Transcript French Revolution and Napoleon

The French
Revolution
French Revolution and Napoleon
Chapter 11
1789-1815
The French
Revolution
The French Revolution Begins
Section 1
Old Order
• Old Regime: social and political order of
France that divided French society into three
estates
• Estates: social classes
– Three Estates: (Write on Graphic Organizer)
• First Estate: Clergy of the Catholic Church – 130,000
(1%)
• Second Estate: Rich nobles – 350,000 (2%)
• Third Estate: bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and
peasant farmers – 26,835,000 (97%)
First Estate
• First Estate had the following privileges:
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130,000 (1%) of French population
High offices (political and church)
Paid 2 % of taxes
Owned 10% of the land in France
Divided between priests from wealthy families and
common families
• Both the first and second estates felt threatened by
Enlightenment ideas, but why?
Second Estate
• Second Estate had the following privileges:
– 350,000 (2%) of French population
– Owned 25-30% of the land
– Held many of the highest positions in: the
government, military, law courts, and church
offices
– Paid almost no taxes
– Many of them sought to keep monarch from
taking their power in government
Third Estate
• 26,835,000 people in Third Estate (97%)
• Very economically diverse group
– Bourgeoisie (Middle Class): bankers, factory owners,
merchants, and skilled artisans
• Often well educated and believed strongly in Enlightenment
ideals (liberty and equality)
• Paid HIGH taxes – no privileges
– Workers: poorest group, trades people, apprentices,
labors, and domestic servants
– Peasants 80% of France’s population, ½ of income
went to pay dues to nobles, tithe, and taxes to the
king
Forces/Causes of Change
• Enlightenment Ideas: new ideas about power and
authority in government
– Inspired by the American Revolution
– Third Estate demanded equality, liberty, and
democracy
• Economic Troubles – Decline
– Alarmed merchants, factory owners, and bankers
– Heavy burden of taxes
• Weak Leader
– Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette paid little attention to
government advisers
Dawning of the Revolution
• Estates-General: an assembly of representatives from
all three estates
– Goal: Approve new taxes on the nobility proposed by Louis
XVI
– Each estate had ONE vote
– Third Estate persuaded the assembly to give each delegate
a vote –which would give the Third Estate a chance
• Third Estate locked out of meeting = National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath: attempt to end the absolute
monarchy in France and create a constitution.
Storming of the Bastille
• July 14, 1789 – Bastille Day
• Bastille: Royal Prison in France
– Built in the 1300s – symbol of the abuse of royal
power
– Most prisoners were held because they disagreed
with the king
• Stormed July 14 – 100 people died in the battle
• Stormed because the National Assembly was
afraid Louis XVI would use force to disband the
assembly
Violence Leads to Fear
• The Great Fear
– Rumors of nobles hiring people to terrorize
peasants led the peasants to attack the nobles
– Peasant women rioted over the rising price of
bread
– Parisians demanded that Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette return to Paris (leave Versailles)
The French
Revolution
Radical Revolution and Reaction
Section 2
Reforming France
• National Assembly does away with Estate
system and makes everyone EQUAL
• “Declaration of the Rights of Man”
– “Men are born and remain free and equal in
rights”
• Catholic Church’s power and wealth now
controlled by the state (National Assembly)
Divisions Develop
• National Assembly developed French constitution
and creates Limited Monarchy
– Legislative Assembly: created by constitution
– King still had the executive authority to enforce laws
• Political divisions form over opinions of how to
solve French problems
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Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives
Radicals wanted to abolish monarch
Moderates wanted some changes in government
Conservatives supported the idea of a limited
monarchy and wanted few changes in government
War and Execution
• Legislative Assembly declared war in April
1792 in response
• August 10, 1792 20,000 men and women
invaded the palace where the royal family was
staying—took royal family hostage
• Parisian citizens massacred prisoners – nobles,
priests, and royalist sympathizers
• Legislative Assembly becomes National
Convention and makes France a republic
Jacobins
• Jacobins were the members of the radical
political organization
• Jean Paul Marat
– Edited French newspaper, Friend of the People
– Prominent Jacobin
– Called for the death of people who still supported
the monarch (Louis XVI and Marie)
Beheading of the Monarch
• Jacobins and National Convention found Louis
XVI GUILTY of treason – sent him to be
executed
• January 21, 1793 Louis XVI beheaded by the
guillotine
• Marie Antoinette will follow.
Guillotine
• Dr. Joseph Guillotine
– Machine that would efficiently, humanely, and
democratically execute a person
– Claimed the person being executed would not feel
anything (How would be know?!)
