Transcript Western Civilization II

Western Civilization II
Central Texas College
Fort Knox, Kentucky
Bruce A. McKain
Chapter 17 - The Age of Enlightenment
• Period of the Philosophes
• Popularization of the Scientific Revolution
• Rejection of Christianity in marked
secularization
• Religion and Art became more religious in
nature.
Philosophes
• Usually upper class
individuals who saw
science as the savior of
mankind.
• In Paris women were in
the lead
– Madame Marie-Therese
Geoffrin
Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
Immanuel Kant
• “Enlightenment” : Man
leaving his self-caused
immaturity.
• Wanted to apply
“Scientific Methods”
using reason to find
“laws that govern
human society”
Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757)
• Plurality of Worlds
Scientist of the 17th Century
• Kepler
• Galileo
• Newton
• Worked to exalt God
through science.
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)
• Attacked superstition,
religious intolerance,
dogmatism, and Louis
XIV of France’s attempts
to establish State
Religion
• Historical and Critical
Dictionary
• “Bible of the 18th
Century”
Travel
• Discovery of Tahiti, New
Zealand, and Australia
by Captain James Cook,
and publication of
Cook’s Travels brings
about “Cultural
Relativism” – New
ideas/religions making
Europeans question
their own beliefs.
John Locke
• Concerning Human
Understanding
• Believed people are
molded by their
environment.
Isaac Newton
• Newton’s Laws
• Belief in a natural order.
Francois-Marie Arouet “Voltaire”
• Philosophic Letters
• Well known for criticism
of traditional religion,
supported religious
toleration.
• Treatise on Toleration
• Forwarded the idea of
“Deism” suggesting
existence of a “mechanic”
(GOD) which created the
universe.
Denis Diderot (1713-84)
• Encyclopedia or
Classified Dictionary of
the Sciences, Arts, and
Trades.
Science of Man – Natural Laws
• David Hume (1711-76)
Treatise on Human
Nature
• Observations and
Reflection grounded in
“Systematized Common
Sense” made
conceivable a “Science
of Man”
Natural Economic Laws
• Francois Quesnay
(1694-1774) forwarded
the idea of Laissez Faire.
• 1st Law: Land is the only
source of wealth.
• 2nd Law: The natural
economic force of
supply and demand –
individuals should be
free to pursue their
economic self-interest.
Natural Economic Laws
• Adam Smith (17231790)
• Wealth of Nations
• Laid the foundation for
19th century Economic
Liberalism.
Later Enlightenment
• Baron Pal d’ Holbach
(1723-89)
• System of Nature
Later Enlightenment
• Marie-Jean de
Condorect (1743-1794)
• Progress of the Human
Mind
• Man has lived through 9
stages of history and
has now entered the
10th stage –Perfection.
Government is an Evil, but a necessary
one.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-78)
• Attacked the idea of
private property.
• Discourse on the Origins
of the Inequality of
Mankind
• Women should learn
obedience and the
nurturing skills that would
provide for loving care of
husband and children
Other Beliefs of the Period
• The base nature of
women make then
inferior to men.
• Male domination of
women is necessary
• There are natural
biological differences
between man and
woman
• Women are by nature
intellectually inferior to
men
And the Ladies Said:
• Mary Astell (1666-1721)
• A Serious Proposal to
the Ladies
And the Ladies Said:
• Mary Wollstonecraft
(1759-97)
• Founder of Modern
Feminism
• Vindication of the
Rights of Woman
Innovations in Art, Music and
Literature
• Baroque and
Neoclassical styles
continue into the 18th
century.
• Rococo began to affect
the 18th century
emphasizing grace and
gentle action.
• Rococo re rejected the
strict geometric
patterns and was easily
used in Baroque
architecture.
Architecture
• Balthasar Neumann
(1687-1753)
• Church of
Vierzehnheiligen (14
Saints)
• Bishops Palace
“Residenz” in
Schonborn
Art- Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
Music - Bach
Music - Mozart
Development of the Novel
• Pamela or Virtue
Rewarded
• Samuel Richardson
(1689-1761)
Development of the Novel
• The History of Tom
Jones, a Foundling
• Henry Fielding (170755)
Development of the Novel
• High Culture : Literary
• Popular Culture:
and Artistic world of the
Written and unwritten
educated and ruling
lore of the masses.
class.
