Transcript Mongol Powerpoint

Mongol Eurasia and
Its Aftermath
1200-1500 C.E.
The Rise of the
Mongols
1200-1260 C.E.
Nomadism in
Central and Inner Asia
• Nomadic groups depended on scarce
water and pasture resources.
• There were many conflicts in times of
scarcity.
– Many alliances formed and much
migration at this time because of conflict.
Mongol Groups
• Strongly hierarchical organization
headed by a single leader or khan.
• Khans had to ask that their decisions
be ratified by a council of leaders.
• Powerful Mongol groups demanded
and received tribute in goods and
slaves from those less powerful.
– Some groups lived on tribute alone.
Federations
• Various Mongol groups formed complex
federations that were often tied to
marriage alliances.
• Women from prestigious families often
played an important role in negotiating
these alliances.
Mongol Woman
Seasonal Movements
• Movements of Mongol tribes brought
them into contact with:
– Manichaeism
– Judaism
– Christianity
– Buddhism
– Islam
• Mongols accepted religious pluralism.
Sky God
• Mongol khans were thought to
represent the Sky God.
– He transcended all cultures and religions
• Khans were thus conceived of as
universal rulers who both transcended
and used the various religions of their
subjects.
Economic Self-Sufficiency
• Nomads strove for economic self-sufficiency.
• Relied on trade with settled people for:
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Iron
Wood
Cotton
Grain
Silk
• When trade relations were interrupted,
nomads would wage war on settled
agriculturalists.
Mongol Conquests
• 1206 - 1234
– Genghis Khan and his successors
conquered all of North China.
– Mongols were threatening Southern Song.
• 1234-1265
– Mongol realms united as the khans of the
Golden Horde, the Jagadai domains of
Central Asia, and the Il-khans all
recognized the authority of the Great Khan
of Mongolia.
Genghis Khan
Khubilai
• Declared himself Great Khan in 1265
– Other Khans refused to accept him
– Jagadai Khanate harbored a particular animosity
towards him.
• Khubilai founded the Yuan Empire with a
capital at Beijing in 1271.
• In 1279, he conquered the Southern Song.
– After 1279, Yuan attempted to extend its control
to Southeast Asia.
• Annam and Champa forced to pay tribute to the Yuan
Khubilai Khan
Mongol Ability
• Factors that contribute to the Mongols’ ability
to conquer such vast territories:
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Superior horsemanship
Better bows
Following arrows with cavalry charge
Easily learned new military techniques
Adopted new military technology
Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers into armies
Reputation for slaughter of those who did not
surrender
– Ability to take advantage of rivalries among
enemies
Mongol Bow and Soldier
Overland Trade
• Mongol conquests opened overland
trade routes.
• Brought about an unprecedented
commercial integration of Eurasia.
• The growth of long-distance trade
under the Mongols led to significant
transfer of military and scientific
knowledge between Europe, the Middle
East, China, Iran, and Japan.
Bubonic Plague
• Plague and other diseases spread over
the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.
• Plague that had lingered in Yunnan was
transferred to:
– Central and north China. Then…
– Central Asia. Then…
– Kaffa. Then…
– The rest of the Mediterranean world.
Bubonic Plague
Mongols and Islam
1260-1500
Mongol Rivalry
• 1260s – the Il-Khan Mongol Empire
controlled parts of Armenia and all of
Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran.
• Relations between Buddhist/shamanist
Mongols and Muslim subjects were
tense.
– Mongols murdered last Abbasid caliph and
because Mongol religious beliefs and
customs were contrary to those of Islam.
1260s in Russia
• Under domination of Golden Horde, led
by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu
– Batu converted to Islam and announced
his intention to avenge the last caliph.
• This was the first conflict between
Mongol domains.
Golden Horde and Batu
Batu’s Conflict
• European leaders attempted to make an
alliance with the Il-khans to drive Muslims out
of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine.
• Il-khans sought European help in driving the
Golden Horde out of the Caucasus.
• Plans for an alliance never came to fruition
because the Il-khan ruler Ghazan became a
Muslim in 1295.
Taxation
• Goal of Il-khan State = collect as much
tax revenue as possible
– Did this through tax farming system
• Tax farming system able to deliver large
amounts of grain, cash, and silk.
– But…over-taxation led to increases in the
price of grain and shrinking tax base
• 1295 – severe economic crisis!!
Ending the Economic Crisis
• Tried tax reduction program and issuing
paper money.
– These failed
• Economic depression until 1349.
• Il-khan domains fragmented as Mongol
nobles fought each other for scarce
resources.
– Mongols from Golden Horde attacked and
dismembered the Il-khan empire.
Decline
• Il-khan and Golden Horde declined in
the fourteenth century.
