Transcript Unit 4 PART 2 ABSENT

Chapters 16 & 17
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7 northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of
the Netherlands after the revolt against Spain (officially
recognized by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648). The House of
Orange held the title of stadholder. In times of peace, burghers
held political power
William III of Orange attempted to consolidate power, but was
not successful. A republican form of government was once again
formed, following his death
17th century considered a golden age for the Dutch due to wealth
and power gained from sea trade
Socially, there was a high standard of living and fairly equal
distribution of wealth. They were tolerant in religious matters
Amsterdam became the center of commerce. This was aided by
the development of the Bank of Amsterdam and the Dutch East
India Company
Four 17th century trade wars Anglo-Dutch Wars (ended with the
Glorious Revolution), and wars with France to ensure a balance
of power in Europe will lead to decline (1672 – “Year of
Disaster”).
Golden Age Painters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzjHwF_2iH
U&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&
safe=active
 Dutch
Republic portion generates predictable
questions
 At LEAST ONE designed to see if you
recognize Amsterdam as a popular
commercial area in the 17th Century
 Also, factors of Dutch Artwork
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Was protestant nation w/o absolute ruler-they
were different from Rome and Madrid’s baroque
art full of Catholic Church and ruling monarchs
Merchants patronized
Individual and everyday life
Dutch Golden Age for painters in 1600’s
 Frederick
the Great
 Gustavus Adolphus
 William of Orange
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 Painting
of daily life
 Lack of Religious or Catholic Themes
 All of the above
 None of the above
 Paris
 Amsterdam
 Ribe
(original capital of Denmark)
 London
 Philip
I of Spain converts them to Catholicism
and they join the Holy Roman Empire
 Religious Tolerance
 commerce from shipping and the Dutch East
India Company increases economic power
 High standard of living and equal distribution
of wealth
Eastern Europe
Not really an empire, very feudal and not in
Rome
 1356 – the “Golden Bull” ( a papal declaration)
established the practice of allowing 7 German
princes to elect the Emperor (they often chose a
weak one)
 Some parts became Protestant
 Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottomans
 Was devastated by the Thirty Years’ War
 The empire was replaced by independent states
in the region (over 300 by 1500)
 By the 18th century, Austria and Prussia were
gaining power
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 1519
– Charles V was elected emperor and
tried to consolidate the area under Catholic
rule
 The Lutheran reformation gave princes and
cities a religious reason for rejecting his
authority
 Peace of Augsburg signed by Charles V led to
the Thirty Years War
 German
princes could choose to be Lutheran
or Catholic
 Frederick III, ruler of the Palatinate,
converted to Calvinism
 As an “elector”, this posed a problem. Also,
several other princes followed his lead
 The Catholic counter-reformation added to
the growing religious tension, as in some
areas Protestantism are increasingly being
wiped out
 Leaves
Holy Roman Empire divided into 300
independent states
 Elects an emperor who had no imperial army,
revenues or central authority
 France emerges as a power house due to the
decline of Holy Roman Empire’s power.
 Prussia
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Hohenzollerns rule
territory known as
BrandenburgPrussia
Unification of northern Germans states started
under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1415)
1640 - Foundation for the Prussian state was
laid by Frederick William – the “Great Elector”
– as a result of the 30 Years War
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Powerful, well-funded army through taxation
Established the General War Commissariat to levy
taxes
Took government control from Junkers, but gave them
positions in the government , absolute power over
their peasants (now serfs) and exempted them from
taxes
Mercantile policies, including high tariffs
Built roads and canals
Prussia at its peak
Modern Day
Germany, Poland,
Lithuania,
Denmark,
Belgium, Czech
Republic and
Switzerland
Why was he so powerful again?
 Known as the Great Elector, FW began
strengthening Hohenzollern power
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Built well-equipped army
Army helps him become a major player in
European Politics
 Demanded
loyalty of Junkers, German
Landowners; in exchange, Junckers received
power over serfs
 Frederick
William I ( 1713-1740 “Soldier
King”) completed the dominance of the King
over the Junkers, creating a rigid militaristic
state known as the “Sparta of the North”.
 Army doubles to over 80,000 men
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13th largest population of Europe
3rd or 4th largest army
 Officer
class becomes Prussia’s most
prestigious class.
