Transcript The Colonies Come of Age

The Colonies Come of
Age
Chapter 3
England and its Colonies
Chapter 3 section 1
England and its Colonies Prosper
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The theory of
mercantilism is what
sparked the interests of
the English in establishing
colonies.
Mercantilism = a
country’s ultimate goal is
self-sufficiency and that
all countries were in
competition to acquire
the most gold and silver.
The theory of _________________
is a country’s ultimate goal is selfsufficiency and that all countries
were in competition to acquire the
most gold and silver
mercantilism
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Countries wanted
more gold coming in
than out.
The British felt the
American colonies
were a good place to
trade goods.
There were plenty of
raw materials there.
The Navigation Acts
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In the 1600’s the colonies
were sending large
amounts of furs, tobacco,
lumber, and other things
to England.
But the colonists were
also selling some goods
to other countries.
This helped the colonists
make extra money.
Navigation Acts
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The English saw this
as a threat.
In 1651, the British
Parliament, the
country’s legislative
body, passed the
Navigation Acts.
The Navigation Acts
were a series of laws
that restricted trade
for the colonists.
The _______________ ____
were a series of laws enacted by
Parliament, beginning in 1651, to
tighten England's control over the
colonies
Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts
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The acts were
favorable to the
English in that by
restricting trade with
England, the English
dock workers were in
demand.
This meant more
jobs.
Shipbuilding also
began to boom.
Tensions Emerge
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Colonists did not like
the Navigation Acts.
It cut into their
profits.
Many of them began
to smuggle.
In 1684, King Charles
II began to
crackdown on these
people in
Massachusetts.
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The English were having a hard time getting the
Puritans there to obey there laws.
So they revoked the Puritan charter.
Massachusetts then became a royal colony, under the
control of the crown.
This king of England punished the
Puritans for not following the laws
set forth by the Navigation Acts?
Charles II
The Dominion of New England
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James II came into power
in 1665.
He placed the Northern
colonies under a single
ruler in Boston.
All the land from Maine to
New Jersey became one
big colony called the
Dominion of New
England.
All the land from Maine to New
Jersey became one big colony
called the?
Dominion of New England
The Dominion of New England
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James II chose Sir
Edmund Andros, an
aristocrat to rule.
He was not the nicest
person.
“You have no more
privileges left you, than
not to be sold for slaves.”
Puritans disliked him
because he questioned
the lawfulness of their
religion.
Sir Edmund Andros
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He enforced the
Navigation Acts.
Punished smugglers.
Restricted assemblies.
The Puritans tried to send
a minister back to
England to have him
removed, but they were
unsuccessful.
Governor appointed by the King of
England to govern over the
Dominion of New England?
Sir Edmund Andros
Glorious Revolution
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King James II was
unpopular in the colonies.
The fact that he was
Catholic and disrespected
Parliament made him
liked less back in
England.
When he had a son in
1688 the British decided
that they could not have
a Catholic Dynasty.
Glorious Revolution
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The Parliament invited
William of Orange
from Holland and his
wife Mary to take
over the country.
William was the
husband of James
Protestant daughter
Mary.
The legislative body of England?
Parliament
Glorious Revolution
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King James II fled the
country and they took
the throne.
A series of laws were
passed by parliament
which established its
laws over the
Monarchy.
This series of events
was known as the
Glorious Revolution.
During the Glorious Revolution, this
catholic King of England fled the
throne for fear of his life,
Parliament replaced him with
William and Mary?
James II
The Transfer of the British
Monarchy from James II to William
and Mary in 1688-1689 was known
as this?
The Glorious Revolution
Who were the royalty that
Parliament replaced James II with
during the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary
Glorious Revolution
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When the colonists
heard about the
Glorious Revolution,
they had their own
bloodless revolt.
They arrested Andros
and his royal
councilors.
Glorious Revolution
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Parliament gave them back their charter, but required the
Puritans to be more tolerant to other religions and made them
allow non-puritan representation in the colonial assembly.
So the Puritans could no longer persecute Quakers and
Anglicans.
England Loosen its Reigns
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In 1688, England stopped
worrying about the
colonies and began
concentrating on France.
For they were competing
with England over control
of Europe.
The colonies were making
England money so they
did not worry about
sending soldiers over to
enforce laws.
Salutary Neglect
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2.
After the Glorious
Revolution England
tried to strengthen
the Navigation Act
by
Trying smugglers by
English judges
Creating a Board of
Trade to monitor
colonial Trade.
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Salutary Neglect
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The judges were not
to hard on the
smugglers
The officials only
lightly enforced the
new measures.
