Transcript Slide 1

1) Competing political ideologies
(philosophical belief systems):
I. Conservatism:
- Supported by the wealthy, nobles, landowners
- Argued for maintaining traditional monarchies
- Prefer status quo for social / economic hierarchy
II. Liberalism:
- Supported by the emerging industrial middle
class (business leaders & merchants)
- Argued for more elected parliaments (limited
democracy… OK w/ constitutional monarchies)
- Wanted suffrage limited only to educated
property owners (no trust for the working class)
- Usually favor non-violent reform
1) Political Ideologies (continued):
III. Radicalism:
- Promoted by the working class
- Wanted FULL democracy for ALL citizens
- Wants to REPLACE the system, not just reform
the system (don’t “fix” monarchies, get rid of
them!)
- Maintained ideals of the French Revolution
(liberty, equality, fraternity)
- Favor drastic changes, using violence if
necessary
2) NATIONALISM:
- Patriotism
- Pride & loyalty in a nation (territorial grouping of
people who share a common identity*)
- Loyalty to the nation you have, want, or had
*Group identity often based on one or more of:
- common history
- common traditions
- common culture, religion
- common ethnicity, language
JINGOISM – EXTREME NATIONALISM
(blind faith & unquestioning loyalty to one's nation)
3) NATION-STATE (aka NATION, STATE, COUNTRY):
MUST have the following characteristics:
1. a SOVEREIGN government
2. a group of people under the political
authority of that government (may be
homogeneous or multiethnic…
consider: what conditions make for a more
united population?)
3. a defined territory (identifiable borders)
4) Nation-states could be created either by uniting smaller
states / kingdoms…
(Germany, Italy),
… OR splitting away from existing larger empires to
establish “self-rule”
(Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire)
5) Unifying factors of nationhood:
1. Ethnicity*
2. Culture, Traditions
3. Religion*
4. Common History
5. Common Language
6. Common Territory
*Does NOT need to be uniform… HOWEVER, IF diverse,
national unity REQUIRES either Constitutionally protected
minority rights, OR a strong dictator who rules through fear!
6) POSITIVE effects of nationalism:
- People uniting for a common purpose (emphasizing
similarities over differences)
- Provides a sense of identity
- Fighting for independence & security, against
oppression & tyranny
- Tend to be democratic
- Productive competition: “scientific & technological
advances”; and Olympics!
7) NEGATIVE effects of nationalism:
- Oppression of minority cultures & national subgroups: forced assimilation, “ethnic cleansing”,
tyranny, genocide!
- Jingoism
- Destructive competition: warfare
- Anti-intellectualism (abandonment of logic, reason)
8) The BALKANS:
Southeastern Europe… often volatile!
9) First SUCCESSFUL nationalist revolution for
independence in EUROPE:
GREECE (from Ottoman Empire), in 1830
… HELPED by European monarchs:
UK
 Identifies w/ ancient Greek culture
France  Christianity v. Islam
Russia  Regional rival to Ottoman Empire
10) NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:
American Revolution (1775 – 1783… successful)
French Revolution (1789 – 1799… failed)
Latin American revolutions (early 1800’s…. successful)
… Greek independence (1830: successful)
… Belgian independence (1830: successful)
… Italian unification (1830: crushed by Austria &
Metternich… failed, for now)
… Polish Revolution (1830: crushed by Russia… failed)
11) MORE NATIONALIST ETHNIC revolutions:
1848
Hungary (failed), Bohemia (Czech Republic) (failed)
Started revolutions:
Liberals…
… AND radicals!
Who won?
… CONSERVATIVES still in control (for now!)
Problem: liberals and radicals unable to cooperate…
When liberals and radicals can’t unite, conservatives win
When liberals unite w/ radicals, conservatives lose
C
>L–R
C
<L+R
12) France… is a mess!
1830: Constitutional monarch (Charles X) attempts
to become ABSOLUTE monarch…
French radicals (and liberals!) revolt…
Charles X replaced by Louis-Philippe
(constitutional monarch)…
rules for 18 years
1848: French working class radicals… demand
more democratic rights… overthrow Louis-Philippe
France in 1848 (cont.):
- Conservative (king) overthrown by radicals AND
liberals… France founds the “Second Republic”
- Liberals (middle class) only want political reform
(democracy)
- Radicals (working class) want political reform
(democracy) AND economic reform (socialist policies)
- Inability to compromise results in street fighting in Paris
b/t liberals & radicals...
- 10,000 workers killed in civil unrest… public blames
radicals for civil disorder, sympathizes w/ liberals
- Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon
III)
elected president of the ‘Second Republic’
12) France (cont.):
1852:
- Aftermath… four years later, Louis-Napoleon
dissolves the French Parliament
- declares himself EMPEROR NAPOLEON III
- French population VOTES their approval (!?) in a
national referendum
- The French prefer stability to democracy!
13) Starting to industrialize in the 2nd half of the 1800’s:
- France
- Russia
BOTH are way behind Britain… and Prussia (soon to be
Germany)!
BONUS: Stirring the pot in 1848…