Transcript Ch. 26, World War I and the Russian Revolution 1914-1924

CH. 26, WORLD WAR I AND THE RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION 1914-1924
Focus Question:
What caused World War I and the Russian
Revolution, and what effect did they have on
world events?
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• Focus Question:
• Why and how did World War I begin in 1914?
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• The Triple Alliance: 1882 Bismarck formed with Germany, Italy, and
Austria-Hungary. In 1914 when war was declared, Germany and
Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers.
• The Triple Entente: 1893 rival block that included France and
Russia, in 1904 Britain signed an entente or nonbinding agreement
to follow common policies with France and Later Russia. These
powers became known as the Allies.
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
•
•
•
Major Causes of International tensions in the early 1900s:
Economic rivalries due to Germanys rapid growth.
Overseas rivalries / competition for colonial territories.
Militarism: glorification of the military
Alsace and Lorraine: provinces on the border of Germany and
France, lost by France to Germany in 1871, regained by France after
WWI.
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria Hungary: June 1914 he
announced that he would visit Sarajevo the capital of Bosnia. This
angered many Serbian nationalists who lived there, they viewed
the Austrians as oppressive foreign rulers. Members of the Black
Hand a Serbian terrorist group vowed to take action. The Archduke
and his wife Sophia ignored the warnings. On June 28 1914 a
conspirator named Gavril Princip fired on the Archdukes open car
twice and killed the Archduke and his wife.
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• Assassination in Sarajevo is the powder keg that will ignite the
Great War.
• Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum or final set of demands,
to follow to avoid war, Serbia agrees to most but not all of the
terms and on July 28th 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia.
• Alliances kick in Russia backs Serbia its ally, next Germany declares
war on Russia, Russia asks France for help , Germany tells the French
to stay out of it, France refuses Germany’s demand, and Germany
declares war on France.
• Neutrality: policy of supporting neither side in a war.
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• August 03 1914 Germany attacks neutral Belgium, outraged by the
attack Britain declares war on Germany August 04, 1914.
CH. 26 SEC. 1, THE GREAT WAR BEGINS
• Schlieffen plan: General Alfred von Schlieffen developed a plan to
avoid a war on two fronts. Germany should move against France
first defeat them and then turn against slow mobilizing Russia.
• Reaction to the War: A renewed sense of Patriotism united
countries.
• Young men rushed to enlist, cheered on by women and their elders,
war seemed like an exciting adventure.
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
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•
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The Great War- Mobilizes
France 8.5 million men
Britain 9 million men
Russia 12 million men
Germany 11 million men
Germanys Schlieffen plan fails due to
Belgian resistance more than Germany expected
Russia mobilizes quicker than expected
Britain enters the war
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Stalemate on the Western Front: deadlock in which neither side is
able to defeat the other.
• Human cost: 1916 both sides try to end stalemate
• Germany attacks French at Verdun, France holds, 11 month struggle
500,000 casualties. Soldiers killed, wounded or missing on both
sides.
• Allies attack at Somme River, one day 60,000 British casualties, over
5 months more than 1 million soldiers killed. Still stalemate!
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Trench Warfare:
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Technology of Modern Warfare:
- Rapid Fire Machine Guns
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Long range Artillery: Range over 10 miles in later weapons
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Poison Gas introduced in 1915, Germany first then Allies. It could
blind, choke, or cause agonizing burns and blisters, or be fatal.
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Zeppelins introduced by Germany in 1915- a large gas-filled balloon
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Tanks of WWI
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Airplanes of WWI:
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• U-boats: of WWI German submarine
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Allies organize convoys or groups of merchant ships protected by
warships to defend against submarines.
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Ottoman Turks join Central powers in October 1914.
• Dardanelles: vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea in present-day Turkey.
Turks close strait to allies.
• Battle of Gallipoli: Allies try to take strait from Turks , British,
Indian, Australian, and New Zealand forces fail in attempt, after 10
months suffer 200,000 casualties and Allies withdraw.
CH. 26 SEC. 2, A NEW KIND OF WAR
• Allies open third Front in Middle East!
• 1916 Arab Nationals led by Husayn ibn Ali declares a revolt against
Ottoman rule . Colonel T.E. Lawrence, (Lawrence of Arabia)of
Britain sent to advise Arab forces. Lawrence led them on guerrilla
raids. Eventually Ottoman Turks lose a great deal of territory
including Baghdad!
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Focus Question:
• How did the Allies win World War I?
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Total War: channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war
effort.
• Conscription: “the draft” which required all young men to be ready
for military or other service.
• Economic Warfare: Britain’s navy formed a blockade in the North
Sea to keep ships from carrying supplies in and out of Germany.
According to International law they could confiscate contraband,
or military supplies and raw materials needed to make military
supplies.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
Germany retaliates by using U-boats to create its own blockade.
* Lusitania: British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May
1915. 1200 passengers including 128 Americans killed. President Wilson
threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany and
Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaign.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Propaganda: spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage
an opposing cause.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Atrocities: horrible acts committed against innocent people. British
and French press circulated tales of horrible acts against innocent
people.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Ration food:
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Women Join the War Effort: Women played a critical role in total
war, women took over jobs and kept national economies going,
worked in war industries, joined branches of armed forces, and
helped grow their nations food.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Revolution in Russia: March 1917, bread riots in St. Petersburg
erupt into a revolution, the Tsar is overthrown, V.I. Lenin came to
power, 1918 he signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany,
ending Russian participation in WWI.