• Vernacular languages
• Greek and Latin
• Scientific and Religious
• Catered to the lowest
common denominator.
Education
• By the 18th century:
• Privately endowed
secondary schools –
Grammar and Public
schools I England,
Gymnasiums in German
lands, Colleges in France
and Spain.
• Greek and Latin taught to
access knowledge, with
little attention to
mathematics, science,
and modern languages.
• 1747 Germany
established “Realschule”
concentrating on modern
languages, geography and
bookkeeping.
Crime and Punishment
• Through 17th century –
Judicial Torture: Racks,
Thumbscrews, and
Public Executions.
• Cesare Beccaria (173894) On Crime and
Punishment. “
Punishment should
serve as a deterrent,
not as an exercise in
brutality.”
Medicine
• Physicians – University
trained, consulted with
patients and charge
fees.
• Barber/Surgeons
• Apothecaries/
Pharmacists
• Midwives
• Faith Healers
Carnival
• Period leading up to
Lent – 40 days period of
fasting and purification
leading up to Easter.
• Known as “Fasching” in
Germany
• Maudi Gras in New
Orleans
Literacy
• Literacy rates grow in
the 17th to 18th century
form 29% to 47% for
men and 14% to 27 %
for women, in the
upper classes.
• Rates for Artisans grew
from 28% to 85% during
the same period.
• Literacy was an issue for
Protestant Reformers
because people needed
to be able to read the
Bible.
• Peasants stayed at
nearly a 0% literacy
rate.
Religious Intolerance
• Catholic and Protestant
Churches both
continued to be
conservative
institutions that upheld
society’s hierarchical
structure.
• Jews were expelled
from Spain in the 15th
century.
• In later periods
“Progroms” massacres,
looting of homes and
businesses, and forced
removals continued into
the 20th century.
Chapter 18 – European States,
International Wars, and Social Change
• Catherine the Great –
Catherine II of Russia
• Ruled Russia from 1762
to 1796.
• Reformed Russian
government,
modernizing Russia
along Western
European lines.
Standing Armies and Bureaucracy
• Prussian Kings Frederick
I and II, key in
development of the
backbone of Prussian
government.
• Great Directory
English Monarchy from 1715
Hanoverian Kings – George I
George II
English Monarchy from 1715
George III
George IV
English Monarchy from 1715
William IV
Queen Victoria
English Monarchy from 1715
Edward VII
George V
English Monarchy from 1715
Edward VIII
George VI
English Monarchy from 1715
Elizabeth II
? Charles III or William V ?
King William’s War
• 1689-1697
• French attack into New
York from Canada,
Colonial response was
to seize Port Royal Nova
Scotia.
• Peace of Ryswick in
1697 restored all lost
land holdings.
Queen Anne’s War
• War of the Spanish
Succession
• 1702-13
• Deerfield Massacre
• Colonials burned St.
Augustine Florida.
• Peace of Utrecht in 1713
ceded Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, and
Hudson Bay Region to
England.
King George’s War
• War of Austrian
Succession
• 1740-48
• Colonials capture
Louisbourg on Cape
Breton Island.
• Treaty of Aix – la –
Chapelle returned that
town to the French.
Seven Year War
• French and Indian War
• 1756-1763
• Colonial with some
English assistance
fought French and their
Indian allies.
• Most of the war was
fought in Europe.
• Ended by Treaty of Paris
1763.
American Revolution
• Excesses of British
Crown after Seven Year
War leads to revolt in
the American colonies.
• War fought from 1775
to 1781
• Independence for
America lends itself to
revolution in other
nations.
Chapter 19 -The French Revolution
The French Revolution cont.
• France in 1770s was
still like feudal societies
of Middle Ages.
• First Estate = Clergy
– 1% of population, 10% of
land
• Second Estate = Nobles
– 5% of population,
important jobs and
wealth
The French Revolution cont.
• Third Estate = Common
People 94% of
population.
– Doctors, Lawyers,
Teachers, Business
People, and Bankers
– City Workers
– Farmers 80 % of the
population
The French Revolution cont.
• Only Third Estate paid
taxes on the money
they made and their
land.
