Transcript THE NAPOLEONIC ERA - Mentor High School

THE NAPOLEONIC ERA
NAPOLEON - BEGINNINGS
• A. FAMILY: Napoleon was born on Aug.
1769, to Carlo and Letizia Buonaparte at
Ajaccio, in Corsica.
NAPOLEON - BEGINNINGS
• B. EDUCATION: Napoleon attended a
French military school at Brienne (177984) near Troyes, France. Ostracized as a
foreigner, he devoted himself entirely to
his studies and graduated 42nd in his
class of 58.
NAPOLEON - BEGINNINGS
• C. MILITARY TRAINING: He
spent a year at the Military
Academy in Paris before he was
commissioned (1785) a second
lieutenant in artillery. Assigned
to the Valence garrison, he
spent more than half of the next
seven years on furlough in
Corsica, often without
authorization. He came into
conflict with the Corsican
nationalist Pasquale Paolo and
his family was forced to flee to
Marseille in France.
ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION
• A. SIEGE OF TOULON: In
September, 1793 he
assumed command of an
artillery brigade at the
siege of Toulon, where
royalist leaders had
welcomed a British fleet
and enemy troops. The
___British___ were driven
out (Dec. 17, 1793), and
Bonaparte was rewarded
with promotion to general
of brigade and assigned to
the French army in Paris in
February, 1794.
ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION
• B. OOPS: After the overthrow of the
revolutionary leader Maximilien
_Robespierre___ in July 1794,
Bonaparte was briefly imprisoned
because he was identified with
Robespierre's faction. Released in
September, he was assigned to fight a
rebellion in the Vendee. He refused to
go, however, working instead in the
topographic section of the army, and
eventually his name was stricken (Sept.
15, 1795) from the list of general
officers.
ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION
• C. SAVIOR OF THE NATIONAL
CONVENTION:
• On October 5, 1795 (13 Vendemiaire
under the Revolutionary _calendar_ ),
a revolt broke out in Paris, protesting
the means of implementing the new
constitution introduced by the
National Convention. Paul Barras,
who had been given full military
powers, ordered __Napoleon and his
militia_ to defend the convention, and
aided by Joachim Murat's cannons,
he routed the insurrectionists within
four months. Bonaparte was
rewarded by the___Directory___ with
an appointment (Mar.,l796) to
command the Army of the Interior.
ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION
• D. WEDDING BELLS:
Before taking up that
post he married (March
9, 1796)
_Josephine___de
Beauharnais, the 33year-old widow of a
republican general and
erstwhile lover of a
series of men, including
Barras.
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• A. 1796: Late in March,
1796, Bonaparte began a
series of operations to
divide and defeat
the_Austrian__ and
Sardinian armies in Italy.
He defeated the
Sardinians at Mondovi
(April 21), forcing them to
conclude a separate
peace by which Savoy
and Nice were ceded to
France.
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• B. 1796-97: Then, in a series of brilliant
maneuvers and battles, he won Lombardy from
the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard
stronghold, fell in February, 1797 after a
prolonged siege; Bonaparte had defeated four
attempts to relieve the siege. As he crossed
the__Alps__ to advance on__Austrian controlled
Venice__ , the Austrians sued for an armisticewhich was concluded at Leoben on April 18,
1797. Bonaparte then personally negotiated the
Treaty of Campo Formio (Oct. 17, 1797), ending
the war of the First Coalition
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• C. POLITICAL
REORGANIZATION ET AL:
Bonaparte reorganized northern
__Italy___to create (1797) the
Cisalpine Republic, making Milan
the capital, and negotiated
treaties with various Italian rulers.
He earned the title ''liberator of
Northern Italy". He also purloined
invaluable Italian works of art and
vast quantities of money, which
were sent to ___Paris__ to
enhance French museums and to
bolster French finances.
EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN
• A. THE BACKDOOR TO ENGLAND: When Napoleon
returned to Paris, the Directory proposed that Bonaparte
invade___Ottoman Empire____ . Instead he urged the
occupation of_Malta___ in order to threaten British India.
On May 19, 1798, he sailed with an army of more than
35,000 troops on 350 vessels for Alexandria, Egypt. After
seizing Malta en route, he reached Egypt on July 1, after
evading the fleet of the British admiral __Horatio Nelson___
EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN
• There he occupied Alexandria
and Cairo, guaranteed Islamic
law, and began to reorganize
the government. On August 1,
however, Nelson attacked and
annihilated the French Thus cut
off from France, Bonaparte
continued his administrative
reorganization and helped
create the Institute of Egypt, a
scholarly institution that began
the methodical study of ancient
Egypt.
EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN
• B. WAR AGAINST THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: In
February 1799, Bonaparte learned of the Ottoman
Empire's declaration of war against__France___ . To
forestall a Turkish attack on Egypt he invaded Syria but
was halted at Acre by Turkish troops under British
command. Suffering from the plague, the French army
returned to Cairo in June. In the meantime French forces
in Europe were being defeated by the armies of the
Second Coalition (formed in 1799 by Britain, Austria,
Russia) and Bonaparte resolved to return to France. He
sailed on August 24, 1799
OVERTHROW THE DIRECTORY
• The Directory had lost the confidence of
the people by 1799 because of the
corruption associated with it.
OVERTHROW THE DIRECTORY
• A. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
CONSULATE:
• On Bonaparte's arrival in Paris on October
14, he joined Emmanuel Sieyes in a
conspiracy to overthrow the Directory. On
November 9 (18 bromide), Bonaparte was
appointed commander of the Paris
garrison; Bonaparte executed a __coup__
(sudden seizure of power; ''stroke of
state") when he ordered 500 of his troops
to occupy one chamber of the national
legislature and drive out its elected
members; the second chamber voted to
end the Directory. The following day
Bonaparte accepted appointment as one
of three_consuls__ , with Sieyes and
Pierre Roger Ducos.
OVERTHROW THE DIRECTORY
• B. FIRST CONSUL: Despite Sieyes's plans to dominate the
Consulate, Bonaparte gained the position of _First
Consul___ . He appointed the members of the council of
state, government officials, and judges of the courts. The
Consulate guaranteed law and order and maintained the
political and social accomplishments of the revolution.
Behind a democratic facade, however, Bonaparte
concentrated power in his own hands. In 1800 the consuls
asked the people to approve a new constitution by
__plebliscite__ (election in which all citizens vote yes or no
on an issue). The people approved the constitution which
gave all real power to the First Consul. Napoleon
considered himself a ''Man of Destiny'' whose duty was
to___conquer__ all of Europe.
THE CONSULATE
• A. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE CONSULATE
• 1. Centralization of local government as Bonaparte
appointed the prefects and mayors and their councils.
• 2. Pacification of rebellious regions of France;
reconciliation of the royalists.
• 3. Napoleonic Code: drafted 1801-1804; abolished
__3 estates_ and granted equal rights before the law
to all classes; Napoleon had power of censorship;
code took away some rights of_women___, such as
the right to hold property; restored _slavery__ to the
French colonies in the Caribbean; Napoleon was
above the law.
THE CONSULATE
• 4. Concordat (1801) with Pope Pius VII which
re-established Roman Catholicism in France.
The government would appoint___bishops__ ,
bishops would appoint parish__priests_ ; all free
to worship as they wished; pope recognized that
Church property would not be returned; gave
Catholics a favored position in France but not
absolute dominance.
• 5. Creation of the order of the Legion of Honor
(1802) to reward civil and military merit.
• 6. Consolidation of the national debt; restoration
of the value of French bonds; balancing the
budget; establishment of the Bank of France;
centralization of equitable collection
THE CONSULATE
• 7. Creation of the Society for the
Encouragement of National Industry; undertook
vast public works projects.
• 8. Creation of the Universite de France, in effect
a state licensing body for teachers bringing the
entire system of higher education under
centralized state control.
• 9. Enlargement of the Louvre; establishment of
the Archives rationales; construction of
neoclassical buildings around Paris.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
• Restoration of French supremacy abroad. In
June 1800, Bonaparte defeated the Austrians at
Marengo, Italy. Peace with Austria was
concluded in the Treaty of Luneville (Feb. 9,
1801), and a year later the Treaty of Amiens
(Mar. 27, 1802) ended war with Britain (first
peace in Europe in ten years). In
acknowledgment of his achievements Bonaparte
was recognized by plebiscite as consul for
___life__ on Aug. 2, 1802.
EXTENSION OF FRENCH
DOMINATION
• Napoleon created the ''Greatest empire
since Roman times"; controlled all of
Europe except Britain, Sweden, Russia,
Ottoman Empire; 1807-1812. Territory
under his control included
• 1) lands annexed to France: Holland (the
Batavian Republic), Switzerland (the
Helvetic Republican and Savoy-piedmont
EXTENSION OF FRENCH
DOMINATION
• 2) ''puppet states'' (nominally independent but
under Napoleon's control): Spain. Grand Duchy
of Warsaw, German-speaking kingdoms in the
old HRE
• 3)treaties of alliance - Russia Prussia, Austria
He attempted to extend the French colonial
empire, principally by recovering __American
Colonies_ . As a result of these policies and his
refusal to grant trade concessions to
___England__, war was renewed in 1803.
WAR ONCE MORE
• D. WAR ONCE MORE: Bonaparte
organized an army of 170,000 to
invade _Britain___but his complex
strategy to draw the British fleets
away from Britain failed. Meanwhile,
Austria also prepared to resume war,
forcing Bonaparte to abandon his
invasion plans. Any hope of a future
invasion was ended when the British
admiral Nelson destroyed most of
the Franco-Spanish fleet in
the__Battle of Trafalgar___ on Oct.
21, 1805 off the southern coast of
Spain. __Nelson__died in the battle.