Salutary Neglect
became known as the
policy of Parliament
not supervising the
colony closely as long
as raw materials
continued flowing into
the homeland and the
colonists continued to
buy English-produced
goods.
An English policy of Relaxing the
enforcement of regulations in its
colonies in return for the colonies’
continued economic loyalty?
Salutary Neglect
The seeds of Self Government
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Governors of the colonies
were put in charge by the
king.
The colonial assembly
paid the governors salary.
So the colonialists
influenced the governors
by ways like the approval
of laws and appointments
of judges.
This gave the colonists a
taste of self government.
The seeds of
Self
Government
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The colonists still
considered themselves
British subjects
They wanted to benefit
the British Empire as
well as themselves.
The colonies did not
have much in common
with one another.
The Northern and
Southern colonies were
developing different
societies altogether.
The Agricultural South
Chapter 3 section 2
A Plantation Economy arises
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Since the James Town
Colony, the Southern
colonists staked their
livelihood on the fertile soil
from the Chesapeake region
to Georgia.
Many farmers had a single
cash crop – one grown
primarily for sale rather
than for the farmers own
use.
Tobacco was a favorite cash
crop for Maryland, Virginia,
and North Carolina
A crop grown for a farmer for sale
rather than for personal use?
Cash crop
A Plantation Economy arises
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In the South,
plantations developed
instead of towns.
Plantation owners
made most of what
they needed on their
properties.
They didn’t need
shops and markets.
A Plantation Economy arises
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There were some
cities in the South
Charles Town
(Charleston,
South Carolina),
became one of
the most thriving
ports in the
British Empire.
Life in the Southern Society
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Not all people prospered under
the plantation system.
Large numbers of European
immigrants came to North
America during the 1700’s.
In the South, Germans came
and raise grain, livestock, and
tobacco.
Many Scots and Scottish Irish
came into North Carolina.
These people became known
as small farmers.
They made up the majority of
the South’s population.
A Plantation Economy arises
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It was the big
plantation owners
who controlled the
South’s economy,
political, and social
institutions.
By the mid 1700’s
many Southerners
were doing well.
The Role of Women
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Women were second
class citizens in both the
North and the South.
Few legal or social rights
Couldn’t vote, couldn’t
preach.
Daughters of wealthy
southern planters were
taught only the basics of
reading, writing, and
arithmetic.
The Role of Women
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Average
Southern fixed
dinner
Slaughtered pigs
Milked cows
Sewed
Washed clothes
Tended the
garden
Cleaned the
house
The Role of Women
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Plantation women had
servants to do all
those things.
Indentured Servants
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Mostly white men who
escaped prison or poverty
in England for a limited
time of servitude in North
America.
They did not have many
rights in bondage.
Many died.
After there service they
went to the western
outskirts of the Southern
colonies and tried to
survive.
Indentured Servants
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After 1630, they
made between ½ and
2/3 of all immigrants.
Their numbers
declined by 1700.
As the work force
became harder to
come by, the
plantation owners
turned to African
Slaves.
The Evolution of Slavery
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In the early colonial days,
the English tried to get
the Native Americans to
work for them.
Native Americans
escaped into the woods
though.
Without the Indians and
the lack of indentured
servants coming in the
colonists turned to the
Africans.
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Many people did not have
problems about
subjecting Africans to a
life of servitude, for they
thought of them as
inferior.
They also thought they
were capable of handling
the demands of
plantation labor in hot
climates.
In 1690, 13,000 slaves in
South
In 1750, 200,000 slaves
in South
European Slave Trade
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Before the English began
bringing in slaves to the
colonies, they had been
using them in Jamaica
and Barbados on sugar
plantations.
In 1690, on Barbados,
the slave population was
60,000.
The white population was
20,000.
Triangular
Trade
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During the 17th century, Africans became part of the triangular
trade network.
In the Triangular trade process: merchants carried rum and
other goods from New England to Africa; in Africa they traded
merchandise for enslaved people, whom they transported to
the West Indies and sold for sugar and molasses; these goods
were then shipped to New England to be distilled into rum.
The transatlantic system of trade in
which goods and people, including
slaves, were exchanged between
Africa, England, Europe, the West
Indies, and the colonies of North
America?
Triangular Trade
The Middle
Passage
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The voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies
and later to North America was known as the middle
passage, because it was considered the middle leg of
the transatlantic trade network.
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The Middle Passage
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The experience
was long and
awful for the
Africans.
First they were
branded for
identification.
They were packed
into the dark
holds of long
ships.
They had to smell
vomit and waste
the whole trip.
