Transcript Economics - Parish Hill High School

America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 12
The World War I Era
(1914–1920)
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920)
Section 1: The Road to War
Section 2: The United States Declares War
Section 3: Americans on the European Front
Section 4: Americans on the Home Front
Section 5: Global Peacemaker
The Road to War
Chapter 19, Section 1
 What were the main causes of World War I?
 How did the conflict expand to draw in much of Europe?
 In what ways did the United States respond to the war
in Europe?
Causes of World War I
Chapter 19, Section 1
 The immediate cause of the Great War, later to be
known as World War I, was the assassination of
Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June
28, 1914. However, the main causes of the war existed
long before 1914.
 At the time of his assassination, Francis Ferdinand, heir
to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had been
visiting Bosnia, a new Austro-Hungarian province. He
was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian
nationalist who believed that Austria-Hungary had no
right to rule Bosnia.
Causes of World War I
Chapter 19, Section 1
Main Causes of World War I
Imperialism
Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere
led to conflict among the major European powers.
Militarism
By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had
adopted policies of militarism, or aggressively building
up armed forces and giving the military more authority
over government and foreign policy.
Nationalism
One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of
Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged
as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought selfgovernment.
Alliances
In a complicated system of alliances, different groups
of European nations had pledged to come to one
another’s aid in the event of attack.
The Conflict Expands
Chapter 19, Section 1
 Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archduke’s
assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on
July 28, 1914.
 Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization, or the
readying of troops for war.
 France, Russia’s ally, and Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally,
also began mobilization.
 Germany, located between France and Russia, wanted to
conquer France quickly to avoid the need to fight on two
fronts. To get to France, German forces had to pass through
neutral Belgium; the invasion of Belgium brought Britain
into the conflict as well.
 One week after the war started, all the great powers of
Europe had been drawn into it. Germany and AustriaHungary formed the Central Powers, while Russia, France,
Serbia, and Great Britain were called the Allies.
The War in Europe, 1914–1918
Chapter 19, Section 1
When Austria-Hungary
declared war on
Serbia, the complex
alliance system in
Europe drew much of
the continent into the
conflict.
Stalemate and Modern Warfare
Chapter 19, Section 1
Stalemate
 By September 1914, the war
had reached a stalemate, a
situation in which neither side
is able to gain an advantage.
 When a French and British
force stopped a German
advance near Paris, both sides
holed up in trenches
separated by an empty “no
man’s land.” Small gains in
land resulted in huge numbers
of human casualties.
 Both sides continued to add
new allies, hoping to gain an
advantage.
Modern Warfare
 Neither soldiers nor officers
were prepared for the new,
highly efficient killing
machines used in World War I.
 Machine guns, hand grenades,
artillery shells, and poison gas
killed thousands of soldiers
who left their trenches to
attack the enemy.
 As morale fell, the lines
between soldiers and civilians
began to blur. The armies
began to burn fields, kill
livestock, and poison wells.
The American Response
Chapter 19, Section 1
 Because many Americans were European immigrants
or the children of European immigrants, many felt
personally involved in the escalating war. Although
some had sympathies for the Central Powers, most
Americans supported the Allies.
 Support for the Allies was partially caused by
Germany’s rule by an autocrat, a ruler with unlimited
power. In addition, anti-German propaganda, or
information intended to sway public opinion, turned
many Americans against the Central Powers.
 To protect American investments overseas , President
Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a
neutral country on August 4, 1914.
The Preparedness and Peace
Movements
Chapter 19, Section 1
The Preparedness Movement
 Americans with business
ties to Great Britain
wanted their country to be
prepared to come to
Britain’s aid if necessary.
 In an effort to promote
“preparedness,” the
movement’s leaders
persuaded the government
to set up military training
camps and increase
funding for the armed
forces.
The Peace Movement
 Other Americans, including
women, former Populists,
Midwest progressives, and
social reformers,
advocated peace.
 Peace activists in Congress
insisted on paying for
preparedness by
increasing taxes.
Although they had hoped
that a tax increase would
decrease support for
preparedness, the
movement remained
strong.
The Road to War—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 1
Which of the following was a cause of World War I?
(A) Rising nationalism in European nations
(B) Decrease in militarism among European powers
(C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain
(D) United States support of the Central Powers
Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914?