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• The United States Declares War:
- 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare
- 1917 Britain intercepts the Zimmermann note! German Foreign
minister Arthur Zimmermann note to his ambassador in Mexico
that stated that Germany would help Mexico, “to reconquer the
lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona” in return for
Mexican support against the United States.
- April 1917 President Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of WAR!
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• United States sends 2 million troops and equipment to Europe, and
American financial aid helped Britain and France.
• President Wilson issues his Fourteen Points
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade
- Large-scale reduction of arms
- end to secret treaties
- Self-determination, the right for people to chose their own form of
Government.
- Creation of a “general association of nations”
CH. 26 SEC. 3, WINNING THE WAR
• Victory at Last:
- March 1918 Germany launches a huge offensive to win war before
Large numbers of American troops arrive, by July 1918 had pushed
allies back 40 miles.
- Germans exhausted, and Large numbers of American troops arrive,
allies launch a counterattack slowly pushing German forces back.
- September 1918 German Generals tell Kaiser War could not be won!
- November 1918 Kaiser William II flees into exile in the Netherlands
- New German Government sought an armistice, agreement to end
fighting in the war.
* 11 a.m. November 11, 1918 Great War ENDS!
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• Focus Question:
• What factors influenced the peace treaties that
ended World War I, and how did people react to
the treaties?
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• Costs of WWI: in manpower and financial costs.
Allies
Dead
Wounded
Belgium
14,000
44,700
Britain
908,400
2,090,200
France
1,385,000
4,266,000
Greece
5,000
21,000
Italy
650,000
947,000
Portugal
7,200
13,800
Romania
335,700
120,000
Russia
1,700,000
4,950,000
Serbia
48,000
143,000
USA
116,516
234,428
TOTAL:
5,169,816
12,830,128
Total Casualties
17,999,944
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• Central Powers
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Total:
Dead
1,200,000
87,500
1,773,000
325,000
3,385,500
Financial Costs of the War:
British Empire - 55 billion dollars
France
49 billion dollars
Russia
24 billion dollars
United States
31 billion dollars
Wounded
3,620,000
152,400
4,216,000
400,000
8,388,400
Total Casualties
11,773,900
Germany
60 billion
Austria-Hungary 21 billion
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• Pandemic: spread of a disease across a large area, country,
continent, or the entire world. Deadly pandemic of Influenza in 1918
after the war kills more than 20 million people world wide in a few
months.
• Reparations: payment for war damage, or damage caused by
imprisonment. Allies demanded payment from the Central Powers!
• Paris Peace Conference: Allies Big Three and others argue over
what to demand from Central Powers.
- USA President Wilson, “peace without victory”
- British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, build a post war Britain
“fit for heroes”
- French George Clemenceau, weaken Germany
so they could never threaten France again!
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• Treaty of Versailles: June 1919, Treaty drawn up by Allies forced
Germany to assume full blame for causing the war. It also required
them to pay huge war reparations, to cover destruction of
property, and pensions for millions of Allied soldiers or their
widows!
- Limited size of German military
- Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France
- Removed hundreds of square miles of territory from eastern and
western Germany
- Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies
- Total estimated costs to Germans 30 billion dollars (the equivalent
of about 2.7 trillion today).
- German People will hate Allies because of this Treaty!
CH. 26 SEC. 4, MAKING THE PEACE
• League of Nations: established, more than 40 nations join. They
agreed to collective security, or to negotiate disputes rather than
resort to war and to take common action against any aggressor
state. President Wilson returns home to get United States Senate to
ratify treaty and join League of Nations. Senate refused to ratify,
vote against it and USA never joins the League of Nations!
CH. 26 SEC. 5, REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
• Focus Question:
• How did two revolutions and a civil war bring
about Communist control of Russia?
CH. 26 SEC. 5, REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
• Proletariat: the growing working class, factory and railroad
workers, miners, and urban wage earners wanted a revolution.
• Tsarina Alexandra: in charge of domestic affairs, while Tsar takes
command of military. She takes advise from Gregory Rasputin a self
proclaimed holy man “mad monk”.
• March 1917 Tsar Nicholas II abdicated!
• Soviet: council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian
revolutionaries in 1917 begin to form.
CH. 26 SEC. 5, REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
• Bolsheviks a radical socialist group led by Vladimir Illyich Lenin
took charge. He adapted Marxist ideas to fit
Russian conditions.
• November 1917 Bolshevik squads of Red Guards –
armed factory workers joined mutinous sailors
from Russian Fleet and in a few days overthrow the provisional
government without a struggle.
Bolsheviks- renamed Communists!
CH. 26 SEC. 5, REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
• Russia Plunges into Civil War: lasts 3 years.
- “Reds” Communists vs. “Whites” tsarist imperial officers,
Mensheviks, democrats, and others.
- Britain, France, and the United States sent forces and supplies to
help the Whites.
• Communists use terror against Whites and own people.
• Cheka: early Soviet secret police force, they executed ordinary
citizens even if citizens were only suspected of taking action
against the revolution.
• 1921 Communist Reds win!
CH. 26 SEC. 5, REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA
• 1922 Lenin’s Communist Party forms the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union.
• Lenin dies in 1924 sets off a power struggle to replace him.
• Leon Trotsky a brilliant Marxist thinker , and skilled speaker vs.
• Joseph Stalin a shrewd political operator and behind-the-scenes
organizer.
• Stalin wins Trotsky stripped of party membership flees country in
1929. 1940 Stalinist agent murdered Trotsky in Mexico.