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World History
Chapter 23
War & Revolution
Section 3:
The Russian Revolution
Daily Objectives
• Explain how poor leadership led
to the fall of the czarist regime
in Russia.
• Relate how the Bolsheviks came
to power under Lenin.
Daily Objectives
• Describe how Communist forces
triumphed over anti-Communist
forces.
I. Background to Revolution
• Unprepared both militarily &
technologically
• No competent military leaders
• Nicholas II lacked ability &
training
• Industry unable to produce the
weapons needed
I. Background to Revolution
• Soldiers sent to the front without
rifles
A. Beginnings of Upheaval
• Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s
German-born wife
• Falls under the influence of
• Grigori *Rasputin, an
uneducated Siberian peasant
who claimed to be a holy man
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Czar Nicholas
Rasputin
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A. Beginnings of Upheaval
• While Nicholas was away at the
battlefront, Alexandra consulted
Rasputin
• Rasputin was assassinated in
December 1916
B. The March Revolution
• *Petrograd, Russia’s capital
city
• Women & workers marched
through the city demanding
peace & bread
• A general strike shut down all
the factories in the city
B. The March Revolution
• The Duma, or legisalative body
forced Nicholas II to step down
ending the 300-year-old
Romanov dynasty
• Provisional government was
headed by Alexander Kerensky
B. The March Revolution
• Kerensky decided to carry on the
war
• *soviets, councils composed of
representatives from the
workers & soldiers start to form
• Most radical group the
Bolsheviks
II. The Rise of Lenin
• Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called
the Russian Social Democrats
• *lead by V.I. Lenin
• dedicated to violent revolution to
destroy the capitalist system
II. The Rise of Lenin
• April 1917, with help from
German military leaders, Lenin
returns to Russia
• Lenin wanted to gain control of
the soviets of soldiers, workers
& peasants & use them to
overthrow the provisional
government
II. The Rise of Lenin
• Bolsheviks promised an end to
the war, redistribution of all land
to the peasants, the transfer of
factories & industries from
capitalists to committees of
workers & the transfer of gov’t
power from the provisional gov’t
to the soviets
III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power
• November 6, 1917 Bolshevik
forces seized the Winter Palace
the seat of the provisional gov’t
• *Bolsheviks, soon renamed
themselves the Communists
• Lenin had promised peace, but it
would mean the humiliating loss
of Russian territory
III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power
• *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia
gained peace but lost eastern
Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the
Baltic provinces
IV. Civil War in Russia
• Opposition to the Communists
came from groups loyal to the
czar, liberals, anti-Leninist
socialists, Communist White
Russians, Allied forces &
Ukrainians
IV. Civil War in Russia
• The Communists (Red)
Army were forced to fight
• First serious threat came from
Siberia
• Anti-Communist (White) forces
attacked westward almost to the
Volga River
IV. Civil War in Russia
• Attacks also came from the
Ukraine in the Southeast
• White forces swept through
Ukraine & advanced almost to
Moscow
• Each advance by the Whites was
stopped
IV. Civil War in Russia
• On July 16, 1918 members of
the local soviet in the Urals
murdered the czar & his family
V. Triumph of the Communists
• Red Army was a well-disciplined
fighting force
• *Organized by Leon Trotsky the
commissar of war
• reinstated the draft, insisted on
rigid discipline
Leon
Trotsky
V. Triumph of the Communists
• deserters & those who refused
to obey orders were executed on
the spot
• the disunity of anti-Communist
forces weakened their efforts
• Political difference among the
Whites created distrust
V. Triumph of the Communists
• Whites had no common goals
• Communists had revolutionary
zeal & convictions
• war communism meant gov’t
control of banks & industries,
seizing of grain & centralization
of state administration
V. Triumph of the Communists
• Presence of foreign armies on
Russian soil arose Russian
patriotism
• By 1921, the Communists were
in total command of Russia
• Hostile toward the Allied Powers
the czar
the peasants
the czar, the
officials, the nobles,
and the middle
classes
Section 4: End of the War
Daily Objectives
• Report how combined Allied
forces stopped the German
offensive.
• Explain how peace settlements
brought political & territorial
changes to Europe & created
bitterness & resentment in
several nations.
I. The Last Year of the War
• - Allies defeated on the Western
front
• - Russia’s withdrawal from the
War
• - War weariness beginning to
take its toll
• + Entry of the United States
A. A New German Offensive
• Erich von Ludendorff decided to
make one final military gamble a grand offensive in the west
• Stopped at the Second Battle of
the Marne on July 18, 1918
• Supported by French, Moroccan
& American troops
A. A New German Offensive
• Gamble had failed
• Allied forces began making a
steady advance toward Germany
• September 29, 1918, General
Ludendorff informed German
leaders that the war was lost
B. Collapse & Armistice
• Allies unwilling to make peace
with the autocratic imperial
government
• November 3, 1918 sailors in the
town of Kiel mutinied.
