Transcript Empire and Expansion powerpoint

EMPIRE AND EXPANSION
INTRODUCTION
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In the years immediately following the Civil War,
Americans remained indifferent to the outside
world. With the Civil war, the settlement of the
west and the industrial economy there was no
time to worry about the outside world. But by the
end of the 20th century America had acquired its
own empire, which was far from the colonial times.
The world now had to come to terms with a great
power, but with diplomatic ambitions and
principles that remained to be defined.
AMERICA TURNS OUTWARD
Many developments fed the nation’s ambition for
overseas expansion. Farmers and factories began
to look for prospects beyond the American shores.
Many believed that they had to expand or they
would explode. Overseas markets might provide a
safety valve to relieve those pressures.
 Many other countries wanted more overseas
involvement, and if America were to survive in the
competition of modern nation-states, perhaps it
too, would have to become an imperial power.
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SPURNING THE HAWAIIAN PEAR
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One of those things is that Hawaii
attracted much American attention in
the early 19th century. Hawaii
became increasingly important for
sugar production. The Americans
also gradually came to regard Hawaii
as a virtual extension of their own
coastline. In 1887, America
tightened its grip on the naval-base
rights of Pearl Harbor.
But there was trouble with those who
had first contacted these Hawaiian
Islands. Old World diseases had
made the Hawaiian Islands at the
time down to one-sixth of its size,
leading American sugar lords to
import large numbers of Asian
laborers to work in the canefields and
sugar mills.
SPURNING THE HAWAIIAN PEAR
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By the century end, Chinese and Japanese immigrants outnumbered
whites and the natives. In 1890, the sugar markets went sour and
the McKinley Tariff was introduced which raised barriers against the
sugar product. White American planters renewed their effort to
secure the annexation of Hawaii.
They were blocked by a strong willed Queen Liliuokalani, who insisted
that the natives control the islands. The tiny white population that
was there organized a successful revolt, who was then assisted by
American troops sought control over these islands.
A treaty of annexation was rushed to Washington. But when they
tried to railroad it through the Senate, President Harrison’s term was
over and Cleveland came in and withdrew the treaty, saying that “his
powerful nation had wronged the Queen and their people”.
The Hawaiian annexation was on hold until 1898, when the United
States acquired its overseas empires: Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto
Rico.
CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT
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Cuban masses rose again against their Spanish oppressors
in 1895. The roots of their revolt were partly economic
reasons. Sugar production was the backbone and it was
crippled when the American tariff of 1894 restored high
duties and they now sought to drive out the Spanish
overlords by adopting the scorched earth policy.
American business had investments up to 50 million in Cuba
and an annual trade of about 100 million, and the Gulf of
Mexico was riding on the outcome of events in troubled
Cuba.
Fuel was added to the fire when a Spanish general by
herding many civilians into reconcentration camps, where
they could not give assistance to their armed forces. Lacking
proper sanitation, these enclosures turned into deadly
pestholes and the victims died like dogs.
CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT
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Then in early 1898, Washington sent
the battleship Maine to Cuba for a
friendly visit, but it was mostly for the
island’s stability. On Feb 15, 1898,
the Maine blew up mysteriously with
the loss of 260 sailors. The Spaniards
concluded that the explosion had
been internal and accidental; the
Americans argued that the blast had
been caused by a submarine mine.
Final results concluded that the
explosion resulted from a
spontaneous combustion in one of
the coal bunkers which was next to a
powder magazine.
American’s were mad for war and
Washington had two basic demands
to end this conflict and they were: to
end the reconcentration camps and
an armistice with Cuban rebels.
McKinley was in a jam, but he didn’t
want any more hostilities and he
didn’t want Spain in Cuba anymore.
CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT
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Theodore Roosevelt felt that McKinley was too soft and was
quoted: “That the White House did not have the backbone of
a chocolate éclair”.
McKinley recognized eventually and gave the people what
they wanted. But public pressure did not fully explain
McKinley’s course. He had little faith in Spain’s broken
promises. He worried about Democratic reprisals and the
upcoming presidential elections. This would continue if he
appeared to be indecisive in a time of crisis.
On April 11, 1898, McKinley sent his war message to
Congress, urging armed intervention to free oppressed
Cubans. This meant that the United States will overthrow
Spanish misrule, and it would give the Cubans their freedom.
DEWEY’S MAY DAY VICTORY AT MANILA
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The Spanish American War got off to
a happy start for American forces.