(A) To please supporters of both sides
(B) To protect its overseas investments
(C) To allow time for preparedness
(D) To aid Great Britain
The Road to War—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 1
Which of the following was a cause of World War I?
(A) Rising nationalism in European nations
(B) Decrease in militarism among European powers
(C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain
(D) United States support of the Central Powers
Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914?
(A) To please supporters of both sides
(B) To protect its overseas investments
(C) To allow time for preparedness
(D) To aid Great Britain
The United States Declares War
Chapter 19, Section 2
 How did Germany’s use of submarines affect the war?
 What moves did the United States take toward war in
early 1917?
German Submarine Warfare
Chapter 19, Section 2
 To break a stalemate at sea, Germany began to employ Uboats, short for Unterseeboot, the German word for
submarine. U-boats, traveling under water, could sink British
supply ships with no warning.
 When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which connected
Germany and the United States, only news with a pro-Allied
bias was able to reach America. American public opinion was
therefore swayed against Germany’s U-boat tactics.
The Lusitania and the Sussex
Pledge
Chapter 19, Section 2
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sussex Pledge
 On May 7,1915, a German
U-boat sank the British
passenger liner Lusitania,
which had been carrying
both passengers and
weapons for the Allies.
 More Americans were
killed when Germany sank
the Sussex, a French
passenger steamship, on
March 24,1916.
 Since 128 American
passengers had been on
board, the sinking of the
Lusitania brought the
United States closer to
involvement in the war.
 In what came to be known
as the Sussex pledge, the
German government
promised that U-boats
would warn ships before
attacking, a promise it had
made and broken before.
Moving Toward War
Chapter 19, Section 2
The Zimmermann Note
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 On January 31, 1917,
Germany announced its intent
to end the Sussex pledge and
return to unrestricted
submarine warfare.
 This action caused the United
States to break off diplomatic
relations with Germany.
 Despite this announcement,
the German navy did not
attack any American ships in
February, causing the United
States to continue to hope for
peace.
 During this time, Britain
revealed an intercepted
telegram to the government
of Mexico from Germany’s
foreign minister, Arthur
Zimmermann.
 In this telegram, known as
the Zimmermann note,
Germany offered to return
American lands to Mexico if
Mexico declared war on the
United States.
 Neither Mexico nor President
Wilson took the Zimmermann
note seriously, but it brought
America closer to entering the
war.
The War Resolution
Chapter 19, Section 2
 When the Russian Revolution replaced Russia’s
autocratic czar with a republican government in March
1917, the United States no longer needed to be
concerned about allying itself with an autocratic nation.
This removed one more stumbling block to an American
declaration of war.
 As Germany continued to sink American ships in March,
President Wilson’s patience for neutrality wore out. On
April 6, 1917, the President signed Congress’s war
resolution, officially bringing the United States into the
war.
The United States Declares War—
Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
What was the significance of the Lusitania?
(A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war.
(B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage.
(C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note.
(D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.
Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war?
(A) It helped the German navy sink British ships.
(B) It caused the deaths of many Americans.
(C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation.
(D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.
The United States Declares War—
Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
What was the significance of the Lusitania?
(A) Its sinking brought America closer to entering the war.
(B) The weapons it carried helped Britain gain an advantage.
(C) Its crew delivered the Zimmermann note.
(D) It inspired the Sussex pledge.
Why did the Russian Revolution help bring America into the war?
(A) It helped the German navy sink British ships.
(B) It caused the deaths of many Americans.
(C) It set up a republican government in Russia, an Allied nation.
(D) It promised American lands to Mexico in exchange for an invasion.
Americans on the European Front
Chapter 19, Section 3
 How did the United States prepare to fight in World War
I?
 In what ways did American troops help turn the tide of
war?
 What were conditions like in Europe and in the United
States at the end of the war?
Moving Toward War
Chapter 19, Section 3
Building an Army
 Despite the preparedness
movement, the United
States lacked a large and
available military force.
Congress therefore passed
a Selective Service Act in
May 1917, drafting many
young men into the
military.
 Draftees, volunteers, and
National Guardsmen made
up what was called the
American Expeditionary
Force (AEF), led by
General John J. Pershing.