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Austria
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Made up of traditional Hapsburg hereditary lands
Ferdinand III had consolidated power in the Germanspeaking Habsburg provinces
Leopold I defeated the Ottoman siege at Vienna in 1683
halting Muslim expansion into Europe
Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia
and Slovenia to Austria, creating a large, powerful
Austrian Empire
The War of Spanish Succession gave Austria the Spanish
Netherlands and Spanish holdings in Italy
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Austria
 Three distinct regions: hereditary provinces of the
Habsburgs, Bohemia and Hungary
 Too many nationalities and religions (Hungary was
defiantly Protestant, Bohemia and the “hereditary
lands” were Catholic following the 30 Years’ War)
 These territories had their own estates-general,
with the Austrian emperor as a symbolic figurehead. Landed aristocracy provided military officers
and government bureaucrats, and little else
 The “Pragmatic Sanction” proclaimed by Charles VI
stated that the Habsburg lands would always be
under the control of a single ruler (could be female)
 AP
Test you to understand its purpose and
recognize Frederick the Great (of Prussia)
violates it later.
 Emperor Charles VI (Habsburg) (reigns 17111740)
 Dies thinking he guaranteed peace and
integrity of his realm.
 Determined to ensure his daughter, Maria
Theresa’s succession, drew up a
document=Pragmatic Sanction
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Territories of Habsburg Empire remain unified
under her
Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg lands
and the throne
 Center
of Orthodox Christianity (“Third
Rome” after Rome itself and
Constantinople)
 Russia overthrew the Mongols under Ivan
the Terrible (“Czar”) who united and
expanded Russia through the use of
“Cossacks’. Ivan crushed the Boyars
(landed aristocracy)
 “Time of Troubles” – period of civil war
after the death of Ivan, came to an end
with the appointment of Michael Romanov
as czar by the feudal lords
 Tsar
(czar) – divinely ordained autocratic
ruler
 Landed aristocrats (boyars)
 Merchants – heavily regulated by the czar
 Peasants – increasingly became bound to the
land as serfs
 Elected
in 1613 (Romanov Dynasty ruled until
1917)
 Continued to consolidate lands at the
expense of the serfs (now like slaves – recall
the rise in demand for food) and spread
eastward (Cossacks again)
 1682-1725
– westernized Russia
 Women forced to dress like Western
European women, men shaved beards
 Built St. Petersburg (window to the west) in
which engineers, artists, scientists et al were
invited to westernize Russia
 Serfs turned slaves built St. Petersburg
 Palaces
 Cities
 Russia
BEFORE Peter the Great
 Isolation
 Russia was geographically isolated.
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Sweden prevented Russia from reaching the
Baltic Sea
Ottoman Empire prevented Russia from reaching
the Black Sea
 Russia
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was culturally isolated
Renaissance ideas, Reformation and all Age of
Exploration/Scientific Revolution discoveries
scarcely affected Russia
 The
Romanov Dynasty
 (see your notes for this-slides 17-19)
 Peter the Great (reigned 1789-1825)
 Modernizing Russia
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Realized Russia was behind; visits Holland and
England; tours shipyards, examines new military
equipment, and observes western customs
Vows to build Russia into a great power; expands
army and constructs new navy.
 Defeating
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Sweden
Thirty Years’ War left Sweden in control of the
Baltic’s entire eastern shore.
 Defeating
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Sweden
Thirty Years’ War left Sweden in control of the
Baltic’s entire eastern shore.
In 1700, Peter orders army to “end Sweden’s
dominance”. Great Northern War begins. 17001721.
Russia initially suffers defeats against Charles XII
of Sweden, but wins the war and control over
warm-water shores on Baltic sea.
Defeat contributes to Sweden’s decline as major
European power;
Russia dominant in the Baltic Sea
 Building
St. Petersburg
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Building St. Petersburg
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Begins building in 1703.
Named after his patron saint; would be “a great window for
Russia to look out at Europe”
St. Petersburg is THE symbol of Peter the Great’s new and
more powerful Russia
Controlling the Boyars
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Old nobility who supported traditional Russian culture
Ordered them to shave and wear Western clothing; ALSO,
had them build costly town houses in St. Petersburg.
Required them to serve in either the military or
government administration
 Exploiting
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the Serfs
Did not benefit from Peter’s reforms; conscripted
 Exploiting
the Serfs
Did not benefit from Peter’s reforms; conscripted
(forcibly made to join)into Russia’s army
 Forced to build St. Petersburg
 In Europe, serfs are bound to the land; in Russia,
serfs could be sold apart from the land.
