Transcript Slide 1

Ms. Sheets
AP World History
University High School
Arrange each event in chronological order and
if you can, assign a specific date to each.
 Beginnings
of early river valley civilizations
 Beginnings of early agriculture
 6000
BCE- Beginnings of agriculture
 3000 BCE- Beginnings of early River Valley
civilizations
Definition:
•Transition from nomadic life to stationary one
•Hunting and gathering method replaced by farming
•Agricultural development included the domestication of
animals as well as the cultivation of crops
Significance:
•Produced a more constant and substantial food supply  could
support a bigger population, so population growth
•Population growth settlement in villages and development of
early civilizations
Definition:
•Mesopotamia: in between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Sumerians 
cuneiform, first writing system developed, ziggurats built for temples, The
Epic of Gilgamesh; irrigation; Hammurabi’s code
•Egypt: Nile River-prone to flooding; pharaoh or god-king; defined social
classes; writing system developed with hieroglyphs
•Indus River Valley: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; unpredictable and violent
flooding; structured cities; Harappan writing yet to be deciphered;
conquered by Aryans
•Huang He River Valley: very isolated; iron-working and flood
control/irrigation projects; earliest Chinese dynasty with written records is
the Shang dynasty
Significance:
•First civilizations developing that led to rise of peoples, cultures,
and dynasties within certain geographical areas
Arrange each event in chronological order and
if you can, assign a specific date to each.
 End
of Han Dynasty
 Greek Golden Age
 Death of Jesus Christ/beginning of
Christianity
 Fall of Western Roman Empire
 Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tsu
 Alexander the Great
 6th
century BCE- Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tsu
(Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism)
 5th century BCE- Greek Golden Age
 323 BCE- Alexander the Great
 32 CE- Death of Jesus Christ/beginning of
Christianity
 220 CE- End of Han Dynasty
 476 CE- Fall of Western Roman Empire
Definition:
•Buddha-Indian prince Saddhartha Gautama; troubled by suffering in
world so spent 6 years fasting and meditating; became Buddha or the
“enlightened one”; ultimate goal of nirvana reached by following
Noble Eight-fold Path; rapidly spread (Silk Roads)
•Confucius-believed source of good government was in maintenance of
tradition which was maintained by personal standards of virtue;
patriarchy and filial piety; government stability dependent on welleducated officials; beliefs gathered into Analects
•Lao Tsu-adapted traditional Chinese concepts of balance in nature
(yin and yang); human understanding comes from following “The Way”
(a life force in nature); political involvement and education
unnecessary; natural balance resolves problems
Significance:
•Created three dominant religions/philosophies that spread rapidly
around the world via trade routes (Silk Roads) and heavily
influenced culture, government, traditions, and beliefs
Definition:
•Period of great cultural and intellectual flourishing in ancient Greece
•Philosophy-Sophocles, Aristotle, emphasis on power of human
reason, stoicism
•Science and math-Pythagoras, Euclidean geometry, studies of human
anatomy and physiology by Galen, calculation of the circumference
of the Earth by Eratosthenes, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory
Significance:
•Intellectual advancements produced that had great effect on
scholars all over the world and in later time periods
•Founded basis of mathematical and scientific understanding still
used today
Definition:
•Son of Philip of Macedon
•Invaded Greece during period of weakness after the Peloponnesian
War
•Conquered Greece, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Persia by death
•Period of his rule called the Hellenistic Age because of Greek
influence and cultural diffusion
Significance:
•Spread Hellenism (Greek culture) all over Mediterranean
•Conquered large areas of land for Macedonia
Definition:
•Jesus believed to be Messiah sent by God
•He and his 12 disciples traveled throughout the Roman province of
Judea preaching
•Believed to be a threat to Roman and Jewish authority and so put to
death
•Network of Roman roads facilitated spread of Christianity and
allowed missionaries, traders, and other travelers to spread Jesus’s
teachings
Significance:
•Gained popularity because of its appeal to all social classes but
especially the poor
•Gave women new status because it preached genders equal in faith
•Creation of religion that heavily influenced rulers, empires,
peoples, wars, and still exists today
Definition:
•Began to decline around 100 CE
•Causes: heavy taxes levied on peasants, decline of interest in
Confucian intellectual goals, poor harvests, population devastated due
to disease, social unrest, decline in morality, weak emperors and heavy
influence of army generals, unequal land distribution, trade decline,
pressure from bordering nomadic tribes
•Difficult to resist invasions from nomadic tribes so fell to neighboring
tribes
Significance:
•After nomadic tribes invaded, led to a period of disorder and
political disorganization known as Era of the Warring States
•Despite threats to Chinese civilization, culture remained
(Confucian tradition among the elite, rise in Daoism as peasants
look for comfort)
Definition:
•Pax Romana came to an end
•Causes of decline: ineffective emperors more concerned with luxury
than with ruling, influence of army generals, decline of trade,
increasing taxes, decreased money flow into the empire because
conquests ceased, population decline as result of disease, poor
harvests, unequal land distribution, dependence on slave labor, nonRomans in Roman army; large empire difficult to control, nomadic
invasions
•Huns began to migrate southwest, putting pressure on bordering
nomadic tribes, Rome too weak and disorganized to resist
Significance:
•Led to new rule and influence in area of Roman empire
•Eastern portion of Roman empire flourished while West declined
Arrange each event in chronological order and
if you can, assign a specific date to each.