Navy Secretary John Long was away
from the office, and his assistant
Theodore Roosevelt took matters into
his own hands. Roosevelt and Dewey
commanded a squadron in
Philippines in the event of war.
McKinley thought it was strange to
attack the Philippines when he wants
to free Cubans.
Dewey carried out his orders and on
May 1, 1898 he sailed with 6 ships
into the Manila harbor, and beat the
10 Spanish ships that cost of 400
Spaniards to lose their lives, and
without a single American life lost.
Dewey became a national hero.
DEWEY’S MAY DAY VICTORY AT MANILA
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One problem he had was that he destroyed the
ships, but could not storm the Manila with his
sailors. On August 13, 1898, American troops
finally arrived. This event meant that in order to
supply reinforcements to Dewey, the Americans
had to use the Hawaiian Islands. A joint resolution
of annexation was rushed through Congress and
approved by McKinley on July 7, 1898. It granted
Hawaiian residents US citizenship and was a
territorial status until 1900.
THE CONFUSED INVASION OF CUBA
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Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Spanish government ordered
warships to Cuba. The Spanish armada reached Cuba and easily
blockaded their harbor. The strategy would be that to have American
army be sent from behind and drive out the Spanish.
These troops were unprepared; however the Rough Riders an
invading army now charged the stage. They were commanded by
Colonel Leonard Wood, and organized by Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt resigned from the navy to serve as the Lieutenant Colonel.
He was so nearsighted that he took many pairs of spectacles just in
case.
In the middle of June, about 70 thousand men embarked and not too
long afterword’s fighting broke out on July 1. They suffered heavy
casualties, but the colorful colonel, having the time of his life, shot a
Spaniard with his revolver and rejoiced to see his victim double up
like a jackrabbit: is how he described it.
THE CONFUSED INVASION OF CUBA
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The American army closed in on Santiago which spelled
doom for the Spanish fleet. The Spanish fleet wanted to
get out of the harbor, but the American fleet was waiting
for them. Shortly thereafter Santiago surrendered.
Spain had satisfied its honor and on August 12, 1898
signed an armistice.
If the Spaniards had waited, the American army might
have melted away. The inroads of malaria, typhoid fever,
dysentery, and yellow fever became so severe that
hundreds were dying off. In total: nearly 400 men lost
their lives to bullets, over 5000 lost their lives to
bacteria and other causes.
AMERICA’S COURSE OF EMPIRE
Late in the 1898 Spanish and American
negotiators met in Paris. Ward damaged Cuba,
as expected was freed from its Spanish
overlords. The Americans had little difficultly in
securing the remote island of Guam, which was
captured early in the conflict. Spain also ceded
Puerto Rico to the United States as war
payment.
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HINGING THE OPEN DOOR IN CHINA
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Many events began to happen in
China. After its defeat by Japan in
1894-1895, European powers like
Russia and Germany began to move
in on the country. They began to tear
away economic spheres of influence
from the Chinese government.
Americans viewed this sectioning off
of China with much alarm. Many
other nations like Britain wanted
Washington to do something about
this. In the summer of 1899, Hay
who was secretary of state
dispatched to all the great powers a
communication soon known as the
Open Door note.
He urged them to announce that in
their leaseholds or spheres of
influence they would respect certain
Chinese rights and the ideal of fair
competition. Hay did not go so far as
to consult with the Chinese
government on this policy.
HINGING THE OPEN DOOR IN CHINA
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The open door policy to the Chinese was something that they
did not care to be used as a doormat. In 1900 a group
known as Boxers for their training in martial arts, broke loose
with the cry to kill foreign devils. This became the Boxer
Rebellion. This rebellion murdered more than 2 hundred
foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians in the capital
city of Beijing.
Some 18 thousand soldiers arrived in the nick of time to
squash the rebellion, and kept the open door policy opened
with the Treaty of Wanghia.
Secretary Hay in 1900 announced that the Open Door would
embrace the territorial integrity of China, in addition to its
commercial integrity. Those principles helped spare China
from possible partition in those troubled years but only to be
violated by Japan’s takeover of Manchuria a decade later.
IMPERIALISM OR BRYANISM IN 1900?
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President McKinley’s re-nomination in
the 1900 was not even a question: he
had won a war, acquired rich real
estate and safeguarded the gold
standard. TR, the cowboy hero, was
looking for a way to the Vice
President, but there were some
political bosses that did not want him
in New York as their governor, so they
devised a plot to make him the next
VP.