Training for War
 New recruits were trained
in the weapons and tactics
of the war by American
and British lecturers at
new and expanded
training camps around the
country.
 Ideally, the military
planned to give new
soldiers several months of
training. However, the
need to send forces to
Europe quickly sometimes
cut training time short.
The Convoy System and
Americans in Europe
Chapter 19, Section 3
American Soldiers in Europe
The Convoy System
 To transport troops across
the Atlantic, the United
States employed convoys,
or groups of unarmed
ships surrounded by
armed naval vessels
equipped to track and
destroy submarines.
 Due to the convoy system,
German submarines did
not sink a single ship
carrying American troops.
 By 1918, European
nations had begun to run
out of men to recruit.
Energetic American
soldiers, nicknamed
doughboys, helped replace
the tired fighters of
Europe.
 Many African Americans
volunteered or were
drafted for service.
However, these men
served in segregated units
and were often relegated
to noncombat roles.
Turning the Tide of War
Chapter 19, Section 3
 New methods of military transportation, including tanks,
airplanes, and German zeppelins, or floating airships,
influenced the manner in which the war was fought.
 In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for
Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from
Switzerland to Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew
the Russian republican government and made peace with
Germany.
 The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany
and also meant that the German military could concentrate
exclusively on the Western front. Before the arrival of
American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France,
coming within 50 miles of Paris.
 General Pershing’s troops, however, pushed back the Germans
in a series of attacks. Finally, the German army was driven to
full retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive begun on
September 26, 1918.
Ending the War
Chapter 19, Section 3
 In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the
Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary
splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups, and German
soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable.
 When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian
representative of the new German republic signed an
armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on
November 11, 1918.
 Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths
were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more
people, both in the United States and Europe, than all of the
wartime battles.
Results of the War
Chapter 19, Section 3
Some Results of World War I
Dead and
Wounded
The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million
soldiers and civilians, including tens of thousands of
Americans. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by
poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red Cross and
other agencies had helped save many lives.
Loss of
Young
Men
Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire
generation of young men and grieved for the loss of
their talents and abilities.
Genocide
In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire
people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered hundreds of
thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the
government.
Americans on the European
Front—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 3
What was the convoy system?
(A) A pattern of tank and airplane use
(B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic
(C) A strategy for German advancement into France
(D) A means of training new soldiers
Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war?
(A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act
(B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary
(C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives
(D) The actions of General Pershing’s troops
Americans on the European
Front—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 3
What was the convoy system?
(A) A pattern of tank and airplane use
(B) A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic
(C) A strategy for German advancement into France
(D) A means of training new soldiers
Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war?
(A) The enactment of a Selective Service Act
(B) The breakup of Austria-Hungary
(C) The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives
(D) The actions of General Pershing’s troops
Americans on the Home Front
Chapter 19, Section 4
 What steps did the government take to finance the war
and manage the economy?
 How did the government enforce loyalty to the war
effort?
 How did the war change the lives of Americans on the
home front?
Financing the War
Chapter 19, Section 4
 Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and
personnel.
 Many sacrifices within the United States were needed to meet
these demands.
 The government raised money for the war in part by selling
Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to support the Allied cause.
 Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their original
value plus interest.
 Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds, raising more
than $20 billion for the war effort.
Managing the Economy
Chapter 19, Section 4
 United States entry into the war caused many industries to
switch from commercial to military production. A newly created
War Industries Board oversaw this production. New laborrelated agencies helped ensure that labor disputes did not
disrupt the war effort.
 Using the slogan, “Food will win the war,” Herbert Hoover, head
of the Food Administration and future President, began to
manage how much food people bought.
 Although he had the power to impose price controls, a system
of pricing determined by the government, and rationing, or
distributing goods to customers in a fixed amount, Hoover
preferred to rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.
 Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel use and
increase the number of daylight hours available for work. This
involved turning clocks back one hour for the summer, creating
one more hour of daylight.
Enforcing Loyalty
Chapter 19, Section 4
Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I
Fear of
Foreigners
Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on
immigration were called for and achieved.
“Hate the Hun”
The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often
referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the
fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language,
and cuisine became banned or unpopular.
Repression of
Civil Liberties
Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty
and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the
war. Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages
rebellion, became a crime.
