Transcript Road to the Revolution PPT

Quiz
1. Who was the British General that led a
force against the French and died in
1755?
2. Who led the Albany Plan of Union in
1754?
3. What area did the French and English
have a dispute over?
4. What was the demeanor of the British
officers?
5. What did France give England after
losing the war?
The Road to Revolution
1754-1776
Setting the Stage:
• England needed the colonies.
Mercantilism was England’s way of
maintaining her position of power in the
world.
• England needs America
Not only did the colonists supply raw materials
to England, they also bought all of their finished
products from England. England was making a
killing selling finished products to the colonists.
Imports and Exports between England and North
America from 1763-1776
Salutary Neglect
• During the early years of
the existence of the
colonies, Parliament
opted for a policy of
salutary neglect or noninterference
• It was too difficult to
control the situation in the
colonies when they were
3000 miles away
THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
• 1754-1763 over disputed claims by England and France
to the Ohio River Valley
• France built forts in valley to protect fur trade
• England wanted the land for settlement
• Most Indians Tribes (except Iroquois) sided with French
KEY BATTLES
• 1754: 22 year-old George Washington led
Virginia militia against French at Fort Duquesne
(Pittsburgh). Were defeated by French. 1st
Battle of War.
• 1755: British General Edward Braddock
led troops against French at Fort Duquesne.
Lost ½ troops and life when insisted on fighting
in column formation.
• 1763: British Victory after the
fall of Quebec.
William Trent’s Journal
Map of Fort Duquesne/Pitt
1754  Albany Plan of
Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from
New England, NY, MD, PA
A
Albany Congress  failed Iroquois
broke off relations with
Britain & threatened to
trade with the French.
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
British
• Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or
bayonet charge.
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
TREATY OF PARIS 1763
1) France gives England: Canada and all land
east of Mississippi River, Except New Orleans
2) France gives Spain: (Ally) French land west of
Mississippi plus New Orleans
3) Spain gives England: Florida
WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT?
1. Britain now wanted to tighten
control of their very large
North American Empire.
2. Britain was heavily in debt due
to the war
3. Britain had to find a way to
defend its new western frontier
from Native American attacks
(Pontiac’s Rebellion) and
those pesky Spanish
Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1. It united them against a
common enemy for the first
time.
2. It created a socializing
experience for all the
colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings
towards the British that
would only intensify.
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
PROCLAMATION of 1763
• Britain passes Proclamation of 1763,
forbidding colonists from settling west of
Appalachians
• AS A RESULT, more conflict…
– American settlers wanted this land and were
ANGERED by the law
– Their westward expansion over the
Appalachian Mountains created more
conflicts with Native Americans.
WHY IMPORTANT?
• England’s debt now doubled because
fighting wars all over the world.
• Englishmen already paying 20% in
taxes. They now wanted the colonists
to pay their fair share of taxes.
• Colonists were angered that they had
to pay taxes on land that they could
not settle.
Sugar Act of 1764
• Parliament passed a law that taxed sugar
and molasses in the colonies in order to
produce revenue for the king.
• If caught smuggling, the person would be
tried by a military court and not according
to the English law of trial by jury. (Took
away rights to trial by jury!)
Quartering Act of 1765
• With so many British soldiers now
stationed in North America, the
King and Parliament needed help
housing and feeding them. (They
also wanted to keep an eye on
the colonist and to stop the
smuggling) So…
• Colonists were required to house,
feed, and provide supplies to the
British soldiers in the colonies.
WHY IMPORTANT?
• Taxation without Representation!
• Trial by jury is guaranteed in the English
Bill of Rights –that right was taken away
from the colonists.
• Families now had to spend lots of money
to house and feed troops that they did
not want in the colonies.
The Colonies
Protest the Stamp Act
• “No Taxation Without Representation!”
• Stamp Act Congress Oct 1765
-1st time colonies met to
consider acting together in
protest
• Boycotts of British Goods
• Sons of Liberty Formed as secret
society whose mission was to
oppose British policies –riots and
customs officials tarred and feathered.
Patrick Henry Speaks Out!
• When the House of
Burgesses met to consider
the Stamp Act in May of
1765 Patrick Henry
introduced the Virginia
Resolutions protesting
Parliament’s action
• In his speech he stated
that since Americans
elected no members to the
British Parliament they
should not be taxed by
them
• This came to be know as
“no taxation without
representation”
Sons of Liberty
• The Sons of Liberty carried out
organized resistance by
keeping watch on shopkeepers
suspected of selling British
goods
• A group existed in almost
every colony.
• Members included middle and
upper class citizens, anyone
could join if they were
trustworthy and had the skills
the group needed.
• Famous members included
Paul Revere, John Adams and
his cousin, Samuel Adams.