This plot was to railroad Roosevelt,
and it worked beautifully. He sported
western style cowboy hats that made
him stand out. At the Republican
convention he was handed easily the
VP nomination.
IMPERIALISM OR BRYANISM IN 1900?
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Meanwhile William Jennings
Bryan was at odds with the
Democrats and proclaimed that
the paramount issue was
Republican overseas imperialism.
McKinley did most of his
campaigning from his front porch.
Bryan went out and campaigned
everywhere, but he didn’t outcampaign Roosevelt. Roosevelt
toured the country with revolver
shooting cowboys. Flashing his
smile and pounding his fist into
his palm.
McKinley won easily, and the New
York bosses enjoyed watching
Roosevelt take the Vice President
Job.
TR: BRANDISHER OF THE BIG STICK
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William McKinley had only served 6 months when in
September of 1901, he was murdered by a deranged
anarchist in New York. Roosevelt then at the age of 42
became the youngest president thus far in American history.
Roosevelt: he was born into a wealthy and distinguished
New York family, he exercised a lot, he was educated partly
in Europe, and he graduated from Harvard with honors and
was published. At the age of 24 he was the first of some 30
volumes of muscular prose. He worked as a ranch owner
and cowboy in the Dakotas before his political career got
started. He was 5 feet 10 inches tall, with mule like molars,
squinty eyes, droopy mustache, and a piercing voice, and
every cartoonist’s delight.
TR: BRANDISHER OF THE BIG STICK
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He was the leader of the Rough
Riders, and an ardent champion of
military and naval preparedness, and
adopted the proverb: “Speak softly
and carry a big stick, and you will go
far.”
His ego caused sometimes got the
better of him. He loved people and
mingled with those of all ranks, from
Catholic cardinals to professional
prize fighters.
Above all, TR believed that the
president should lead, boldly. He had
no real respect for the delicate
checks and balances among the 3
branches of the government. The
president, he felt may take any action
in the general interests that is not
forbidden by the laws of the
Constitution.
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL
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Roosevelt soon applied his energy to
foreign affairs. The Spanish American
War had renewed his interest in the
long talked about canal across
Central American isthmus. The canal
would strengthen the navy by
increasing its mobility. Such a
waterway would also make it easier to
defend Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the
Philippines, which were operating US
merchant marines.
Obstacles in getting the canal were
that in 1850 Britain had control of the
isthmus. But by 1901 America and
Britain were willing to yield ground.
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901
would give the United States to build
the canal but conceded the right to
fortify it as well.
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL
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The question now was where to build it, and many were thinking
Nicaragua, but others were thinking the S-Shaped country of
Panama. Congress in June of 1902 finally decided on the Panama
route. Now they had to get permission from Colombia and their
Senate rejected an American offer of 10 million with an annual
payment of 250,000 for a six mile wide zone across Panama.
Meanwhile many in Panama would revolt here and there, and not
until Americans had expressed interest did Panamanians revolt
again. A man named Bunau Varilla (going to use his construction
company) was disturbed by the prospect of losing 40 million. So
helped the revolutionists and helped them rebel and the US forces
prevented Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus to stop the
uprising.
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL
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Roosevelt moved quickly to make Panama an outpost of
the United States. 15 days later he made Bunau-Varilla,
the minister despite his French citizenship sign a treaty
in Washington. Bunau’s company pocketed its 40
million from the US treasury.
Many outsiders angrily expressed views, and they
counted on his using the big stick to hold Columbia at
bay. Canal construction began in 1904 and right away
experienced labor troubles to landslides and tropical
diseases. This project will be completed in 1914, just as
WWI was breaking out.
TR’S PERVERSION OF MONROE’S DOCTRINE
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Latin America debt had defaulted and prompted further action from
Roosevelt. Nations such as Venezuela and DR were behind in their
payments to European creditors. Germany actually took action in a town in
Venezuela in 1903.
Roosevelt felt that if the Germans and British had their foot in these
countries, that they might remain in Latin America. Which according to the
Monroe Doctrine it was a direct violation of that document. Roosevelt
declared the Roosevelt Corollary with the Monroe Doctrine. He announced
that in the event of future financial missteps by Latin American nations, the
United States would intervene, and keep the European nations out of our
side of the Atlantic.
TR’s rewriting of the Monroe Doctrine did more harm than good, siting a bad
neighbor policy. As time wore on, this new corollary was used to justify
wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the marines. To Latin
American nations it felt as though instead of providing a shield of protection
it was a cloak behind which the United States tried to strangle them.