Olaudah Equiano
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“the closeness of the place, and the heat of
the climate, added to the number in the ship,
which was so crowded that each had scarcely
room to turn himself, almost suffocated us.
This produced copious perspirations, so that
the air soon became unfit for respiration from
a variety of loathsome smells, and brought
sickness among the slaves, pf which many
died.”
The Middle
Passage
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Many died of
disease along
the way.
Many
committed
suicide by
jumping
overboard.
Up to 20% of
almost every
ship failed to
make it to the
Americas.
The voyage that brought enslaved
Africans to the West Indies and
later to North America?
The Middle Passage
Slavery in the South
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80% to 90% of slaves
went on to work the
fields.
On plantations, slaves
were ordered around
by field bosses.
On small farms,
slaves usually worked
alongside farmers.
Slavery in the South
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10% to 20% of
slaves worked in
the house of their
owner.
They cooked,
cleaned, and
raised the masters
children.
Slavery in the South
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Other slaves
developed skills as
carpenters,
bricklayers, and
blacksmiths.
These slaves were
often rented out.
Slavery in the
South
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For slaves, full time work
began about at age 12,
and went on till very old
age or death.
Slaves that were
disobedient were often
whipped.
In Virginia, if a slave
owner beat his slave to
death, it was not
considered murder if the
beating was being given
out as a punishment.
Culture and Family
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Slaves wove baskets and
made pottery as they had
done back in Africa.
They kept musical
traditions and told stories
about their ancestors.
Because families were
torn apart, the slaves
created new families with
the people they lived
with.
If a parent were sold,
other slaves would fill the
role.
Culture
and
Family
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African influence
remained particularly
strong in South
Carolina and
Georgia.
Many of the slaves
that came here had
experience with
growing rice.
Rice soon became
the main cash crop.
Many of these slaves
came from the same
region in South
Africa.
The Ring Shout
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Many Africans continued
to practice a religious
dance known as the ring
shout.
This dance paid tribute to
the groups ancestors and
gods.
It involved loud chants
and quick, circular steps.
White colonists tried to
stop it, but it endured.
Resistance and Revolt
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Many Africans
resisted by:
Faking illness
Breaking tools
And slowing down on
work
Stono Revolt
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Some slaves
revolted.
The Stono
Rebellion, in
1739, occurred
as 20 slaves in
Charles Town
took weapons
and began
killing planter
families.
They marched
around beating
drums, calling
on other slaves
to join them.
Stono Rebellion
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Their plan was to escape
down to Florida.
But they were caught and
executed by a militia.
The southern colonists
tightened the slave laws
in place because of the
fear of this occurring
again.
A 1739 uprising of slaves in South
Carolina, leading to the tightening
of already harsh Slave laws?
Stono Rebellion
Running Away
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Some slaves ran off to
live with Native
Americans tribes.
Between 1736 and
1801, 1,279 slaves
took flight.
Why not in the North
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The north depended
more on commerce
than on agriculture.
The Commercial North
Chapter 3 section 3
Commerce Grows in the North
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The theory of
Mercantilism held that
colonies existed to help
the mother country
amass wealth.
But the American colonies
did pretty well for
themselves.
Their economy grew
twice as fast as Britain's.
A diversified economy
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Farms in the North
produced several types of
crops.
They sold crops to the
West Indies, because the
sugar plantation owners
were making so much
money off of the sugar
cane fields, that they
didn’t want to waste any
of the land on crops to be
used for food.
A diversified economy
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The colonists were
manufacturing huge
numbers of ships and
large quantities of
iron.
They made 1/3 of all
British ships and
produced more iron
than England.
Merchants became
very rich.
Urban Life
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In the North, port cities grew
rapidly because of trade.
In the South, Charles town
was the only major port.
The North had Boston, New
York City, and Philadelphia.
Philadelphia became the
second largest city in the
British Empire.
It was the first city since
Roman times to be laid out in
a grid like street plan.
Urban Life
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Philadelphia
had parks,
police patrols,
paved streets,
whale oil
lamps to light
side walks,
But clean
water was
hard to find,
and there was
too much
garbage.
Influx of Immigrants
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Germans and Scottish Irish
were the largest groups.
Many German Mennonites
came to Pennsylvania because
of William Penn’s religious
freedom policy, and they
shared the Quakers pacifism.
Many Dutch came to New
York.
Scandanavians in Deleware.
Jews in Newport and
Philadelphia.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin said this
“why should the Germans be
suffered to swarm into our
settlements and, by herding
together establish their
language and manners to the
exclusion of ours? Why should
Pennsylvania, founded by
English, become a colony of
aliens, who will shortly be so
numerous as to Germanize us
instead of our Anglifying them.