Daughters of Liberty
• Colonial women
organized the Daughters
of Liberty to boycott
British goods
• They gave up imported
clothes, made tea out of
local herbs, and produced
homespun cloth
• One of the most
influential Daughters of
Liberty was Mercy Otis
Warren, who published
pamphlets supporting the
resistance – she had to
publish in a man’s name
Declaratory Act
• Colonists efforts pay off and stamp act is
repealed in 1766
• But, parliament passes Declaratory Act
-Parliament has supreme authority to
govern colonies
Townshend Acts
• 1767: Revenue duties on tea, glass, lead,
paper, and paints passed by Parliament at the
insistence of Charles Townshend, chancellor of
the treasury, and King George III
• Writs of Assistance: non-specific search
warrants allowed government officials to search
homes without having reasonable cause to do
so.
• Townshend believed that Americans
would accept external taxes to regulate
trade as legal.
Tools of
Protest
• To protest the Townshend
Acts, the colonists began
another boycott of English
goods.
• Samuel Adams, a brewer,
and the leader of the Sons of
Liberty led the protests
WHY IMPORTANT?
• Writs of assistance violated
English Bill of Rights regarding
sanctity of the home and the
right to warrant. Colonists
resent hard British rule.
• Sam Adams and other
colonists began to circulate
letters to all the colonies,
asking them to boycott British
goods
?Why did the British think that these taxes
would be more acceptable to the colonists?
BOSTON MASSACRE
• 1768: 1,000 British soldiers arrived in Boston. Colonists
and soldiers did not like each other.
•
• March 5, 1770: Boston youth and dockworkers started
trading insults with the soldiers. A fight broke out and
the soldiers fired on the crowd.
• 5 colonists died. The first to die was an African
American freeman named Cripsus Attucks. He was
called a hero.
COMMITTEES of
CORRESPONDENCE
• 1770-1773: A quiet period when King George
avoided further angering the colonists
• 1772: Sam Adams and Richard Henry Lee
helped Boston and 80 other Massachusetts
towns organize Committees of Correspondence
to spread word of any new British Aggression.
?Why were these committees of correspondence
important? What effect could they have on bringingthe
colonists together?
TEA ACT
• 1773: Parliament passed a law that gave the
British East India Company control over the
American Tea Trade
• Only tea brought into the colonies
on British East India ships would
be sold by approved merchants
and it would have a tax on it!
• Colonists were used to buying
smuggled tea from Holland and not
paying taxes on it.
WHY IMPORTANT?
•
•
•
•
Colonist Angry!
Shippers Angry!
Merchants Angry!
Protests against the Tea Act occurred in
all of the colonies. The citizens let it rot
on the docks or blocked ships from
landing
?Why weren’t the colonists satisfied with this new,
smaller tax to regulate trade?
BOSTON TEA PARTY
• A group of men disguised as Native Americans
boarded three ships docked in Boston Harbor
• They unloaded the tea and dumped it into the
harbor. 342 chests of tea destroyed!
• Believed to be the Sons of Liberty led by Samuel
Adams
Boston Tea Party
WHY IMPORTANT?
• One group of colonists felt that Britain would
finally understand how much they opposed
taxation without representation
• Other colonists said that destroying the tea was
not the way to settle disputes over taxes. They
offered to pay the British for the tea that was
destroyed if Britain would repeal the Tea Act
• Britain wanted repayment for the tea AND the
men responsible to stand trial
• Led to further thoughts of rebellion by the
colonists!
INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS
• Laws passed to punish the Massachusetts
colony and serve as a warning to other colonies:
– Closed the Port of Boston
until destroyed tea was paid
for
– Banned Committees of
Correspondence
– British officials charged
with crimes would stand trial
in Britain
– Appointed a new governor
WHY IMPORTANT?
• Other colonies supported Massachusetts with
food and money
• Committees of Correspondence called for a
colonial meeting to discuss next steps
Quebec Act 1774
• Prohibited colonists
from moving into Ohio
River Valley, Catholic
religion in region
• Colonists expected to
settle into the region
The Quebec Act - 1774
• It was passed at the same
time and considered by
many as one of the
Intolerable Acts
• It extended the Canadian
province of Quebec south to
the Ohio River
• It also allowed French
Canadians use of their own
legal system which did not
recognize trial by jury
• The colonists believed The
Quebec Act was designed to
keep American settlers out of
western lands forever
Join, or Die Political Cartoon by Benjamin Franklin
A political cartoon calling for American colonies to band together for
protection against Indians and the French. First published in the
Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754.
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
• 1774: 56 delegates from every colony
except Georgia met in Philadelphia to
respond to the Intolerable acts
• Voted to ban all trade with Britain until
Intolerable Acts repealed
• Each colony was to begin training troops
First Continental Congress
• A group of important
men met to discuss the
crisis in the colonies.
• Militias were set up.
(citizen soldiers)
WHY IMPORTANT?
• Colonists were determined to uphold colonial
rights
• Planted seeds for future independence
• Parliament responded by increasing the
number of troops in the colonies and the
number of restrictions on the colonists
Monarchy vs. Representative
Government
• In a monarchy the
governing power lies
with a king and those
that he appoints to
office
• Parliament was the
lawmaking body in
England
• Citizens elect their own
representatives who will
represent them in
government
• People create their
government and have
the right to make
changes when they see
fit (laws, elections)
Patrick Henry
& The Virginia House of Burgesses
“Give me Liberty or Give me Death!”
Audio 2