 First
Crusade
 Battle of Manzikert
 End of Abbasids
 Founding of Islam
 End of Zheng He’s voyages
 Great Schism
 622
CE- Founding of Islam
 1054 CE- Great Schism
 1071 CE- Battle of Manzikert
 1095 CE- First Crusade
 1258 CE- End of Abbasids
 1433 CE- End of Zheng He’s voyages
Definition:
•Began with Muhammed, a merchant
•610 CE: receives 1st revelations from the angel Gabriel in Mecca
•Wife urged him to share revelations, so Muhammed preached about
his revelations from Allah Qu’aran
•629 CE: Muhammed and his followers (umma) journeyed to Mecca
to visit the Ka’aba, now a shrine created the hajj, one of the five
pillars
•Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, alms-giving, hajj
•Muhammed died without appointing a successor
Significance:
•Created another major religion that would influence the globe
•Spread of Islam united regions and people; created trade
connections
•Succession debate created Sunni and Shia split-major rift
between Islamic factions
Definition:
•Precipitated by differences such as whether to use unleavened
bread in the Eucharist and celibacy for priests
•Mutual excommunication by leaders on both sides in 1054
Significance:
•Divided church into Roman Catholic Church and Eastern
Orthodox Church (Byzantine Church)
Definition:
•Byzantine Empire versus Seljuk Turks
•Byzantines defeated
Significance:
•Significantly weakens Byzantine Empire and limited their
military strength, contributing to their decline centuries later
Definition:
•Ordered by Pope Urban II
•Aid to Byzantine emperor to repel the Seljuk Turks as well as
a European quest to retake Jerusalem
•Provided way for younger sons to prove their excellence and
have an adventure while having their sins forgiven
Significance:
•Early example of Western dominance and need for conquest
•Opened Western world to new contacts (Byzantine Empire)
•Trade between East and West increased
•Introduced West to sugarcane, spices, and luxury goods such as
porcelain, glassware, and carpets
•First in line of seven (or eight) Crusades
Definition:
•Vast empire increasingly difficult to govern
•Failed to address the problem of succession within the Islamic world
•High taxes made leaders less and less popular
•Finances drained from leaders indulging in extravagance
•Independent kingdoms arose within the empire-Persian sultans allied
with Sekjuk Turks took over Baghdad
•Final end when Mongoal invaders executed Abbasid caliph
Significance:
•Shift of power within region
•Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem prompted the Crusades
Definition:
•Muslim eunuch from W. China, admiral in Ming Dynasty’s
navy
• Leads thirty-year expeditions and expansion into Indian
Ocean
• Huge amount of ships
• Might have gone as far as Atlantic
Significance:
•China cancels expeditions in 1433 for variety of
reasons
•Too expensive, jealous of Zheng He’s influence
at court
•Role of Neo-Confucians
•Characteristic of xenophobia and marks turn
towards isolationism
 Thirty
Years War
 Battle of Lepanto
 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
 End of Byzantine Empire
 Beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate
 Columbus reaches Hispaniola/Reconquista of
Spain
 1453-
End of Byzantine Empire
 1492- Columbus reaches
Hispaniola/Reconquista of Spain
 1517- Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
 1571- Battle of Lepanto
 1600- Beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate
 1618-1648- Thirty Years War
Definition:
•Ottomans capture Constantinople
•Decline caused by weak rulers, drained finances,
nomadic invasions
•Ottoman leader Mehmed II new ruler
Significance:
•End of centuries of strong Byzantine rule and
transition to new powers
•Transition to Islam Hagia Sophia converted into
mosque
Definition:
•Columbus: sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; landed in
Hispaniola in the New World but thought it was India; tried to convert
natives to Christianity
•Reconquista: reconquest of former Spanish territory from the
Muslims with the fall of Granada
Significance:
•Opens Europe to the New World and begins the period of
Western colonization and dominance
Definition:
•German priest and former monk nailed list of grievances with the
Catholic Church to door of church in Wittenberg
•Didn’t like indulgences, Bible only in Latin
•Belief that salvation obtained only through faith in Jesus Christ and
not dependent on following church practices and traditions
•Excommunicated for his ideas
•Spread widely as a result of Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the
printing press
Significance:
•Began the Protestant Reformation which appealed to many as