Slavery in the North
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Northern farm crops did not need the amount of
labor as those in the South did.
Therefore they did not need slavery as bad.
They still had slavery in the North though.
Slavery in the North
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Most enslaved
peoples in the North
had better legal
standing than they
did in the South.
They could sue and
be sued.
They had right of
appeal in the highest
courts.
Slavery in the North
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No laws protected
them from cruelty.
They were not
allowed to gather or
carry weapons.
Slaves sometimes
rebelled because of
these conditions.
NY uprisings
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In 1712, an uprising led
to the execution of 21
people.
In 1741, some suspicious
fires and robberies led to
the fear of another
uprising, to make
examples of the
ringleaders, 13 persons
were burned alive, and
18 people were hanged.
Women in Northern Cities
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Not many legal rights
Could not vote
Could not buy or sell
property
Could not keep their own
wages outside the home.
In New England, Puritan
clergymen said that wives
must submit to their
husbands.
Witchcraft Trials in Salem
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In 1692, several Salem
girls accused a West
Indian Slave woman of
witchcraft.
The girls then began
accusing others of
witchcraft.
Soon this spun out of
control.
Many accusers were
poor, and brought
charges against the
wealthy.
Many victims were
women thought of as
overly independent.
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When the girls tried to
charge the governors
wife, the trials ended.
The people realized they
had been listening to
false evidence, and they
closed the court.
19 people had been hung
1 person had been
crushed to death.
Five died in jail.
150 were imprisoned.
The Enlightenment
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Philosophers in
Europe began using
reason and scientific
method to obtain
knowledge.
They concluded that
the world is
governed not by
chance or miracles
but by mathematic
laws.
Benjamin Franklin
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Enlightenment ideas traveled
to the colonies through books.
Literacy was high in New
England because Puritans
supported public education so
that everyone could read the
Bible.
Benjamin Franklin became an
Enlightenment figure.
His kite in a thunderstorm
helped demonstrate lightning
was a form of electrical power.
An Eighteenth century intellectual
movement that emphasized the
use of reason and the scientific
method as means of obtaining
knowledge
Enlightenment
Philadelphia inventor, writer, and
political leader?
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson used
reason to conclude that
individuals have natural
rights, which the
government must
respect.
Enlightenment principles
lead many colonists to
question the authority of
the British monarchy.
The Great Awakening
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In the late 1700’s, the Puritans
lost their grip on society.
In 1691 the new
Massachusetts charter forced
them to allow freedom of
religion.
Many people began making
money and did not put as
much attention to the afterlife
as they once had.
Jonathan Edwards helped drive
the revival of religion in
peoples lives
Forceful preacher in the Great
Awakening?
Jonathan Edwards
Great Awakening
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Puritan preachers began preaching to people about rededicating their lives
to God.
Revival meetings began taking place outdoors.
The resulting religious revival known as the Great Awakening, lasted from
the 1730’s to 1740’s.
Great Awakening
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Many colonists, native
Americans, and African
Americans began going to
organized churches for
the first time during the
Great Awakening.
Many colonists
abandoned Puritan and
Anglican churches and
began attending Baptist
and Methodist
congregations.
Great Awakening
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Many Protestant denominations began opening up Universities
like Princeton, Brown, Columbia, and Dartmouth to train
ministers.
The Great Awakening taught people to question traditional
authority.
It emphasized reason, and deemphasized the role of Church
authority.
A revival of religious feeling in the
American colonies during the
1730’s and 1750’s?
The Great Awakening
The French and Indian
War
Chapter 3 section 4
Rivals for an Empire
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France and Britain were
competing to build the
world’s biggest Empire.
One area of contention
was the rich Ohio River
Valley.
The colonists favored
Britain because they
thought of themselves as
British.
France’s North American Empire
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In 1534 Jacques Cartier
explored the St. Lawrence
River.
In 1608, Samuel
Champlain founded the
town of Quebec, the first
permanent French
settlement in North
America.
After establishing
Quebec, French priests
and traders moved into
the heart of the
continent.
France’s North American Empire
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In 1682, Robert
Cavelier, claimed the
entire Mississppi
Valley for France.
He named it
Louisiana in honor of
King Louis XIV.
By 1754, the colony
of New France, had
only 70,000 people
(compared to
1,000,000 in the
British colonies).
French colony in North America?
New France
France’s North American Empire
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French colonists were
mostly traders and
Catholic Priests who
wanted to convert Native
Americans.
They did not try to build
towns or raise families.
They had better relations
with the Native
Americans than the
British did.
