Transcript BACK TO THE WEST AND NORTH

BACK TO THE WEST AND
NORTH
NETHERLANDS
SWEDEN
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
A. PART OF CHARLEMAGNE ' S EMPIRE
1. After Charlemagne's death in the early
9th. century, the Netherlands became part of
the East Frankish Kingdom
2. Frankish rule progressively weakened and
_Vikings___ invaded and pillaged the region.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
B. VASSAL STATES: In the 10th. century semiautonomous states emerged
which owed nominal allegiance to the __Kingdom of Lotharingia_ . Among
these were the bishopric of Utrecht, the duchies of Brabant and Gelders, and
the lands held by the counts of Zeeland and the increasingly powerful counts of
Holland.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
C. CONSOLIDATION after 1348: The dukes of Burgundy gained control and,
under Philip the Bold, many of the separate regions were reunited through
marriages and purchases. In 1477, following the marriage of Philip's
granddaughter and heir Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman
Emperor, the Burgundian possessions passed into Austrian Hapsburg and-eventually--Spanish control.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
Government of or Netherlands:
A. REPUBLIC: Confederacy of member provinces.
B. STATES GENERAL: governing body of the central government. It met in the
__Hague_______
C. DOMINATION BY HOLLAND: The most prosperous of the provinces
exercised the most influence in the States General. The House of
_Burgundy___ was the leading family in Holland.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
RELIGION OF THE NETHERLANDS: __Dutch_ Reformed Church in the north,
although it has the ''official'' faith, not an ''established'' church; in the South. The
Calvinist Netherlands endorsed considerable religious __toleration___ and
became a haven for _religious dissenters__ .
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
REPUBLIC OF the UNITED NETHERLANDS
A. SPANISH CONTROL: In 1555-56, __Philip II____of Spain inherited the
Netherlands and the rest of the Spanish empire from Holy Roman
Emperor_Charles V_____ . From the beginning, Philip encountered strong antiSpanish and anti-Catholic opposition especially from the Dutch nobility and from
Calvinists in the Protestant northern provinces.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
B. REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS: In
1568 the Dutch Revolt erupted led by
___William___, Prince of Orange. The
conflict would last for eighty years (15681648).
1. The seven northern provinces (Holland:
Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen,
Friesland, and Overijssel) formed the United
Provinces and proclaimed their
independence from___Spain__ in 158l--a
claim unrecognized by Spain until the Peace
of ____Westphalia___ in 1648. In the l580's
other European countries recognized Dutch
independence
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
2. The predominantly
Catholic southern
provinces remained
loyal to Spain and
were subsequently
distinguished as the
Spanish Netherlands
and then, after the War
of the Spanish
Succession, as
the___Austrian______
__ Netherlands.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
GOLDEN AGE OF THE NETHERLANDS: (17th. century)
A. TRADE, SHIPPING, and SHIPBUILDING expanded and an overseas
commercial empire was established. Dutch traders dominated the textile
market. The Dutch also dominated the fishing market and the production of
dried fish for export.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
1. DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, formed in 1602, acquired colonial territories
including Ceylon (__Sri Lanka_________ ), South Africa, Java and Sumatra. It
took control of the ___spice________ trade in the East Indies, displacing
_Portuguese____ . It also won (1641) a monopoly on trade
with____Japan_______ . Increasing corruption and near bankruptcy led to the
dissolution of the company in 1799. Its possessions and debts were taken over
by the Dutch state.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
2. DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY,
formed in 1621, assisted in the
establishment of New Netherland and
the acquisition of territories in Brazil,
Curacao, and Saint Martin.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
B. STRONG FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS: The Netherlands
had the most advanced financial
system of the 17th. century and
included strong banks, sound credit,
and profitable investment
opportunities. Shares were bought
and sold in the Dutch stock market,
the bourse, located in
__Amsterdam__
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
C. HIGH URBAN CONSOLIDATION: Most densely populated nation in Europe.
D. AGRICULTURAL Changes: In the 17th. century the Dutch drained and
reclaimed land from the sea. The reclaimed land was used for profitable
endeavors such as dairy farming, raising beef cattle, and _____tulip____
production since basic grain was available cheaply through trade with the Baltic
regions.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
END OF THE GOLDEN AGE
As a result of the Anglo-Dutch
Wars (1652-74) control of the
seas was lost to the British,
along with New Netherlands, in
exchange for Suriname. The
Dutch trading dominance
declined as nations began to
use their own ships and to trade
directly with each other.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
French invasion: in 1672 French troops invaded and
were met by Dutch forces under William III,
stadtholder of Orange. He would eventually lead the
European coalition against France. In 1688 he would
agree to take the English throne along with his wife,
Mary.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
Hostilities with France ended in 1714. With the death of William in
1701, unified political leadership declined as the various provinces
prevented the ascendancy of another strong stadtholder.
The Dutch in the 18th century would continue to dominate the financial
markets.
RISE AND FALL of THE
NETHERLANDS
18th Century Netherlands: A long period of
decline was followed by the end of the Dutch
Republic in 1795 when the French set up the
Batavian Republic followed by the Kingdom of
Holland under Napoleon’s brother, Louis
Bonaparte, and in 1810, incorporated the lands
into the French Napoleonic Empire
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
As a result of Sweden’s
participation in the Thirty Years’
War, the country received
scattered pieces of land in
Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic
States and northern Germany.