they resented the authority of the pope
•Increased European questioning of the Church and the pope
•Strengthened monarchial power as papal power decreased
•Created new Protestant churches (Anglican, Calvinism)
Definition:
•Between Ottomans and the Spanish
•Spanish victory
•First defeat of strong Ottoman navy
Significance:
•Seen as battle between Christianity and Islam;
victory viewed as divine blessing of Spanish
Definition:
•Tokugawa Ieyase wins the contest for succession after
Hideyoshi’s death in Japan and emperor appoints him shogun
•Did not continue Hideyoshi’s military campaigns outside of
Japan, but instead focused on consolidating power at home
•Reorganized remaining daimyos
•Most of land in central Honshu was now under the control of the
Tokugawa family rather than under daimyo control
Significance:
•Put an end to the civil wars and brought political unity and
centralization to Japan
Definition:
•Principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the
countries of Europe
• Initially religion was a motivation for war as Protestant and
Catholic states fought even though they all were inside the Holy
Roman Empire
• Developed into a more general conflict involving most of the
great powers of Europe and war became less specifically religious
and more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg rivalry for
European political pre-eminence
Significance:
•Devastation of entire regions due to war
•Famine and disease significantly decreased the population of the
German states
•Bohemia, the Low Countries, Italy, and most of the combatant
powers were bankrupted
•Continuation of previous and led to further tensions in Europe
Arrange each event in chronological order and
if you can, assign a specific date to each.
• Seven
Years War
•Unification of Germany
•Sepoy Rebellion
•European revolutions/Karl
Marx writes The Communist
Manifesto
•First Opium War
•Haitian Revolution
•French Revolution
•American Revolution/Adam
Smith writes Wealth of Nations
•Boer War
•Commodore Matthew
Perry opens Japan
•Spanish American War
•Independence across
Latin America
•Congress of Vienna
•Berlin Conference
•Emancipation of Serfs
Act/unification of Italy
• 1756-1763-
Seven Years War
•1776- American
Revolution/Adam Smith writes
Wealth of Nations
•1789- French Revolution
•1804- Haitian Revolution
•1815- Congress of Vienna
•1820s- Independence across
Latin America
•1839- First Opium War
•1848- European
revolutions/Karl Marx writes
The Communist Manifesto
•1853- Commodore
Matthew Perry opens
Japan
•1857- Sepoy Rebellion
•1861- Emancipation of
Serfs Act/unification of
Italy
•1871- Unification of
Germany
•1884- Berlin
Conference
•1898- Spanish
American War
•1899- Boer War
Definition:
•British vs. the French in the New World as well as in Europeinvolved Native Americans and colonial militias
•Fought for right to expand their territory in the Americas
•Entangling European alliances meant involvement of multiple
nations-India, Prussia
•British recruited the colonies with reimbursement for
expenses 24,000 colonists joined with British army
•Ended with Treaty of Paris-expelled the French and gave Canada
to Britain
Significance:
•First “global” war
•British victory drove French influence out of New World and
decreased their influence in the colonies
•Shared sense of victory between colonists and British but also
brought new tensions (quartering, trade with French)
Definition:
•Causes: virtual vs. actual representation (“Taxation without representation!”);
Currency Act; Sugar Act; Stamp Act; Quartering Act; Declaratory Act; Townshend
Act; writs of assistance; Tea Act; Coercive Act; Intolerable Acts
•Colonial resistance: Sons of Liberty; Stamp Act Congress; Circular Letter; Sam
Adams and John Dickinson; Boston Massacre; Committee of Correspondence
•First Continental Congress: Declaration of Rights and Grievances; Suffolk
Resolves; petition to George II
•Second Continental Congress: Olive Branch Petition; Lexington and Concord;
Common Sense; Declaration of Independence
•War: General George Washington; Battle of Saratoga; Valley Forge; Battle of
Saratoga (French); Battle of Yorktown and British surrender
•Treaty of Paris-recognized American independence and surrendered territory
• Wealth of Nations: 1) Capitol, 2) Export more than you import, 3) Draw
resources from colonies
Significance:
•Led to American independence and crafting of a new
government structure
•Mercantilism
Definition:
•In 1789, Estates General had not been called by a French monarch
in 175 years but Louis XVI forced to call for an Estates-General
meeting about tax reform
•Loses control to bourgeoisie members who insist on one vote per
