbanization and migration increased as a result
► In industrial societies population growth was
limited due to birth control and health care
► In developing areas overpopulation was a serious
problem
Major Changes
► Social
and gender equality increased in the
West
► Traditional roles for women continued in
other regions
► Marxist revolutions and decolonization
movements often had women in important
roles, but usually limited to “women’s
issues”
The World in 1914
► Dominated
by the West and its colonial
empires
► Europe at the epicenter
► Imperialism
► Nationalism
► Militarism
► Triple Entente vs Triple Alliance
HMS Dreadnought, 1906: The First
of the Great Battleships
A Satirical Map of Europe in 1914
The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
June 28, 1914
► Archduke
Francis
Ferdinand and wife
were assassinated in
Sarajevo by Gavrilo
Princip, a Serb.
July, 1914
►
►
►
►
Austria-Hungary wished to
punish Serbia, but feared
Russian retaliation
Germany gave AustriaHungary a blank check,
promising its full support in
case of war
Austria-Hungary then
delivered an ultimatum to
Serbia.
After Serbia’s partial
acceptance of the
ultimatum, AustriaHungary declared war
July, 1914
►
►
►
Serbia asked Russia for
help after Austria-Hungary
attacked.
Russia sent an ultimatum
to Austria-Hungary, then
declared war and ordered
general mobilization
Germany sent an
ultimatum to Russia and to
France, then declared war
on both nations
The Schlieffen Plan
► Germany’s
pre-war
plan to win a war with
France and Russia
► Required a violation of
Belgium’s neutrality
► Assumed that Britain
would not intervene
August, 1914
► Germany
invaded
Belgium
► Belgium asked Britain
for help
► Britain sent an
ultimatum to Germany,
then declared war at
midnight August 4,
1914
Early movements
►
►
►
►
August, 1914: The German
invasion of Belgium and France
swept to the outskirts of Paris.
August, 1914: The Russians
moved into eastern Germany.
Germany pulled troops out of
France and sent them east
September, 1914: At the Battle
of the Marne outside Paris, the
British and French blocked the
Germans
September, 1914: At the Battle
of Tannenberg, the Russians
were driven out of Germany
Stalemate! Trench Warfare
► The
dominant form of
fighting after
September, 1914
► Heavy casualties
► Little or no movement
along the front
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
War Is HELL !!
The Western Front
The Eastern Front
Other major combatants
► Central
Powers: Ottoman Empire 1914,
Bulgaria 1914.
► Allies:
Italy 1915, Japan 1915, Romania
1916, US 1917
► Numerous
other nations in Latin America
and Asia entered the conflict at least
symbolically
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Technology in World War I
► New
weapons included
submarines, airplanes,
tanks, poison gas, and
machine guns
► The pace of
industrialization
increased as a result of
the war effort
U-Boats
The Zeppelin
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Other changes
► Governments
assumed control over national
economies. Rationing was common
► Executives took more power from
legislatures, even in the democracies
► Women and minorities increasingly found
jobs in factories outside the home
► Shortages and famines were common
► Mass communications technology was used
for propaganda
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
Women in the Army Auxiliary
German Atrocities in Belgium
Australian Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
World War I Outside Europe
► Fighting
took place
between colonies in
Africa and Asia
► Colonial soldiers took
part in fighting in
Europe
► Japan captured
German colonies in
Asia and the Pacific
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
World War I Outside Europe
►
►
In the Middle East, British
and French agents
promised independence
and aid to the Arabs if
they revolted against the
Ottoman Empire
In 1917, the British
government issued the
Balfour Declaration
supporting the
establishment of a Jewish
homeland in the Middle
East
The United States in World War I
►
►
►
►
►
President Woodrow Wilson
declared neutrality in 1914
Sympathy for both Allies
and Central Powers
Allied blockade meant little
US trade with Central
Powers
Allied propaganda
increased US support for
Allies
German practice of
unrestricted submarine
warfare angered
Americans
The Lusitania, May 7, 1915
The Zimmerman Telegram
►
►
February, 1917: The
British government
released the text of a
German government’s
telegram to Mexico
Germany promised Mexico
that, in exchange for an
alliance against the US,
Mexico would receive the
states of Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona after
a German victory.
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Russian Revolution: March 1917
► Tsar
Nicholas II was
overthrown and
replaced with a more
democratic
government.
► This made the war
seem more than ever a
“war to make the
world safe for
democracy.”
The US in World War I
►
►
►
►
►
US entered war April 6, 1917
First US troops arrived in France in
the summer of 1917, commanded
by General John J. Pershing
Russia’s withdrawal from the war in
early 1918 allowed Germany to
push forward in the spring and
summer of 1918, nearly winning the
war
US troops and other Allied forces
forced the Germans to retreat in the
late summer of 1918
By November 11, 1918, its allies
gone, Germany was forced to ask
for an armistice, ending the
fighting.