• Farmers paid about half
of what they made in
taxes, and they had to
work on government
projects once a year
without pay.
The French Revolution cont.
• 1 May 1789 Estates
General meets for first
time since 1614.
• Each Estate got one
vote.
• Third Estate declares
themselves the
National Assembly
• King locks them out of
Estates General
The French Revolution cont.
• The Third Estate meets
at a indoor Tennis Court
and takes an oath to
stick together
• “Tennis Court Oath”
• Under pressure Louis
XVI ends Estate General
and told Clergy and
Nobles to join The
National Assembly.
The French Revolution cont.
• July 14, 1789 mob attack
a prison called “The
Bastille” where political
prisoners and gunpowder
was stored. The Bastille
fell when the soldier
guarding it joined the
mobs.
• Bastille Day is celebrated
in France as the start of
the French Revolution.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror
October 1789 women riot
over cost of bread –
march on Louis XVI
palace at Versailles.
Killed several guards and
demanded Louis and his
family mover to Paris
Louis XVI agrees to do so
but attempts to flee
France in June 1790.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• King and family forced to
return to Paris in 1791.
• National Assembly vest
power of lawmaking into a
Legislative Assembly. King
enforced laws, all men were
equal, only property owners
could be elected to
government.
• Republic of France formed
11 months later, King
removed from power, all
men could vote and hold
office.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• French émigrés ask
Leopold II of Austria to
overthrow new French
government.
• “All kings have a duty to
restore order to France”
• Great Britain, Austria,
Prussia, and Spain try to
end the French
Revolution.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• Louis XVI wrote letters
condemning the French
Revolution.
• He was tried for
treason.
• He was executed on
January 21, 1793.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• Jacobins – radicals
seized power of
Constitutional
Convention and
Maximilien Robespierre
led the revolution.
Believed anyone
opposed to the
revolution should be
killed – Thus starting
the Reign of Terror.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• July 1793-July 1794
thousands were
executed.
• Most common form of
execution was the
Guillotine. It was
viewed to be a
“humane “ death
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• Marie Antoinette was
among the first to be
killed.
• Many Nobles were
executed.
• Mostly common people
were killed.
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• Reign of Terror ends
after one year of
Robespierre as Dictator
when he was executed
on July 28, 1794
Revolutionary Reform and Terror cont.
• 1794-1799 France is
under control of the 5
person Directory.
• In 1799 the Directory
falls and France falls
under the control of
three men – one of
whom is an army officer
named Napoleon
Bonaparte.
Napoleon and the French Empire
• General at age 24.
• 1st Consul of France in
1800, elected for life in
1802.
• Becomes Emperor of
France in 1804.
• “I found the crown of
France lying on the
ground, and I picked it up
with a sword.”
• Placed crown of France
on his own head.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• 1805 – Britain, -Austria
and Russia form military
alliance against France.
• 1806-1812 defeats
Austria, Russia, Italy –
ended Holy Roman
Empire
• 1806 Napoleon orders
Europe to end trade
with England – The
Continental System.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• 1812 Napoleon invades
Russia in retaliation for Czar
Alexander I failure to
support the Continental
System as agreed to in
1807.
• Napoleon’s Army could not
deal with the distances and
logistical problems of
invading Russia. Scorched
Earth Policy defeats
Napoleon March from
Moscow begins October
1812.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Russian Campaign took
Napoleon’s army from
500,000 to less than
40,000 after the March
from Moscow, with only
10,000 being able to
continue to fight.
• March 1814 British,
Russian, Prussian, ad
Austrians capture Paris.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Napoleon exiled him to
the island of Elba, off
the coast of Italy.
Monarchy restored in
France.
• February 1815
Napoleon escapes from
Elba, returns to France
and declares himself
emperor once again.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Napoleon raises an
army of 125,000 men
and on June 15, 1815
meets the British and
Prussians at Waterloo,
Belgium.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Duke of Wellington
leads British against
Napoleon’s Army.
• Napoleon defeated
once again.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Napoleon exiled to the
island of St. Helena in te
middle of the South
Atlantic.
• Napoleon dies in 1821,
never able to return to
France.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.
• Napoleon’s Legacy
– Code of Napoleon made
every man equal before
the law.
Napoleon and the French Empire
cont.