Transcript Peacemaking 3: Treaties

Peacekeeping Review
Mrs. Williams
President Woodrow Wilson
People all over the world put their faith in
Wilson because of his foundations of
peace
 He wanted to:
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Create an international political organization
Remove trade barriers
Reduce arms
Establish democracy for colonial holdings
President Wilson
Wilson was looking for peace agreements
 France, Britain, and Italy (known with the
U.S. as the Four Powers or Allied Powers)
were hesitant to make any agreements
 United States----Woodrow Wilson
 Britain----Lloyd George
 France---Georges Clemenceau
 Italy---Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
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Versailles
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The meeting at Versailles was different
because WWI was different
It was known as the “War to end all wars”
Past treaties were tools to bargain or gain
power
Wilson claimed this time would be different,
future wars could be avoided and countries
should consider the wishes of their citizens
Political and social factors would ultimately
influence the decisions at Versailles
Aims of the Participants
Development of permanent peace
 Punish, both emotionally and financially,
those who had caused the conflict
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United States---Wilson
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President Wilson wanted
◦ League of Nations: A forum to air disputes
between countries
◦ Punishment of Germany
◦ Self-determination: the principle that
countries should be established according to
the wishes of the people concerned
Britain---Lloyd George
Desired elimination of the German fleet
 A return to normal trade that would
restore the British economy
 Dissolve the German Empire as a source
of conflict and dissolve the power it had
over Europe
 Germany’s admittance of guilt and
agreement to pay excessive reparations
 Did not desire an alliance for future wars
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France---Georges Clemenceau
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Desired extensive disarmament of Germany
Massive territorial reduction
Excessive reparations to weaken Germany’s
economy
Recovery of Alsace-Lorraine
Give France control of Luxembourg, Belgium,
and colonial aspirations west of the Rhine
Give France Saar region in western Germany
Desired a firm alliance with Britain
Italy---Orlando
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Desired territorial gains that had been
previous promised Trieste and South Tyrol
for participation in WWI
Germany—Kaiser William II
Establishment of a democratic republic
should gain sympathy from the four
powers
 Wanted peace because they requested
the armistice after Wilson’s speech in
1918
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German Reaction
Bitterness, resentment towards the war
guilt clause
 Germany was not invaded and was not
“defeated” by the war
 Rejected by German society and desired
revisions immediately
 Desperation to escape the blame opened
the door for reactionaries like Hitler
 Treaty of Rapallo alliance between
Germany and USSR
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League of Nations
Established at Geneva
 U.S. never joined
 Germany not admitted until 1926
 Russia not admitted until 1934
 Covenant was in the Versailles Treaty
(shown favor to Britain and France)
 Desires S.I.D.E. Stop wars, improve lives,
disarmament, enforce treaty
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Europe 1914
Europe 1918
League of Nations
Wilson felt that any problems in his Fourteen
Points could be resolved with the League of
Nations
 Support for an international peacekeeping
organization was universal and desired especially by
France and Britain
 Collective Security: Resistance to aggression
whether it affected one’s country or not
 Prevent international conflict, economic,
humanitarian interests, slavery commission, refugee
department, working conditions, end of the drug
trades
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Depression
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The economic depression caused a lot of
conflict:
◦ Left an economic burden throughout the
world
◦ Devastated the spirit of some nations
◦ Weakened militaries
◦ In contrast, some states were motivated not
to sit back and suffer (Japan and Italy)
Japan
Japan relied on the success of exports to
provide economy and the ability to
supplement the lack of natural resources
 They relied heavily on U.S. markets which
were weakened by the depression
 Radical nationalists wanted to seek
support in the Chinese province of
Manchuria
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The Mukden Incident Sept 18-19
September 18, 1931 Chinese soldiers
blew up a portion of the South Manchuria
Railway’s track north of Mukden
 Japanese army (Kwantung) began
occupying cities and towns along
Manchuria’s railroad
 Japanese army claimed that it was an act
of self-defense or that Manchuria was
self-determined
 ANY THOUGHTS?????
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Collective Security Fails
Japan’s dominance of Manchuria provided no
real threat to any nation but China
 No country wanted to be responsible for
responding to Japan’s threats
 The weak economy left no support for war
 The weak economy left little money for
military troops or arms
 Lack of response from the U.S. in regards to
the Open Door Policy (equal trade) left them
weak
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Abyssinia 1935
Death blow to the League of Nations
 Hilter’s power threatened Germany
 Italy, Britain, France met in Stresa
 Mussolini wanted to expand its colonial
powers, Abyssinia was the only African
territory available
 Mussolini believed that Abyssinia could
provide economic, land, and military
resources
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The League Response
Emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Salassie went to the
League of Nations for help
 Economic sanctions were placed on Italy but they
were ineffective and not enforced
 Hoare-Laval Pact gave Mussolini two-thirds of
Abyssinia and left the rest independent
 Abyssinia remained in Italian possession
 Mussolini knew if he wanted more territory, he
would have to find other means of support
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Ruhr Crisis
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Ruhr Crisis was an invasion and occupation of the Ruhr
area of Germany by France in 1923
After the collapse of the Anglo-American guarantee
France was concerned about Germany’s power
1921 US and Britain were turning towards isolationism
France wanted to use the German reparation payments
under the Treaty of Versailles to further weaken Germany
and strengthen France by using $ to pay back their debts
France (controlled by a new premier Raymond Poincare’)
felt that they had to FORCE Germany to follow through
with payments
French Collections
France decided to collect war reparations themselves
by taking the output of all the mines and factories in the
Ruhr area
 Workers began to strike and sabotage the French,
mines were flooded, ships and railroads were destroyed,
lives were lost
 Inflation ensued and the Weimar government began
printing more money to resolve the crisis, paper money
lost value
 Middle class citizens suffered the most and this allowed
for communist desires to erupt and extremist like
Hitler to gain power
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Locarno Treaty 1925
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French premier Aristide Briand accepted the treaty with
Britain, Germany and Belgium
Germany accepted its borders with France and Belgium
Germany would join the League of Nations
Germany’s eastern borders were open for discussion
and western borders were fixed (Poland, Czechoslavakia)
The treaty established a sense of “euphoria” and the
allies removed their remaining troops from the Rhine
area, removed Germany’s arms, 1930 Germany became
an independent state (Locarno Spring=optimism)
This treaty made the Kellogg-Briand Pact possible (1928)