representative rather than one vote per estate
•New National Assembly issues Declaration of Rights of Man and
Citizen (liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression)
Significance:
•Marks end to French traditional monarchical power and now
king’s power is limited by the power of a strong parliament
•New individual freedoms granted in DOROMAC and constitution
Definition:
•Rebellion against France for independence
• Haiti was originally Saint-Domingue, a French Caribbean island
colony for sugar plantations
• Mixed society: slave workers on sugar plantations, freed blacks, and
French colonists
• During the French Revolution, tensions increased in Saint-Domingue
between white inhabitants and free blacks
• In 1791, Haitian slaves capitalize upon social tensions and decide to
rebel against French control, led by Toussaint L’Overture
Significance:
•Haiti declares its independence
•First incident in world where black slaves successfully rebelled
against their enslavers
Definition:
•Meeting of European leaders after defeat of Napoleon
•Goal: return Europe to its pre-Napoleonic state
•Restore legitimate monarchs to throne and create a balance
of power prevent France or any other country from
dominating the continent again
Significance:
•Brought balance back to Europe as spirit of conservatism kept
Europe largely at peace until the end of the nineteenth century
Definition:
•Mexico: Father Miguel de Hidalgo called for mestizos and Indians to
support a rebellion but Creoles abandoned; rejoined cause under
Augustine de Iturbide; declared independence from Spain 1821 and
became a republic in 1824
•Gran Colombia: Creole Simon Bolivar believed freedom from Spanish
rule would ensure Latin American prosperity; liberated Colombia,
Ecuador, and Venezuela and united them into Gran Colombia but
regional differences caused them to separate
•Brazil: French invaded Portugal 1807 and royal family fled to Brazil;
Portuguese king returned after defeat of Napolean and left son Don
Pedro as regent; Pedro declared independence in 1822 after realizing
Brazil would lose representation in Portuguese parliament
Significance:
•Movements for independence separated Latin America
from European colonization and influence
Definition:
•British were frustrated by having to pay large amounts of silver for
Chinese goods so they traded Indian opium to the Chinese
•Leads to addiction in China and loss of Chinese silver
•Qing emperor issued edicts: 1) forbid European opium trade; 2)
opium is to be confiscated and destroyed
•1839: First Opium War between Chinese and British Chinese were
defeated
•Treaty of Nanking (1842): Hong Kong is a British colony dedicated
to European trade
•Extraterritoriality rights
Significance:
•Opens China up to spheres of influence(Europeans forcing the
Chinese to open trade and diplomatic exchanges and extend
right of extraterritoriality)
•Reveals the West’s power over Qing
Definition:
•Liberal revolutions of 1848: sought protection for rights of
propertied classes
•Marxism based on class struggle-proletariat vs. bourgeoisie
but would be solved with a proletariat revolution
•Would ensure social and political freedom no need for
the state communism and a classless society
Significance:
•Brought end to monarchy in France but largely failed to
bring permanent reform
•Marxist ideas formed basis of Communism and socialism
in many countries
Definition:
•American Commodore who arrived in Edo Bay and
threatened bombardment if Americans were not allowed
to trade there
•Japanese give in and open two ports for Americans
•British, Dutch, and Russians soon gain similar ports
•Shogun troops and shogunate feel helpless in face of West
Significance:
•Ends Japanese isolation which had been in place since the
Tokugawa Shogunate
•Shows Western attitude of dominance
Definition:
•Revolt by Indian sepoys in the British army (run by British East
Indian Trading Company)
•Indian Muslim and Hindu soldiers upset by new rifles that require
them to use their teeth to tear open cartridges (animal fat was
used to lubricate cartridges and Hindu and Muslim Indians do not
want to ingest this)
•Revolt ends with British victory
•British East India Company is criticized by British government for
mishandling rebellion
Significance:
•Weakens British relationships with sepoys and led to
dissolution of the British East India Company by creating
British Raj
Definition:
•Serfdom eradicated by Alexander II who does so entirely to try to
industrialize Russia and move peasants into the roles of proletariat
•23 million serfs made legally free of their landlords
• Ex-serfs allowed to own property, marry by choice, trade freely, sue in