Political
Radicals
Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war,
won popular support in some states.
The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW) tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the
law into their own hands.
Changing People’s Lives
Chapter 19, Section 4
African Americans and Other
Minorities
•
•
With much of the work
force in the military,
factory owners and
managers who had once
discriminated against
minorities began actively
recruiting them.
The flood of African
Americans leaving the
South to work in northern
factories became known
as the Great Migration.
New Roles for Women
 The diminished male
work force also created
new opportunities for
women.
 Many women joined the
work force for the first
time during the war.
Some found work on
farms with the Woman’s
Land Army; others took
jobs traditionally
reserved for men.
Americans on the Home Front —
Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 4
Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food conservation?
(A) Creation of new government agencies
(B) Price controls and rationing
(C) Sale of Liberty Bonds
(D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A) Many white men were away fighting the war.
(B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
(C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
(D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
Americans on the Home Front —
Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 4
Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food conservation?
(A) Creation of new government agencies
(B) Price controls and rationing
(C) Sale of Liberty Bonds
(D) Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A) Many white men were away fighting the war.
(B) Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
(C) African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
(D) Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
Global Peacemaker
Chapter 19, Section 5
 What expectations did Wilson and the Allies bring to the
Paris Peace Conference?
 What were the important provisions of the peace treaty?
 How did the federal government and ordinary Americans
react to the end of war?
President Wilson’s Proposals
Chapter 19, Section 5
 As the war neared an end, President Wilson
developed a program for peace around the world
known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number
of provisions it contained.
 One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to
entangling alliances; another involved a reduction of
military forces. Another dealt with the right of
Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups to selfdetermination, or the power to make decisions about
their own future.
 Although both Wilson and the German government
assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the
basis of peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed.
During peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Points
were discarded one by one.
The Paris Peace Conference
Chapter 19, Section 5
The League of Nations
Wilson Forced to Compromise
 Although Wilson claimed that
he was not interested in the
spoils, or rewards, of war, his
Allied colleagues were
interested in making the
Central Powers pay for war
damages.
 Wilson was forced to
compromise on his views,
especially concerning selfdetermination for former
German colonies.
 One of Wilson’s ideas, the
formation of a League of
Nations, was agreed upon at
the Paris Peace Conference.
The League of Nations was
designed to bring the nations
of the world together to
ensure peace and security.
 Republicans in Congress,
however, were concerned
about Article 10 of the
League’s charter, which
contained a provision that
they claimed might draw the
United States into unpopular
foreign wars.
The Peace Treaty
Chapter 19, Section 5
 The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace
Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’
advantage.
 Nine new nations were created from territory taken from
Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most
borders were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in
mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in
several countries.
 France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially
crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions
of dollars in reparations, or payment for economic injury
suffered during the war. Wilson, however, opposed this
plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future
wars.
 On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be
known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles,
outside of Paris.
Redrawing the Map of Europe
Chapter 19, Section 5
 At the Paris Peace
Conference, Britain,
France, and the
United States
redrew the map of
Europe.
Reactions at Home
Chapter 19, Section 5
Difficult Postwar Adjustments
Congress and the Treaty of
Versailles
•
•
Despite Wilson’s intensive
campaign in favor of the
Versailles Treaty, Congress
voted against ratifying it in
November 1919.
The United States declared
the war officially over on May
20, 1920. It ratified separate
peace treaties with Germany,
Austria, and Hungary.
However, the United States
did not join the newly formed
League of Nations.
 The war had given a large
boost to the American
economy, making the United
States the world’s largest
creditor nation.
 Soldiers returned home to a
hero’s welcome but found that
jobs were scarce.
 African American soldiers,
despite their service to their
country, returned to find
continued discrimination.
 Many American artists entered
the postwar years with a
sense of gloom and
disillusionment.
Global Peacemaker—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 5
What was the League of Nations?
(A) The reassignment of lands in Europe
(B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
(C) A global organization to maintain peace and security
(D) A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
(B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
(C) He did not think that France needed the money.
(D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.
Global Peacemaker—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 5
What was the League of Nations?
(A) The reassignment of lands in Europe
(B) A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
(C) A global organization to maintain peace and security
(D) A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A) He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
(B) He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
(C) He did not think that France needed the money.
(D) He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.