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Enables serfs to be forced into service in mines and
factories
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Denmark
 Very Feudal –monarchs elected and shared
power with the nobility
 Nobility exercised a lot of power over peasants
 Losses in the 30 Years War and war with
Sweden led to a bloodless revolution, in which
the power of the nobility was curtailed and an
absolutist constitution was instituted in 1665
 Christian V from 1670-1699 crafted a
centralized administration with the nobility as
part of the upper bureaucracy
 Sweden
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1611 - Gustavus Adolphus created a stable
monarchy by granting the nobility positions in
the bureaucracy and creating a formidable
army
Eventually Charles XI will assume the throne
and began to create a strong absolute
monarchy
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Resumed control of crown lands and their revenues
Improved the army and navy
Weakened the power of the Riksdag and the church
By 1693, he created a state that dominated Northern
Europe
By 1718, however, Charles XII had gone to war with
Poland, Denmark and Russia, leading to Sweden’s
decline
1569 – formal merger between Poland-Lithuania,
although a marriage began the process in 1386
which began the Jagiello dynasty (largest
Christian kingdom)
 Assemblies of nobles elected the kings and
limited their power
 Nobles kept peasantry in a state of serfdom
 1572 – Jagiello dynasty came to an end and an
outsider was chosen as king – Swede Sigismund
III. The nobility continued to strengthen, and
left Poland no more than a confederation of
semi-independent estates
 It became a battleground foreign powers who
found it easy to invade but difficult to manage
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 Based
in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuk
Turks by the Mongols
 Took over and renamed Constantinople
(Istanbul) in 1453
 Within 100 years dominated the regions
surrounding the Western Mediterranean
(stopped short at Vienna)
Albania
Algeria
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Chad
Croatia
Cyprus
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Kosovo
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Niger
Northern Cyprus
Macedonia
Mali
 Predominantly
Muslim, although religious
toleration practiced
 Enslaved Christian boys (Janissaries) for the
military (devshirme)
 Over time, persecution grew
 Built
up the empire and the arts
 Took parts of Hungary, taking advantage of a
weak Europe during the protestant
reformation
 Stopped at Vienna, or the history of Europe
would be vastly different
 Ottomans stayed in power until 1922 –
greatly expanding Islam and kept Eastern
Europe on it’s toes
 Mughal
Empire established in 1526 by
Babur and dominated for 300 years
 Babur’s harsh tactics replaced by Akbar
who was more religiously tolerant
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Abolished jizya
Allowed Hindus in the government and military
Eliminated sati
Married a Hindu
Golden age of art and architecture for the next
100 years
 Taj
Mahal built (at the expense of those
who paid taxes)
 Religious toleration ended
 Jizya reinstated
 Hindu temples destroyed
 Hindus persecuted and begin to unite
 Europeans arrive in the 17th century
penetrating the periphery (coastal
regions) of India
 Ignored
the European presence, which
continued to penetrate into the interior
of the subcontinent
 Mughals had to fight Hindu uprisings,
which left them vulnerable to European
encroachment
 Continued wars to expand were costly,
never became “maritime”, allowing for
European countries to control maritime
trade
 Defeated
the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) in 1368
 Created a strong central government,
reinstated Confucianism and civil service
exams
 Sponsored grand voyages under Zheng He,
but discontinued (ALMOST “maritime”)
 Conquered by the Qing in 1644 (Manchus)
 Manchu
rulers – governed until 1912
 Maintained and ethnic elite
 Used civil service to employ Chinese
 Supported Confucianism, the arts and
expanded the empire
 Had established trade with Europe,
however in 1724, Christians banned, 1757
trade with Europe was limited to Canton
 Trade was still substantial – silver
increased creating a new merchant class
 During
this era, European countries cannot
penetrate into China and control the region
as they had done in India, Southeast Asia and
the Americas
 As Europe becomes more industrialized in
the next era, that will change and China will
not be able to hold off their intrusions any
longer
 Ruled
until 1868 – instituted a rigid social
class model caste in nature (warrior,
farmer, artisan, merchant)
 AKA – Edo Period - capital moved to Edo
(Tokyo)
 National Seclusion Policy –isolated Japan
(those going in and out – only the Dutch –
1 ship a year - and Chinese could enter
Nagasaki)
 Result – culture thrived (haiku and
Kabuki), however Japan lags in
technology
 Similar
to China, strong governments in
Japan keep the Europeans at bay during this
era
 However, Japan will isolate and industrialize
in the next era, allowing them to compete
with Europe militarily and economically,
avoiding a takeover by European powers
Contrast
• Mughal (and the
Ottoman)
Empire’s
response to
European
Aggression
• China and
Japan’s
response to
European
Aggression