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
Americans in the Trenches
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
The Treaty of Versailles and related
treaties
►
►
►
►
►
►
Primarily written by the Big 4:
Wilson, Clemenceau, LloydGeorge, and Orlando
Blamed Germany for the war
Wilson’s 14 Points included, but
ignored
League of Nations set up.
US Senate refused to ratify the
Treaty, and the US never joined
the League
Other treaties ended hostilities
with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria,
and Turkey
The Post War World
►
1.
2.
3.
4.
Four Major Patterns:
Incomplete recovery and instability in
Western Europe
U.S. and Japan became industrial giants
Revolutions and their aftermaths shook
Russia, Mexico, and China
Agitation for independence grew in the
Western colonial empires.
Western Europe
► European
domination of the world economy
declined and fell behind the United States
and Japan.
► Recovery from the war was slow even in
victorious nations
► Independence movements began in some
colonies (India)
► Germany, Austria, and Russia were in
turmoil
Stability and Optimism in the 1920s
► Locarno
Pact of 1925: Germany, France, and
Britain agreed to respect post-war borders and not
to wage war against each other. (“The Spirit of
Locarno”)
► Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: The United States
and 61 other nations agreed not to use war as an
instrument of national policy.
► Economic prosperity, cultural creativity, and new
consumer goods like radios and automobiles were
introduced.
Georges Braque (1882-1963)
Juan Gris
Analytical cubism
Papier collé
Bright colors
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
Considered greatest
artist of 20th century
Created more than
20,000 pieces of art
Three phases of his
career:
Blue Period
Rose Period
Protocubism
Some of his paintings
take on a surrealist
quality
Analytical Cubism
Objects broken down into their
components
Different viewpoints
Conceptual over perceptual
The height of the period involved
paintings becoming too abstract
to the point where they were not
comprehensible
Simplified painting methods
through:
Shape
Color
Line
Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
Photography & Surrealism:
Man Ray (1890 -1976)
Fascism
►
►
►
In 1923, Benito Mussolini
and the Fascist Party took
control of Italy.
Fascism: totalitarian
government, aggressive
nationalism/racism,
militarism, individuals
subjugated to state
Differs from Communism
in its (theoretical) respect
for traditional institutions
and tradition (Right Wing
vs Left Wing)
Post-War Russia and the Soviet
Union
March 1917: February
Revolution overthrew Tsar
Nicholas II and established
a democratic government
under the Duma, or
legislature.
► Alexander Kerensky
became the leader of the
Provisional Government
► The Provisional
Government promised to
keep Russia in the war,
which caused it to lose
support inside the country.
►
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
►
►
►
Russian Marxists or
Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir
Ilyich Lenin, were in exile
in Switzerland in March,
1917
Germany agreed to allow
the Bolsheviks to return to
Russia, in return for
Lenin’s promise to stir up
further rebellions
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
arrived in Russia in April,
1917.
The Bolshevik Revolution
►
►
November, 1917: The
October Revolution
overthrew the Provisional
Government and placed
the Bolsheviks in power
Late 1917-1918: The
Bolsheviks signed the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
ending the war and losing
about one-third of Russia’s
territory to Germany
The Russian Civil War
►
►
►
►
1918-1920
Reds vs Whites
Foreign Intervention led to
a final Red victory under
the leadership of Lenin
and Leon Trotsky
Shortages led to the New
Economic Policy, allowing
some private ownership of
businesses and farms.
The Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, 1922
►
►
►
Totalitarian control under
the leadership of the
Communist Party
Lenin died in 1924
Trotsky was pushed aside
by Joseph Stalin, who
advocated “socialism in
one country” nationalism
mixed with centralized
economic planning and an
end to private ownership.
The Mexican Revolution
►
►
►
Since the 1870s, Mexico had
been under the rule of Porfirio
Diaz, a caudillo.
Under Diaz, US companies
invested heavily in Mexico.
Much of Mexico’s agricultural
and mineral wealth flowed north
to the US
In 1910, Francisco Madero, a US
educated creole, led a
revolution against Diaz and
forced him out of power. In
1911, Madero was elected
President of Mexico
Mexico under Madero
►
►
►
Madero was a liberal capitalist
who believed Mexican wealth
should remain in Mexico. He
proposed legislation that would
require US companies to sell
their assets to Mexicans.
In 1913, a conspiracy which
included the US ambassador to
Mexico overthrew and
assassinated Madero, replacing
him with General Victoriano
Huerta. This is known in
Mexican history as “La decena
tragica” (The Tragic 10 Days)
Huerta is vilified as “El Chacal”
(The Jackal) by Mexicans
US Involvement in the Mexican
Revolution
President Woodrow Wilson was
outraged at the assassination of
Madero. He demanded that Huerta
resign, and when Huerta refused,
sent US Marines to occupy Veracruz
in April, 1914
► Wilson was also concerned over
reports that Germany was shipping
arms to Huerta through Veracruz.
► 41 US navy ships bombarded
Veracruz. The city was occupied by
US forces after heavy fighting.
► The Veracruz occupation brought
the US and Mexico to the point of
war, but the ABC powers
(Argentina, Brazil, and Chile)
successfully arbitrated an
agreement. The US occupied
Veracruz until late 1914. Relations
between the US and Mexico
remained tense for years.