• Workers & soldiers took over
civilian & military offices
B. Collapse & Armistice
• William II left the country on
November 9, 1918
• Social Democrats under
Friedrich Ebert created a
democratic republic
B. Collapse & Armistice
• November 11, 1918, the new
German government signed an
• armistice, a truce, an
agreement to end the fighting.
C. Revolutionary Forces
• A radical socialists group formed
the German Communist Party
and tried to seize power
• Social Democratic government
crushed the rebels & murdered
the leaders of the German
Communists
C. Revolutionary Forces
• leaving German middle class
with a deep fear of communism
• Austria-Hungary also
experienced disintegration &
revolution
• Ethnic groups sought
independence
C. Revolutionary Forces
• Austria-Hungary empire replaced
by independent republics of
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
& Yugoslavia
II. The Peace Settlements
• In January 1919, representatives
of 27 victorious Allied nations
met in Paris
A. Wilson’s Proposals
• *U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
became the spokesperson for a
new world order based on
democracy & international
cooperation
• *Fourteen Points - his basis
for a peace settlement
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A. Wilson’s Proposals
• 14 points - reaching the peace
agreements openly, reducing
armaments, ensuring *selfdetermination - the right of
each people to have its own
nation
B. The Paris Peace Conference
• Secret treaties & agreements for
territorial gains caused problems
• National interests also caused
problems
• *David Lloyd George, prime
minister of Great Britain wanted
Germans to pay for this war
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
• *France was guided by its desire
for national security
• Georges Clemenceau, the
French premier said the French
desired revenge & security
against future German
aggression
B. The Paris Peace Conference
• Clemenceau wanted Germany
stripped of all weapons & vast
payments
• reparations, payments to
cover the costs of the war
• And a separate Rhineland as a
buffer between France &
Germany
B. The Paris Peace Conference
• Big three: Wilson, Clemenceau
& Lloyd George
• Germany was not invited
• Big three quarreled
• *Wilson wanted a world
organization, the League of
Nations, to prevent future wars
B. The Paris Peace Conference
• Clemenceau & Lloyd George
wanted to punish Germany
• Wilson’s peacekeeping
organization was granted
• He agreed to make
compromises on territorial
arrangements
B. The Paris Peace Conference
• Clemenceau gave up his wish
for a Rhineland & accepted a
defensive alliance with Great
Britain & the United States
• U.S. Senate refused to ratify this
agreement, which weakened the
Versailles peace settlement
C. The Treaty of Versailles
• *Treaty of Versailles signed on
June 28, 1919 was a treaty
signed with Germany that many
Germans felt was a harsh peace
C. The Treaty of Versailles
• Germans were unhappy with
*Article 231, the so-called
War Guilt Clause, which
declared that Germany & Austria
were responsible for starting the
war
C. The Treaty of Versailles
• Germany ordered to pay
reparations for all damage
• Germany had to reduce its army,
cut back its navy & eliminate its
air force
• Alsace & Lorraine returned to
France
C. The Treaty of Versailles
• Sections of eastern Germany
were awarded to a new Polish
state
• land along both sides of the
Rhine was made a demilitarized
zone
D. A New Map of Europe
• Both Germany & Russia lost
territory in the east
• The Austrian-Hungarian Empire
disappeared
• New nations: Finland, Latvia,
Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria &
Hungary
D. A New Map of Europe
• Romania acquired new lands &
Serbia formed the nucleus of a
new state called Yugoslavia
• principles of self-determination
• ethnic minorities: Germans in
Poland, Hungarians, Poles &
Germans in Czechoslovakia
D. A New Map of Europe
• The problems of ethnic
minorities within nations would
lead to later conflicts
• Ottoman Empire broken up
• France took control of Lebanon
& Syria
• *Britain received Iraq &
Palestine
D. A New Map of Europe
• These acquisitions were called
*mandates, a nation officially
governed by another nation as a
mandate on behalf of the
League of Nations but did not
own the territory
E. The War’s Legacy
• Death toll of 10 million
• Total war
• Freedom of the press & speech
were limited
• Strong central government
• Opened the door for greater
insecurity
E. The War’s Legacy
• Revolutions broke up old
empires, which led to new
problems
on November 11, at
5 A.M., Paris time in
Paris
at 11:00 A.M. Paris time
They rejoiced.
Chapter Summary