• Timur, the last Central Asian conqueror,
built the Jagadai Khanate in central and
western Eurasia.
– The Timurids ruled the Middle East for
several generations.
Writing about History
• Juvaini wrote the first comprehensive
account of the rise of the Mongols
under Genghis Khan.
• Juvaini inspired the work of Rashid alDin, who wrote a history of the world.
– Rashid al-Din was a Muslim who served
as an adviser to the In-khan ruler.
• Timurids supported many historians
including Moroccan Ibn Khaldun.
Ibn Khaldun’s Work
Muslims under Mongol
Rulership
• Made great strides in astronomy,
calendar-making, and prediction of
eclipses.
• Used epicycles to explain movement of
moon around earth.
• Invented more precise astronomical
instruments.
Mathematics
• Adapted Indian numerical system
• Devised method of indicating decimal
fractions
• Calculated ∏ more accurately.
• All of these advances were passed
along to Europe and had a significant
effect on the development of European
science and mathematics.
Regional Responses
in Western Eurasia
Russia and Rule from Afar
• After defeating the Kievan Rus, the
Mongols of the Golden Horde made a
capital at the mouth of the Volga.
– Volga was also the end of the overland
caravan route from Central Asia.
• Mongols ruled Russia “from afar.”
– Orthodox church left in place
– Russian princes were agents
• Main goal = get as much tax revenue
as possible from the Russians
Prince Alexander of Novgorod
• Assisted Mongols in conquest of
Russia.
– Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow
as a result
• After Mongols destroyed Ukrainian
countryside, Russian population shifted
from Kiev to Novgorod and Russia.
– Moscow became new center of Russian
civilization.
Prince Alexander
Mongol Rule – Good or Bad?
• Some historians say the negative
effects are because of economic
depression and cultural isolation.
• Others say Russian princes were
responsible for over-taxation, they were
isolated by the church, and that
government did not change under
Mongol rule.
Ivan III
• Prince of Moscow
• Ended Mongol rule
in 1480
• Adopted the title of
Tsar.
Political Forces
• Europe was divided
by the forces of the
papacy and the
Holy Roman
Emperor Frederick
II.
• Because of this,
Eastern Europe
faced the Mongol
attacks alone.
Attacking Europe
• Mongol armies that attacked Europe
were an international force including:
– Mongols, Turks, Chinese, Iranians,
Europeans
– Forces led by Mongol generals.
• Armies made it to the outskirts of
Vienna.
• Withdrew in December 1241 to elect a
new leader.
Diplomacy and Trade
• After the Mongol withdrawal, Europeans
initiated a variety of diplomatic and trade
overtures to the Mongols.
• Contact between the two increased through
the thirteenth century.
• Brought knowledge of many things to
Europeans, but they questioned customs and
beliefs as a result of the plague.
Centralized States
• Rise and fall of Mongol domination in
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
was accompanied by the rise of
stronger centralized states including
Lithuania and other Balkan kingdoms.
Anatolia
• Functioned as a route by which Islamic
culture was transferred to Europe via
Constantinople.
• The Ottomans, who established
themselves in eastern Anatolia in the
1300s, expanded eastward in the
1400s and conquered Constantinople
in 1453.
Mongol Domination in
China
1271-1368
Before the Mongols in China
• Politically fragmented
• Three states:
– Tanggut
– Jin
– Southern Song
• Mongols unified these states and
restored or preserved the characteristic
features of Chinese government.
Khubilai Khan and China
• Khubilai Khan understood and
practiced Chinese traditions of
government.
• Constructed a Chinese-style capital at
Beijing and a summer capital at
Shangdu, where he could practice
riding and shooting.
Government Innovations
• Tax Farming
• Use of Western Asian Muslims as
officials
• Hierarchical system of legally defined
status groups in terms of race and
function
– Confucians had a relatively weak role
– Merchants and doctors were elevated
Prosperity
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China’s cities and ports prospered
Trade recovered
Merchants flourished
Chinese gentry elite moved to cities
Urban culture was created
– Popular entertainment
– Vernacular literature
– Mandarin dialect of Chinese language
Rural Areas
• Cotton growing, spinning, and weaving
were introduced to China from Hainan
Island.
• Mongols encouraged construction of
irrigation systems.
• Farmers were overtaxed and brutalized
while dams and dikes were neglected.
Population Decline
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Declined by as much as 40%
Northern China saw biggest loss
Yangzi Valley saw an increase
Possible reasons for this:
– Warfare
– Flooding of Yellow River
– North-south migration
– Spread of diseases including the Plague
Scientific Exchange
• Exchange of knowledge was especially
common between Iran and China because
of:
– Good relations
– Similar economic policies
– Interest in sponsoring intellectual pursuits
• China imported Il-khan science and
technology
• Il-khans imported Chinese scholars and texts
Fall of Yuan Empire
• 1368 – Chinese leader Zhu Yuanzhang
brought an end to years of chaos and
rebellion by overthrowing the Mongols.
