Transcript World War I

WORLD WAR I
(AKA…… WWI, THE FIRST WORLD WAR,
THE GREAT WAR, THE WAR TO END ALL WARS)
EUROPE IN 1914
 Last major European war was Franco-Prussian War
of 1871
 Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of
France, France bitter
 Germany is a new major power in the world
 Britain & France feel threatened
 In 1908, Austria-Hungary took
over Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 Many inhabitants not happy;
 Serbia wants Bosnia to join them
NOTE – Turkey/Ottoman Empire =
“The Sick-Man of Europe”
CAUSES OF WW I
 M.A.N.I.A.C.
 Militarism
 Alliances
 Nationalism
 Imperialism
 Assassination
 Crisis
Militarism
 Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals -
“Intimidation”
 a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national
policy
 a glorification of the military and war itself
Military displays to
Show ‘The World’
The tank redefined warfare
ARMY
French/German desire to be #1.
“My army is bigger
than your army!!!”
HMS Dreadnought
Brt. #1 Navy
ALLIANCES
 Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to
defend one another if attacked.
“Friends”
“If one goes… they all go.”
 Triple Entente:
“The Allies”
Britain, France,
Russia
 Triple Alliance:
Germany,
Austria-Hungary,
Italy*** ***Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies
Nationalism –
‘Pride
in ones country’
Irrational – Comes
from the heart!!
 Pride and patriotism in one’s nation,
belief in national identity.
“Nations are like people:
pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.”
Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled several Slavic nations.
- several (Bosnia) wanted out.
- Serbia wanted to include Bosnia.
- Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs.
KEEP STATUS-QUO
NEW POWER
EXTREME NATIONALISM
REVENGE
VULNERABLE
THE BLACK HAND – Bosnian Serbs
wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.”
A CANADIAN EXAMPLE
QUEBEC
Bosnia
SICK MAN OF EUROPE
DESIRES LEADING TO WW I
(Language, laws, religion)
IMPERIALISM – ‘Like Canada was to Britain’
 Domination by one country of the political,
economic, and/or cultural life of another
country or region.
Due to Industrial Revolution
of the 1800s, some European
nations had a large portion
of the world under their control.
Today’s Imperialism = Economic
Empires became a show of strength.
Countries competed for colonies around the world.
Became like a game“My
Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad”
ASSASSINATION -
June 28, 1914:
- Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated by a
Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) while they
visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.
- Austria-Hungary was angry &
blamed Serbia.
- The Serb gov’t was not responsible
but A-H saw its chance to
declare war.
- Russia (also a Slavic nation)
backed the Serbs & declared
war on A-H.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The ‘Crown Prince’ of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian Nationalist
CRISIS –
 June 28:
 July 6:
 July 23:
The chain of events leading up to WW I
The Assassination.
Germany offers A-H Empire
“Blank Cheque.”
A-H issues Serbia ultimatum.
Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed.
 July 26:




Russia mobilizes forces.
July 28: Break down of diplomacy /
A-H declares war on Serbia
August 1: Germany declares war on
Russia; France mobilizes army
August 3: Germany declares war on France (Schlieffen Plan –
attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia)
August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain
declares war on Germany
THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP
TRIPLE
ALLIANCE
WORLD LEADERS
ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE
ITALY
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Canada
PM Robert Borden
Russia
Czar Nicholas II
United States -***1917
President Woodrow Wilson
France
PM Georges
Clemenceau
Great Britain
PM David
Lloyd George
Germany –
Kaiser Wilhelm
Austria-Hungary –
Emperor
Franz Joseph
CANADA’S RESPONSE
 CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY

=> British controlled
“If Britain = war
=>
Canada = war”
 “Ready, Aye Ready!
 Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa.
 Cheering crowds






‘Last Til Christmas’ / Be a ‘Hero’
Bring French & English together?????
Truce between gov’ts / Total War
War Measures Act
Victory Bonds / Income Tax
Role of Women
 Conscription Crisis / Consc. Objectors
CANADIAN BATTLES
BATTLE OF YPRES - April 22 1915.
Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas
=> now banned
1 month = 6000 Can.
Killed / wounded
BATTLE OF THE SOMME - July 1916
- Canadians made a name for themselves
-The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr.
- Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence.
- Old Tactics vs machine guns.
- continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses
-5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives
Poem “In Flanders Fields”
BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE – 1916
- 1st time Can troops attacked together
- Can. Captured after years of attempts.
- a stunning victory.
-3500 dead / 7 000 wounded
- created a National Pride & reputation.
PASSCHENDALE – Oct. 1917
-Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town
of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives.
-Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured.
- known for a ‘muddy mess.’
THE WAR ON LAND
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
Germany could not win
A war on two fronts
1. Quickly through neutral
Belgium => Paris, France.
2. Turn attention on Russia
BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS
1.
2.
Russia would be slow to mobilize.
Britain = neutral
X
X
Note – Almost worked but German
General beefed up south troops
the Western Front = trench
warfare and became a stalemate.
THE WESTERN FRONT
After the Schlieffen Plan failed the front
lines never moved more than 10 miles
one way or another.
The German plan was now to ‘bleed’
the enemy to death.
TRENCH WARFARE
Battle of Attrition
No Man’s Land
“Saps” – Listening
Posts
Trench Foot
To this day bombs
Are unaccounted for
“Saps”
Listening Posts
Gas attacks
Chlorine Gas
NEW TECHNOLOGY VS. ATTRITION ??
THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA
IN THE AIR
AT SEA
Canada’s small
merchant marine
ferried munitions
and food to Britain.
The biplane was used for
Reconnaissance and
‘Dog Fights’.
The Allies used
convoys to protect
goods from
German U-boats.
Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps.
Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “ace”
Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was
measured in weeks.
The German
Sinking of the
Lusitania and any
other vessel in
the War Zone
brought the USA
into the war.
THE EASTERN FRONT 1914-17
Tsar Nicholas II in Russia
was in trouble (see Russian Rev.)
Russia’s army =
40,000 deserters / mo.
He hoped WW I would ^ morale.
- WW I started well.
- Soon Russia’s backwardness
would be exposed.
He was overthrown &
replaced by a Provisional
Government. They continued
The war & continued to lose
March 1917
The people rebelled & turned to the
Bolsheviks to be led by Lenin.
Peace, Land, & Bread”
Nov. 1917
THE OTHER FRONTS
Gallipoli - Britain’s goal was to
attack Turkey & then proceed
through A-H.
THE WAR IN ITALY
Caporetto – Early Italian efforts failed.
- High casualties.
- Hard fought victory in Sept. 1918,
- A-H surrendered in Oct. 1918.
Austria
Italy
Did not work & high death toll
Turned attention back to West.
Front => Verdun & Somme
GOAL – Establish another front on A-H Empire
THE END OF THE WAR
TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR
1.
RUSSIA’ S “PEACE & BREAD” (Russians tired of war)
Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’t fails, & socialist
Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of BrestLitovsk = Truce
2.
U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917.
“Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico
Lenin
RESULT
THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN – Allies crush Germans. Germ. Moves troops from
Eastern Front to West .
- Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives.
-launch massive attack.
- success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris)
- Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918
END OF WW I
Over 16 million deaths and 20 million wounded.
Total number of deaths includes about 10 million military
personnel and about 7 million civilians.
The Entente Powers (the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers
while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million.
2 million died from diseases
6 million missing, presumed dead.
2/3 of military deaths in World War I were in battle.
Spanish flu, = one third of total military deaths
Grand Total = 37 million.
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
SS 11 =
Hi 12 =
THE BIG THREE
Clemenceau / Lloyd George / Wilson
REALISM vs. IDEALISM
PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY
JAN. 1919 - CENTRAL POWERS &
RUSSIA NOT INVITED
Terms would be imposed
REALISM vs. IDEALISM
TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED
Be harsh
Go easy
Hate Germany
But trade partner??