►
Conflict in Mexico and US
involvement
►
►
Over the next several years,
Mexico was embroiled in civil
war. Huerta was overthrown by
Venustiano Carranza in 1914,
who then struggled against
popular bandit/guerrilla fighters
Emiliano Zapata and Francisco
“Pancho” Villa. Zapatistas
seized control of southern
Mexico
In 1916 Villa attacked
Columbus, New Mexico, leading
to a US “Punitive Expedition”
under General John J. Pershing
The Mexican Revolution Ends
►
►
►
►
A Mexican Constitution setting
up a federal system similar to
the US was written in 1917.
After the death of Carranza in
1919 and the gradual end of
guerrilla conflict by the early
1920s, Mexico stabilized under
the rule of the Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI).
PRI dominated Mexican politics
until 2000. Claims of vote fraud
and corruption were common,
and PRI’s rule was called “la
dictadura perfecta” or perfect
dictatorship.
The US continues to hold major
assets within Mexico
Colonial Independence Movements:
India
► Many
Indians sought self-rule or independence
from the British beginning in the late 1800s.
► In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded
by young Hindus, seeking a greater role in
government for educated Indians
► The Raj ignored Congress’ demands, and this led
more members to seek independence for India
► Distrusting Hindu leadership, Indian Muslims
formed the Muslim League in 1906, also seeking
independence for India.
Colonial Independence Movements:
India
►
►
During World War I, the
Raj promised to consider
greater Indian self-rule in
return for cooperation with
the British war effort. Both
Congress and the Muslim
League cooperated.
After World War I, the Raj
continued without change.
This led to strikes and riots
that culminated in the
Amritsar Massacre of
1919.
Mahatma Gandhi 1869-1948
►
►
►
►
►
A Hindu, raised among Jain and
Buddhist influences
Trained as a lawyer in London,
worked in South Africa
Studied many religions,
vegetarian, pacifist
First became active in India
urging self-sufficiency (salt,
weaving)
Used satyagraha (truthendeavor) or non-violent non
cooperation or passive
resistance to oppose British rule
Gandhi as a Lawyer in
Johannesburg, So.
Africa
Gandhi Spinning Cloth
Colonial Independence Movements:
The Middle East
►
►
►
During World War I Allied
agents promised Arabs
independence and economic
support if they rebelled against
the Ottoman Turks
After the war, the Middle East
was divided among the West in
League of Nation Mandates.
Independence did not come
until the 1930s and 1940s.
Western nations put into place
and supported corrupt
governments in Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, and elsewhere.
The League of Nations Mandates
“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
 Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
 Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created
Iraq [pasted together from three distinct
geographic regions].
 The House of Saud  put on the throne of the
newly-created Saudi Arabia.
 The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a
new Iran.
 Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist
movement in Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”
(1881-1938)
Colonial Independence Movements:
The Middle East
► Agitation
for a Jewish
state in the Middle
East continued.
► Zionism, founded by
Theodor Herzl,
advocated the
establishment of a
Jewish state.
► European Jews began
immigrating to
Palestine
Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.

By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they
were loosing control of
their “country!”
Jewish Settlements:
The Kibbutz System
 First one founded in 1908.
 Communal living.
 “Make the Desert
Bloom!”
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
 First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia
in 1908.
 Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 
drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
 Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who,
while outwardly pledging
allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,
promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
 Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
 In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the
Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International
“Coin of the Realm!”
 American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gain
oil concessions in Bahrain
in 1929.
 In 1933, American oil
companies win an oil
concession in Saudi Arabia.
 ARAMCO [Arab-American
Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Colonial Independence Movements:
Africa
►
►
►
►
The Pan-African movement was
an anti-colonial proindependence movement
Most Pan-Africanists were
residents of North America and
the Caribbean, with few African
connections
Most Europeans disbelieved that
Africans were capable of selfrule
Lack of a middle class or
industry kept most African
colonies from moving towards
independence before World War
II
China
►
►
►
►
The fall of the Qing Dynasty in
1911 led to the establishment of
the Chinese Republic under Dr.
Sun Yat-sen
China continued to be
dominated by Western
economic and military power
The Guomindang or Chinese
Nationalist Party dominated
Chinese politics, led by Chiang
Kai-shek.
Japan increased its influence
within China during and after
World War I.
The May Fourth Movement
►
►
In 1919, Chinese students
began to demonstrate for
greater Chinese
independence,
Westernization, and an
end to Confucianism in
China.
The May Fourth Movement
failed, but did mark the
beginning of a new period
of nationalism within China
Chinese Communism
►
►
►
Mao Zedong 1893-1976,
helped to form the Chinese
Communist Party in 1921.
Since China was primarily
agricultural, Mao taught
that the peasants, not
industrial workers, would
lead the revolution there.
During the 1920s, the
Guomindang and the
Communists fought a civil
war. By 1934, the
Communists were defeated
and retreated in the Long
March to Western China