Sweden almost, but not quite,
formed an empire out of these
areas in Central and Eastern
Europe.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
A. Population: In the late 17th century, Sweden’s population was not over a
million people. Sweden was smaller than the Dutch Republic. It had actually
grown significantly during the 17th century due to two factors:
1. A slight global warming that made farming more feasible in
Sweden’s climate
2. The introduction of the potato, from the New World, into
Scandinavian agriculture
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
B. Rulers made Sweden extraordinary
1. Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632)
Led the Protestant alliances in the Thirty
Years’ War, winning great victories until
the death of Gustavus in 1632. Many of
the victories were due to Gustavus’
military genius.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
2. Christina (1632- 1654)
A. She was the only legitimate child of
King Gustavus Adolphus. She succeeded
her father to the throne of Sweden upon
his death at the Battle of Lutzen (1632)
during Sweden's participation with
Germany in the Thirty Years War.
Reportedly she was so hairy and large that
the midwives in fact prematurely called out
that a boy had been born. Her gender
identity was never clear cut. She was
educated in the manner typical of men,
and frequently wore men's clothes.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
B. The first half of Christina's reign
was undertaken by her guardian,
regent and adviser Axel
Oxenstierna, chancellor to her
father and until her majority in 1644
the principal member of the
governing regency council. As ruler,
Christina resisted demands from the
other estates (clergy, burgesses
and peasants).
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
C. Christina came under the influence
of Catholics and then abdicated her
throne on June 5, 1654 in favour of her
cousin Charles Gustavus in order to
either practice openly her previously
secret Catholicism, or to accept her
Catholicism publicly so as to be at the
center of a scientific and artistic
renaissance.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
3. Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav)
(1654-1660)
He was the son of John Casimir,
Margrave of Pfalz-Zweibrücken and
Princess Catherine of Sweden, halfsister of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
He was married to Hedwig Eleonora of
Holstein-Gottorp
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
Empire Consolidation and Expansion: Charles began
a 50-year attempt by the Swedes to expand their
holdings and create an empire around the Baltic Sea.
In 1655 he invaded Poland ( beginning to be
known as one of the aging empires in Europe)
In 1657 he declared war on Denmark who had
come to the aid of Poland. With the aid of the
Dutch, the Danish were able to hold off Charles’
advances
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
4. Charles XI (1660 – 1697)
His father, who died when Charles
was when he was four, left the care of
his education to the regents whom he
had appointed. So shamefully did they
neglect their duty that when, at the
age of seventeen, Charles XI attained
his majority, he was ignorant of the
very basics of kingship and almost
illiterate. He was known to be truthful,
upright and God-fearing; he devoted
himself to manly sports and exercises;
and in the pursuit of his favorite
pastime, bear-hunting.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
He continued the
expansionist foreign policy of
his predecessors and
engaged in several wars. He
fought the Danish and
realized victory in the Battle of
Lund and the Battle of
Landskrona. The Battle of
Lund was, relatively to the
number engaged, one of the
bloodiest engagements of
modern times. More than half
the combatants (8,357, of
whom 3,000 were Swedes)
perished on the battle-field
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
A.Sweden's weak economy didn't favor wars, even if Sweden was very
succesful in conflicts, conscriptions were hated by the peasants and
mercenaries cost the government much money.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
A.He had seven children, of whom only three
survived him, a son Charles, and two daughters,
Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp
and grandmother of Tsar Peter III, and Ulrike
Eleonora, who ultimately succeeded her brother
on the Swedish throne.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
Charles XII (1697-1718)
He came to the throne at the age of fifteen
and left the country three years later to
embark on a series of battles overseas,
that briefly made Sweden the predominant
power in Northern Europe. His youth gave
other nations a decent pretext with which
to invade Sweden; Saxony, DenmarkNorway, and Russia joined in a coalition to
attack Sweden, beginning the Great
Northern War. Charles XII turned out to be
more astute than the other powers
imagined, a great tactician, defeating all of
the invaders. However, his strong tactical
abilities were not accompanied by
strategic and political wisdom.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
Great Northern War (1700- 1721)
In 1700 Russia, under the rule of
Peter the Great began their push to
a warm-water port. They chose to
push toward the Baltic Sea. Charles
defeated the Russians at the Battle
of Narva, but he miscalculated the
strength of his army and continued
the fight by pushing into Poland.
The Russians, with vastly more
manpower, reinforced their military
and re-engaged Charles.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
In 1708, Charles decided to invade
Russia and became the first world
leader to be unprepared for the
Russian winter (Napoleon and Hitler
should have studied their history).
Weakened after the brutal winter,
his forces were defeated by the
Russians in the Battle of Poltava.
Charles forces were pinned down to
a defensive position, and Charles
was forced to flee to Turkey. He
remained a “guest” of the Turks until
1714.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
Charles returned to Sweden in 1714 and tried to regain his empire – to no
avail. He died four years later – killed by a stray bullet while fighting the
Danes.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
In 1721 the Great Northern
War came to an end.
Sweden’s possessions
were reduced to presentday Sweden, parts of
Finland, and small holdings
in northern Germany that
they would lose within a
century.
Sweden:
THE EMPIRE THAT ALMOST WAS
Sweden would never be more than a minor power in European affairs after 1721