TREATY OF VERSAILLES -
June 28, 1919
 Laid out terms of peace for Germany
 President Wilson proposed ‘14-Point Plan’ based on
forgiveness
 France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay
THE TERMS
- German “War Guilt Clause”
- Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion
today) Unable to meet payments
- Germany loses land
- German army limited to 100,000
soldiers
- Not allowed U-boats or an air force
- League of Nations formed
SELF DETERMINATION
Would become one of the most important of Wilson’s Recommendations.
The people would choose where & who to live with.
=> A-H Empire = Gone!!!
Europe 1914
Europe 1919
PROBLEM AREAS => WW II
-Sudeten Germans in Czech.
- Poles in Czech.
-Germans in Polish Corridor
-Germans in Alsace-Lorraine
Serbs & Croatians
Yugoslavia
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
 President Wilson’s idea
 Similar to today’s United Nations
 Collective Security – one country is
attacked, others help defend it
 Britain and France not enthused about League
 Wanted to remain imperialistic
 League popular with the public
 Canada an independent member of League
Limitations
- Required co-operation Gutless
-No military force, only
economic sanctions
-Americans refused to join,
even though Wilson’s idea
LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT
(RULES!!!!!)
A. A council to defend against external aggression
B. Arbitrator for disputes.
– no war for 3 mo.s after decision
C. Membership open to any self-governing state
D. Mandates – Look after weaker nations and former colonies.
- success here limited. Ie. Japan ruled like a dictator.
E. International Labour Office – Wages, hours, conditions, etc.
F. World Court – 15 judges but members were to opt in???
SUCCESSES
- Controlled Danzig / Polish Corridor
- 15 Yrs. In Saar Valley
- Various other land disputes
THE LEAGUE’S FAILURES
JAPANESE IN MANCHURIA
(1931)
- The League banned Japan
from Manchuria.
- Japan entered anyways &
the League ignored it.
ITALIAN INVASION OF
ETHIOPIA(ABYSSINIA)
(1935)
- Italy wanted to expand colony
and entered Ethiopia.
- Had the League imposed
harsh sanctions Italy
would have left.
- Hoare-Laval Plan gave Italy
most of the land.
- Proved League useless.
- Both Mussolini
& Hitler used
this as a test.
ISSUES TO EUROPE’S SECURITY
USA
FRANCE
(Revenge/Safety/Compensation)
-Due to isolationism
did not join L.of Nat.
- wanted payments
GERMANY
Military was defeated
but due to Wilson’s
“idealism” her power /
industrial might remained.
- Unhappy / Revenge???
OTHER PACTS
Locarno (1925) - secure the west
Kellogg-Briand – Denounced war
Disarmament Conferences
Washington – 1921
London – 1930
Geneva - 1932
1. France stood alone:
USA = out,
Brt = Too harsh
Maginot Line = Protectio
Russia = own issues Rhineland = Demilitarize
2. Reparation Payments
Fr. = Hurt Germ. & keep her weak
USA & Brt. = pay off war debts.
Germ. could not pay
Lost coal & steel in Ruhr
Protested with passive resistance
Massive inflation
Dawes & Young Plan – help Germ.pay
3. The Maginot Line – Defence from Germany
Problems: Not in Belgium, WW I technology
4. Treaties – Fr. Signed Little Entente (Czech., Romani
Yugo.) Also with Belgium & Poland.
5. All would lead to ‘Appeasement’ of WW II.
FRENCH
SECURITY
Sharing a border with Germany
and suffering the greatest losses
in WW I, France wanted to
punish the Germans and
guarantee their safety.
THE TREATY SATISFIED NO ONE
 The French wanted revenge, safety, compensation.
 Britain wanted repayment but to keep Germany as
economic partner => Buy British!!!
 United States did not want to be involved in the
affairs of Europe. => ISOLATIONISM
 -Yet wanted debts paid back.
 Italy storms out of conference.
 Germany enraged at Peace done to them . Felt this was
done to humiliate them.
 Huge Reparations
- $ worthless
 Land taken
- Unpopular Weimar