• He established the Ming Empire.
• Mongols held power in Mongolia,
Turkestan, and Central Asia.
– Were able to disrupt Chinese overland
trade.
Zhu Yuanzhang
Early Ming Empire
1368-1500
Establishing the Ming
• Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368
– He had previously been a monk, soldier,
and bandit
• Regime established capital in Nanjing
and made efforts to:
– reject the culture of the Mongols
– Close off trade relations with Central Asia
and Middle East
– Reassert primacy of Confucian ideology
Yuan Practices
• Ming actually continued many
institutions and practices that had been
introduced during the Yuan.
• Areas of continuity include:
– Provincial structure
– Use of hereditary professional categories
– Mongol calendar
– Use of Beijing as a capital
Reestablishing Trade
• 1405-1433 – Ming dispatched a series
of expeditions to Southeast Asia and
the Indian Ocean under the Muslim
admiral Zheng He.
• Goals:
– Reestablish trade links with Middle East
– Bring Southeast Asian countries and
overseas Chinese populations under
Chinese control.
Zheng He’s Expeditions
• Retraced routes that were well
established.
• Imported some luxury goods to China
• Added as many as 50 countries to
China’s list of tributaries
• Not a significant increase in longdistance trade, so this was not
profitable.
Zheng He
Technology
• Less technological innovation at this time
than during the Song.
• Chinese lost knowledge of how to make highquality bronze and steel.
• Reasons for slowdown:
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High cost of metals and wood
Revival of civil service examination system
Labor glut
Lack of pressure
Fear of technology transfer
Innovation in Asia
Korea and Japan moved ahead of China in
technological innovation.
• Korea excelled in:
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Firearms
Shipbuilding
Meteorology
Calendar making
• Japan excelled in:
– Mining
– Metallurgy
– Novel household
goods
Ming Achievement
• Period of great wealth, consumerism,
and cultural brilliance.
• Vernacular novels written at this time:
– Water Margin
– Romance of the Three Kingdoms
• Also known for porcelain-making, and
for other goods like furniture, lacquered
screens, and silk.
Ming Creations
Centralization and
Militarism in East Asia
1200-1500
Korea, Mongols, and Koryo
• Leaders initially resisted Mongol
invasions but gave up in 1258 when
king of Koryo surrendered and joined
his family to the Mongols by marriage.
• Koryo kings fell under the influence of
the Mongols.
Profit
• Korea profited from exchange with the
Yuan in which new technologies were
introduced. Some examples include:
– Cotton
– Astronomy
– Gunpowder
– Calendar making
– Celestial clocks
Collapse and Rise
• Koryo collapsed shortly after the fall of
the Yuan.
• Replaced by Yi dynasty.
• Yi reestablished local identity and
restored the status of Confucian
scholarship.
• Maintained Mongol administrative
practices and institutions.
Innovations of the Yi
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Moveable type in copper frames
Meteorological science
Local calendar
Use of fertilizer
Engineering of reservoirs
Grew many cash crops at this time
Korean Military Technology
• Patrol ships with mounted cannons
• Gunpowder arrow-launchers
• Armored ships
Mongol Invasion of Japan
• Happened in 1274 and was
unsuccessful.
• Decentralized lords of Kamakura Japan
developed a greater sense of unity as a
result.
• Shogun centralized planning and
preparation for a second assault.
Second Mongol Invasion
• Happened in 1281. Defeated by
defensive preparations and a typhoon.
• Kamakura regime continued to prepare
for further invasions, but these were
very expensive.
Kamakura Shogunate Falls
• Destroyed in a civil war.
• Ashikaga shogunate established in
1338.
• Ashikaga period was a weak shogunal
state, but they had strong provincial
lords.
– These lords developed markets, religious
institutions, schools, increased agricultural
production, and artistic creativity.
Onin War
• War took place in 1477.
• After this war, the shogunate exercised
no power and the provinces were
controlled by independent regional
lords who fought with each other.
• Regional lords also carried out trade
with continental Asia.
Emergence of Vietnam
• Divided into two states:
– Chinese-influenced Annam in the north
– Indian-influenced Champa in the south
• Mongols extracted tribute from both
states
• After fall of Yuan Empire, the two states
began to fight with each other
Rule by Chinese and Annam
• Ming ruled Annam through puppet
government for almost 30 years in the
early fifteenth century until their control
was thrown off in 1428.
• By 1500 Annam had completely
conquered Champa and established a
Chinese-style government over all
Vietnam.