courts, vote in local elections
• Serfs were saddled with redemption payments: serfs had to buy land
assigned to them from previous owners’ estates  prohibited peasants
from being able to move to cities
Significance:
•Emancipation of serfs aided in changing Russia from a predominantly
agricultural to a slightly more industrialized society with a labor force
•Did not lead to increased agricultural productivity because peasants
were highly unskilled and used outdated agricultural method
•Attempt by Russia to industrialize that is not successful in
eliminating Russia’s dependence on agricultural labor
Definition:
•Nationalist stirrings brought unification of various political
units
Significance:
•Unified a previously divided region
Definition:
•Organized by Otto van Bismarck
•Partitioned Africa into colonies controlled by Belgium, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, and Spain; Liberia and
Ethiopia are not colonized
• No African representatives present
• Divisions made without concerns for traditional ethnic or cultural
groups
Significance:
•Indicates fervor with which European nations pursued
colonization for industrial purposes
•Shows Western disregard for non-Western concerns and
preferences
Definition:
•Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule US businessmen grew
concerned about their Cuban investments in sugar and
tobacco
•USS Maine sent to Havana but explodes in Havana harbor
•Yellow journalism leads Americans to feel that Spain was
responsible for explosion of ship (Remember the Maine; to
Hell with Spain!)
•US went to war against Spain US victory resulted in Spanish
cession of Puerto Rico and Guam to the US and the US
purchase of the Philippines
Significance:
•Allowed for direct US involvement in Caribbean
•Cuba became independent republic, subject to manipulation by the
US
Definition:
•After the Great Trek where Boers retreated from British along
coastlines, Boers established two republics (Orange Free State and
Transvaal) in the interior
•Diamonds were found in the Orange Free State and gold was
discovered in Transvaal republic
• Boer War (1899-1902) occurred when the Boers declared war on
the British for invading their republics and interfering with Boer
interests  British were victorious
•British unite republics into Union of South Africa
Significance:
•Reveals the lengths to which whites will go to control South
African territory to control land and resources
•Example of British industrialized power overcoming rural Boers
Arrange each event in chronological order and
if you can, assign a specific date to each.
•World War II
•World War I
•Cuban Revolution
•Indian independence
•Russian Revolution
•Japanese invasion of Manchuria
•Mexican Revolution
•Fall of Berlin Wall/Tiananmen
•Iranian Revolution
Square
•Chinese Revolution (to •Global Great Depression
overthrow Qing)
•9/11
•Korean War
•Chinese Communist Revolution
•Treaty of Versailles
•Fall of USSR
•Pearl Harbor
•Cuban Missile Crisis
•Creation of Israel
•Suez Canal Crisis/de•Russo-Japanese War
Stalinization
•German invasion of Poland
•1905- Russo-Japanese War
•1910-1920- Mexican
Revolution
•1911- Chinese Revolution
(to overthrow Qing)
•1914-1918- World War I
•1917- Russian Revolution
•1919- Treaty of Versailles
•1929- Global Great
Depression
•1931-Japanese invasion of
Manchuria
•1939- German invasion of
Poland
•1941- Pearl Harbor
•1939-1945- World War II
•1947- Indian independence
•1948- Creation of Israel
•1949- Chinese Communist
Revolution
•1950-1953- Korean War
•1956- Suez Canal Crisis/deStalinization
•1959- Cuban Revolution
•1961- Cuban Missile Crisis
•1979- Iranian Revolution
•1989- Fall of Berlin
Wall/Tiananmen Square
•1991- Fall of USSR
•2001- 9/11
Definition:
•Nationalism and a mutual desire to control Korea led to a conflict of
interests between Russia and Japan
•Led to the Russo-Japanese War Japanese victory
Significance:
•Caused economic and political weakening of Russia led to
Russian Revolution and overthrow of tsar
Definition:
•1876, Porfirio Diaz was elected president of Mexico
•Encouraged foreign investment, industries, and exports, which did
not benefit the working class-opponents arrested or exiled
•Middle class began movement for election reform-joined by
workers and peasants
Significance:
•Resulted in new constitution that guaranteed land
reform, limited foreign investments, restricted church
ownership of property, and reformed education
Definition:
•Western educated reformers wanted to model China’s
government along Western lines
•Sun Yat-sen: reforms to benefit peasants and workers
•Wanted China free of foreign imperialists
Significance:
•Successfully overthrew Qing dynasty and