– Some citizens felt the guillotine executed the
criminals too quickly for one to enjoy…
Reign of Terror
• Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin leader who
gained power after Louis XVI’s execution
– How radical where the Jacobins? They changed
the calendar to take out Sundays!
– Robespierre began to rule France as a dictator
(Where have we seen this before?) = Reign of
Terror
– Many Jacobin enemies tried and executed for
treason (Morning conviction/Afternoon execution)
End of the Reign of Terror
• Jacobins turned on Robespierre because they
feared for their own safety
• They demanded his arrest and execution –
executed on July 28, 1794
• This created a scramble for power in the
French government
– No more National Convention  Directory
• Directory = 5 upper class men
– Will become corrupt… (sound familiar?)
The French
Revolution
Age of Napoleon
Section 3
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Born in Corsica (Mediterranean island) in 1769
• Graduated military school at 16 years old and
became a lieutenant in the artillery
• When revolution broke out in France, he
joined the army of the new government
(National Convention)
• He defended the N.C. when royalist rebels
tried to attack the delegates, which gave him a
high rank in the French military.
Napoleon’s Rise through the Ranks
• After his defense of the N.C. delegates, he
became known as the “savior of the French
republic”
• The Directory appointed him to lead the
French army
– He was victorious which helped to keep his image
as a hero for the French republic
• 1799, he comes back to France from Egypt to
take control of the French government…
Coup d'état
• The Directory lost control of government and the
confidence of French citizens
• Napoleon commanded troops to surround the
national legislature and drive out the members
– Remaining members voted to do away with the
Directory
– Created a group of 3 consuls, one being Napoleon
– Napoleon quickly grabbed power and became a
dictator
• Napoleon would become emperor of France and
commander of the French army
Napoleon’s Rule
• Accomplishments
– Support of French citizens
– Restoration of Order
• Stabilized economy by creating tax collection system &
national banking system
– Tried to end corruption and inefficiency in
government
– Napoleonic code: uniform set of laws that eliminated
injustices
• Limited freedom and promoted order and authority over
individual rights
Emperor Napoleon
• 1804 – Coronation of
Napoleon & Josephine
• Goal: Conquer Europe
• Bullies Prussia, Austria,
and Russia to sign
peace treaties
• Creates largest empire
since Roman empire
Comprehension Check
• 1. How did Napoleon come a hero in France?
• 2. True or False: Napoleon was elected as
President of France by the French people.
• 3. True or False: Napoleon helped to better
the French government.
• 4. What was the set of uniform laws Napoleon
created?
• 5. (Bonus) Napoleon was born on what
Mediterranean island?
The French
Revolution
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Costly Mistakes
• Louisiana Purchase
– Sold territory to U.S./no French presence in North America
• Continental System: blockade of British ports
– Goal: Choke GB (assert his power over Europe)
• Peninsular War: Spanish & British attacked Napoleon’s
troops
– Weakened Napoleon’s army
• Invasion of Russia: 1812
– Scorched Earth Policy
– Lost a LARGE part of his Grand Army in his invasion of Russia
– Defeated by Russia (embarrassment)
Downfall of Napoleon
• Prussia, Russia, Britain, Austria, and Sweden
joined forces against Napoleon…
– Napoleon’s army is defeated
– Surrenders 1814 and exiled to ELBA
• Tiny island off Italian coast (Not Elba, Alabama)
• Is this the end of Napoleon?
100 Days – Last Ditch Effort
• Louis XVIII – UNSUCCESSFUL & disliked king of
France
– Napoleon seizes power from the weak king, Louis
XVIII
• Napoleon comes back to Paris to regain
throne
– People and soldiers quickly support him
• European allies respond with armies…
Waterloo
• British and Prussian armies defeat Napoleon’s
army in the Battle of Waterloo
• Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena
– Island in South Atlantic
– Lived 6 years on St. Helena until he died
Congress of Vienna
• After Napoleon was exiled (twice), the French
“empire” was to be divided between
European countries
• “Five Great Powers” = Russia, Prussia, Austria,
GB, and France met to balance power in
Europe
• Klemens von Metternich – leader of Congress
Congress of Vienna
• Goals:
– Establish long-lasting peace & stability
– Create balance of power of European countries
• Results:
– Prevention of French aggression by surrounding with
strong countries
– Restore power so that another European country
could not take over another
– Restore royal families to thrones
– Congress of Vienna is a success…at least for a little
while.
Comprehension Check
• 1. List one of the costly mistakes Napoleon made.
• 2. True or False: Napoleon was defeated in the
Battle of Waterloo.
• 3. What island was Napoleon exiled to—the first
time?
• 4. True or False: Napoleon did not try to retake
the throne of France.
• 5. True or False: The Congress of Vienna did not
accomplish any of its goals.