France’s North
American
Empire
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They relied on Native
American tribes like
the Hurons, Ottowas,
Ojibwas, and others
to do much of the
trapping.
In 1609, the French
helped the Algonquin
and other Native
Americans defeat the
Mohawk Iroquois.
Britain Defeats an old enemy
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The two forces would collide in 1754.
The French built Fort Duquesne where modern Pittsburgh is now.
The British had granted 200,000 acres in the Ohio country to a group of
wealthy planters.
The Virginia Governor sent a militia, a group of ordinary citizens who
performed military duties, to evict the French.
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Georgie
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The militia, led by 22
year old George
Washington, built an
outpost called Fort
Necessity about 40
miles from Fort
Duquesne.
In May 1754,
Washington’s militia
attacked a small
detachment of French
soldiers.
The French counter
attacked and forced
Washington to
surrender.
This battle began the
French Indian War for
the control of North
America.
Led Virginia troops in first battle of
the French and Indian War?
George Washington
Early French
Victories
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A year after losing his first battle, GW went back to help British general
Edward Braddock drive the French out of Ohio.
Braddock and 1,500 soldiers launched an attack on Fort Duquesne.
They were ambushed by the French and Native American allies.
British General who led the attack
on Fort Duquesne?
General Braddock
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The British were not used
to fighting people who
shot at them from behind
trees, they were used to
fighting people who
approached them in
rows.
So they fled.
Washington’s men fought
well, but the British were
defeated over and over
again in 1755 and 1756.
Pitt and the Iroquois turn the Tide
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Britain’s King George
II put new leaders in
charge to fight the
French.
One of them was
William Pitt.
Under Pitt, the
British were able to
start winning
battles.
The Iroquois
decided to join with
them because of
this.
British leader in the French and
Indian War?
William Pitt
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In September of 1759, the war took a decisive turn on
the Plains of Abraham outside of Quebec.
Under the cover of night, General James Wolfe scaled
the high cliffs that protected Quebec.
He captured the French commander by surprise.
French and Indian War
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This battle led them to victory in
the war.
It officially ended with the Treaty
of Paris.
Great Britain claimed all of North
America East of the Mississippi
River.
This included Florida, which
Britain acquired from Spain, an
ally of France.
Spain gained the French lands
west of the Mississippi, including
New Orleans.
France kept control of a few small
islands near New Foundland and
the West Indies.
War that gave the British control of
North America?
French and Indian War
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The Native Americans
began to believe that the
British would end up
driving the game that
they depended on out of
the Appalachian
Mountains.
The Ottawa leader
Pontiac saw the victory
for the British as bad
news for the Native
Americans.
He and his men captured
eight British forts, and
laid siege on two others.
Native American (Ottowa) leader
who fought the British?
Pontiac
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In response, British officers
presented Small pox infected
blankets to two Deleware
chiefs during peace
negotiations.
The virus spread rapidly
among the Native Americans.
By 1765, most Native
Americans had been weakened
by disease and war, and had to
make treatise with the British.
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To stop further
conflicts with the
Native Americans, the
British issued the
Proclamation of 1763,
which banned
settlement west of
the Appalachians.
The British were
unable to enforce this
though.
Law limiting the area of English
settlement?
Proclamation of 1763
British policies anger Colonists
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During the French and Indian
War, the British began cracking
down on Massachussettes
smugglers.
In 1761, the royal governor of
Massachusettes authorized the
writs of assistance, which
allowed the British soldiers to
search any ship or building.
Because many merchants
worked out of their
residencies, this allowed the
British to search their homes.
The merchants of Boston were
outraged.
Problems Resulting from the War
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After the war the British
sent 10,000 troops to the
territories to control Native
Americans and the former
French subjects.
This was meant to protect
the colonies, but the
colonists saw this as might
against them.
Sending these troops cost
Britain money, this added
to their debt from the war,
which had already doubled
their national debt.
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To lower the debt, King
George III hired a
financial expert, George
Grenville, as Prime
Minister in 1763.
Grenville outraged the
merchants when he
prompted Parliament to
enact a law known as the
Sugar Act in 1764.
Financial expert who was
appointed prime minister of Britain
in 1763?
George Grenville
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The Sugar Act did three
things:
It lowered the duty on
foreign made Molasses by
half (so colonists would not
find it profitable to smuggle)
It placed duties on certain
imports.
It strengthened the
enforcement of the law for
smuggling cases to be held
in vice-admiralty court rather
than sympathetic colonial
court.
A trade law enacted by Parliament
in 1764 in an attempt to reduce
smuggling in the British colonies in
North America?
Sugar Act
This made the colonists angry