brought end to centuries of dynastic rule
Definition:
•MAIN causes (Militarism; Alliances; Imperialism; Nationalism)
•Militarism: new industrialized artillery and naval forces
•Alliances: emergence of new Germany disrupts power balance
alliances created, Triple Alliance [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy]
and Triple Entente [Britain, Russia, France]
•Imperialism: imperialist competition for new markets and new
resources increased rivalries between alliances
•Nationalism: Balkan independence from Ottomans; new Germany and
Italy; Balkan Wars for independence from Ottomans leave Serbia as
they felt they should have received more territory
•Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Gavrilo
Princip, a Serbian nationalist Austria vows to attack Serbia to punish
them, Russia protects Serbia, alliances activate and war begins
•Submarine warfare and Zimmerman Telegram US involvement
Significance:
•A major war begins that was fought over developments that have
primarily occurred in the 19th century (nationalism; imperialism,
etc)
Definition:
•February and October Revolutions
•Causes: Russian decline as a world power, peasant dissatisfaction,
political repression, and human and financial costs of World War I
•February overthrew and executed tsar Nicholas II and family
•October brought rise of Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin to power
Significance:
•Brought end to tsarist rule in Russia
•Made possible Communist rule in Soviet Russia with
eventual introduction of Marxism-Leninism
Definition:
•Ended World War I
•Goal: cripple Germany economically so it could never again rise to
power and threaten to invade other European states
•Major players disagreed about how to deal with Germany
•Article 231: Clause included that placed total blame for war upon
Germany
• Limit army to 100,000 soldiers
•Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
•Pay $33 billion in reparations to Entente members
• Lost all colonies
Significance:
•Creates conditions in Germany post-WWI that will facilitate the
rise of Hitler and create WWII
Definition:
•WWI devastated European economies
•Germany unable to make reparations payments Britain and France unable to
repay war debts to US
•Employment in key sectors (coal, iron, textiles) began to decline due to less
demand postwar
•October 1929: The New York Stock Market crashed- Investors were building up high
debt because of easy credit
•When stock market crashed, people pulled their money  banks collapsed
•Exacerbated by the Dust Bowl of the 1930s
•Most governments tried to cut spending and many raised tariffs  this actually
worsened the Depression
Significance:
•INTERNATIONAL collapse that affected the whole world
•Unemployment in Europe
•Western luxury purchases collapsed which hurt Japanese and Chinese
economies
•FDR offered the “New Deal” which created government growth and a good
spending cycle
•creates economic instability in Europe which leads to fascism  Hitler,
Franco, Mussolini
Definition:
•Goal: to create a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and
the Japanese
•Also wanted Manchuria’s resources such as coal and iron
deposits
Significance:
•One of the propelling forces of World War II
Japanese presence in Manchuria led to Japanese invasion of
China in 1937, which signaled the beginning of World War II in
Asia
Definition:
•Adolf Hitler invaded Poland September 1939, breaking Germany’s
nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union
•Continuation of other European conquests, including annexation of
Czechoslovakia and Sudatenland
Significance:
•Marked the beginning of World War II in Europe
Definition:
•Japanese retaliation at US embargo imposed on them
•Bombing of US fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941
Significance:
•Impetus that led to US involvement in World War II
•Brought greater industrial power to war
Definition:
•Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan vs. Allied Powers: Great
Britain, France, and Soviet Union (Eventually United States)
•Two theaters: Pacific and European
•1941 tide turned for Allied with Hitler’s unsuccessful winter
invasion of Russia and US entry into the war
•Soviet push from eastern front allowed for Axis weakening
•Holocaust: systematic slaughter of over 6 million Jews, gypsies,
slavs, political witnesses, and others by Hitler
•D-Day: invasion of Normandy, France by Allied forces
•Use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
•Allied victory
Significance:
•Led to new political reorganization in Asia (Korea)
•Soviet occupation in Europe
•Creation of United Nations
Definition:
•Leader of independence movement: Mohatama Ghandi, who
believed in passive resistance to accomplish his goals
•1935 increased suffrage and turned provincial governments over
to Indian leaders
•Delayed by Muslim insistence on a separate Muslim state
Significance:
•Along with Indian independence came the creation of
Pakistan separation into East and West civil war creation
of Bangladesh more war Israel WAR
Definition:
•After creation of India and Pakistan, high immigration of
Jews to Palestine
•1948 United Nations partitioned Palestine into Jewish and
Arab countries Israel
•Arab protest (expulsion from their home)
Significance:
•Volatile, controversial, and violent topic still very relevant
today
Definition:
•Sun Yat-sen and followers reorganized into Guomindang or
Nationalist Party
•1921 Chinese Communist Party formed-Mao Zedong
•1927 civil war between Nationalists and Communists-lasted
until 1949
•Mao Zedong’s communist land reforms gained support of
peasants so Chiang Kai-sek and Nationalists fled to Taiwan
Significance:
•Creation of People’s Republic of China and instated
Communist rule in China for years to come
Definition:
•After World War II, Korea divided into Communist
North and American-controlled South
•North invaded South and Security Council sent in
peacekeeping force
•American and other United Nations forces fought to
stop Communist aggression against South Korea
Significance:
•Example of containment
•Negotiated settlement that divided Korea along the
38th parallel, which still exists today
•Cost over 57,000 American lives
Definition:
•Led by Nikita Khrushchev
• Easing up on Stalin’s policies and the creation of a more
tolerant political climate in the USSR
• Little concrete institutional reform occurred, but regime
becomes slightly less extreme and strict
Significance:
•Reveals a movement away from the strict politics of
Stalinist Russia
•Transition to a more tolerant and modern nation
Definition:
•Cuba was dependent on American imports and the export of sugar
• Disparity between middle classes and lowest classes grows
•Rural areas lag behind
• 1952-1959: Fulgencio Batista ruled Cuba as military dictator
• Little actual reform and opposition movements rise Fidel Castro
(young lawyer) and Ernesto “Che” Guevara (militant Argentinian
revolutionary) joined in Mexico to create a small military force to
overthrow Batista (pledge real democracy, justice, social prosperity,
freedom)
•“26th of July Movement” drove Batista from power while rebels
take Havana, and Castro has support of students, labor
organizations, rural workers
Significance:
•Revolution is successful and Batista is overthrown;
Castro installed as dictator
•Castro creates a socialist Cuba
Definition:
•Soviet construction of nuclear missiles in Cuba
•Cause of great tension between President Kennedy and Soviet
leader Kruschev
Significance:
•Amplified Cold War tensions
•Example of brinkmanship-high tensions on brink of battle,
but no actual fighting
Definition:
•US-backed government of Reza Shah Pahlavi overthrown by Islamic
fundamentalists
•Middle classes opposed to shah’s authoritarian and repressive
regime
•Religious leaders opposed lack of fundamentalism
Significance:
•Ayatollah Khomeini introduced new strict anti-Western
culture and fundamentalist practices
Definition:
•Berlin Wall: constructed by Soviets in 1961, dividing German
city of Berlin into East and West controlled by Soviet Union
and the US/Britain
•Finally destroyed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
•Tiananmen Square: Communist China did not permit
democratic reform, as shown in government’s suppression of
students demonstrating for democracy in Tiananmen
Significance:
•Marks beginning of end of Soviet Union
•Shows strict Communist regime in place in China
Definition:
•1988 Poland instituted a noncommunist government
•1989 Berlin Wall dismantled
•1990 Germany reunified
•1989 Czechoslovakia ended its communist government Czech
Republic and Slovakia
•Summer of 1991 Baltic republics declared independence-Belarus,
Ukraine, Moldova, and central Asia
•December 1991 Soviet Union dissolved and replaced with
Commonwealth of Independent States
•Communist Party terminated and Boris Yeltsin elected president
Significance:
•End of Communist Russia and superpower that was the Soviet Union
Definition:
•Terrorist attacks on United States by radical Islamic
fundamentalist group
•Destroyed Twin Towers and World Trade Center
Significance:
•Led to increased concern in America about terrorism and
domestic security
•Increased support for more US involvement in the Middle East
•Caused widespread fear and suspicion of Islam and terrorist
attacks